KR101205937B1 - Nanocontact printing - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed are a molecular pattern and / or a method of stamping a device based on reversible magnetic assembly of molecules, especially organic molecules. The method is suitable for stamping of any nanofabricated device and can be used to simultaneously transfer large amounts of information patterns from one substrate to another.

Nano Contact Printing

Description

Nano contact printing {NANOCONTACT PRINTING}

Recently, considerable efforts have been made to understand new phenomena on the nanoscale, and a variety of new nanostructured materials have been produced and characterized. New devices with interesting properties are beginning to be manufactured through engineering techniques. Expectations are high for the next generation of inexpensive and innovative tools that will change everyday life. A new combination of expected and unexpected properties, along with a new family of materials and manufacturing methods, has enabled devices that were never conceived 10 years ago. Coulomb blockade in metal nanoparticles, narrow fluorescence emission from semiconductor nanoparticles, and quantized ballistic conduction in nanowires and nanotubes, as well as in semiconductor quantum dots, can be used to design optical and electronic devices. Some new materials / phenomena that will affect the method. An overview of nanodevices and fabrication techniques is described in Bashir et al., Superlattice and Microstructures (2001), 29 (1): l-16; Xia, et al., Chem. Rev. (1999), 99: 1823-1848; And Advanced Materials (2001), 13 (10): 703-714, to Gonsalves et al., All disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The first stage of nanoscience and primarily nanotechnology was dominated by the development and characterization of new materials and devices based on inorganic semiconductors and metals. One reason for this is that e-beam lithography, one of the first tools for making nanometer scale structures and devices, is a technique for patterning inorganic materials on inorganic substrates. Recent significant developments have led to the development of new and very versatile nano lithography techniques based on scanning probe microscopes (SPMs). Using various kinds of SPMs, a wide range of organic and inorganic substrates can be patterned by inducing localized chemical modification or by forming a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). For example, Mirkin and colleagues have developed an atomic force microscopy (AFM) based technique (DPM), in which SAM is produced at a resolution of less than 5 nm by controlled transfer of molecules from a microscope tip to a substrate. Lee et al. Science (2002), 295: 1702-1705; Demers et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2001), 40 (16): 3069-3071; Hong et al. Science (1999) 286: 523-525; Science (1999), 283: 661-663 by Piner et al., Demer et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2001), 40 (16): 3071-3073; Demers et al., Science (2002), 296: 1836-1838, US Pat. Nos. 2002/0063212, 2003/0049381, 2003/0068446, and 2003/0157254, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. do). The development of these technologies represents a major breakthrough, and devices based on organic and biological materials as well as inorganic materials can now be manufactured. Organic nanomaterials tend to have many interesting properties that can be effectively tuned on a nanoscale. New devices are currently under development thanks to this novel manufacturing technique and the clarification of the basic concepts in surface and supra-molecular chemistry.

Using organic and inorganic nanolithography techniques, many different nano-devices (eg, nano-transistors, nano-sensors, and nano-waveguides, etc.) are currently manufactured. However, in order to predict how big nanotechnology can affect, the speed of manufacturing complex devices must be evaluated. Device manufacturing time (and reproducibility) is expected to be a major limitation in nanotechnology. In particular, the problem of how to increase the manufacturing scale has not been solved.

It is desirable for nanotechnology to have a technique corresponding to micro-contact printing: stamping techniques manufactured industrially by Whiteside et al. (See US Pat. Nos. 5,512,131, 5,900,160, 6,048,623, 6,180,239, 6,322,979, 6,518,168, all disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, have revolutionized the way microdevices are designed, allowing non-chemists to produce complex devices such as bio-MEMS. It has had a huge impact on what we can do. Unfortunately, microcontact printing has some resolution limitations that limit its application in nanotechnology. Chou et al. In Princeton recently addressed these issues. Their methods are described in US Pat. Nos. 5,772,905 and 6,309,580 and in US Patent Applications 2002/0167117, 2003/0034329, 2003/0080471, and 2003/0080472, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. . Their method is based on a hard mold (ie, a mold made of inorganic material) stamped onto a flexible polymer film overcoating a silicon wafer. The printed substrate typically consists of a metallic wire or semiconductor material (see Chou et al., Nature (2002), 417: 835-837; and Austin et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B (2002), 20 (2); 665-667, all of which are incorporated herein by reference)

A problem with existing nanolithography techniques for making nanoscale devices is that the features of many devices are manufactured in a series of steps. Thus, while these techniques are useful for relatively simple devices, the manufacture of devices with multiple features can take a very long time. One effort to address this problem is the fabrication of multi-tip arrays for SPM (Zhang et al., Nanotechnology (2002), 13: 212, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference). . While these attempts have enabled parallel fabrication of approximately tens of thousands of nano-devices, the development of nanoscale stamping techniques that can facilitate mass production by fabricating multiple features on a device in a single process step has It is preferable.

Summary of the Invention

The method of the present invention complements chemically oriented nanolithography techniques that have recently been developed and often require the use of complex machines. For example, it has already been found that DNA testing arrays can be prepared using dip pen nanolithography. Once masters of such devices are manufactured, the present disclosure provides a large number of inexpensive and, for example, detection of biohazards without the use of complex devices and complex materials. It can be used to print extremely sensitive devices. Since the previous process is based on self-assembly, all steps can be performed in parallel on multiple substrates over very large areas, except for the manufacture of the master.

In one aspect, the invention is a method of forming a complementary image of a master. The method includes a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate to form a pattern. When the first set of molecules comprises nucleic acids, the first set of molecules comprises a plurality of nucleic acids having different sequences. The method further includes assembling a second set molecule on the first set molecule via attraction or bond formation. Each molecule in the second set of molecules includes a reactive functional group and a recognition component that attracts or binds to one or more of the first set of molecules. The method further comprises contacting the reactive functional group of the second set molecule with the surface of the second substrate to form a bond between the second set molecule and the second substrate, and forming the complementary image of the master. Breaking the attractive force or bond between the molecule and the second set of molecules, and optionally repeating one or more of the above steps of assembly, contacting and breaking.

Each molecule of the second set of molecules further comprises one or more exposed functional groups, a covalent bond or first spacer connecting the reactive functional group to the recognition component, or a covalent bond or a second spacer connecting the exposed functional group to the recognition component. The second set molecules can be assembled on the first set molecules by contacting the master with a solution comprising the second set molecules. For example, the master can maintain contact with the second substrate by capillary action of the solution containing the second set of molecules, and attraction or bonding between the first and second set molecules by evaporating the solution. Can be destroyed.

The second set of molecules may comprise two or more different molecules that may have different recognition components, different exposure functionality, or both. Two or more different molecules may form a pattern on the second substrate that has a profile and includes two or more heights. At least one of the two or more different molecules may comprise a first spacer, and another molecule of the two or more different molecules may have a second spacer having a length different from the first spacer or a spacer There may not be. In an alternative embodiment, the bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule can be broken by applying heat or by contacting the bond with a solution having a high ionic force.

In some embodiments, the component of each of the first set molecules may be a nucleic acid sequence and the recognition component of the second set molecules may be at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of the first set. It may be a nucleic acid sequence complementary to the nucleic acid sequence on the molecules. The bond between the first and second set molecules can be broken by contacting the bond with an enzyme. Nucleic acid sequences can include DNA, RNA, modified nucleic acid sequences, or combinations thereof. The first set molecule, the second set molecule, or both, may comprise peptide nucleic acid sequences.

The method may further comprise forming a pattern of one or more metals, metal oxides, or a combination thereof on the surface of the substrate and contacting the surface with the first set of molecules. In this embodiment, each molecule of the first set of molecules bonds with a metal or metal oxide and molecules that are the first set of molecules to form a master comprising first set molecules bonded to the substrate to form a pattern. It has a reactive functional group to form.

In one embodiment, at least a portion of the second substrate surface may be free of second set molecules. The method comprises contacting a surface of a second substrate with a reactant selected chemically inert with respect to the second set of molecules and selected to degrade at least the surface layer of the second substrate. Degrading the portion free of molecules, and removing the second set of molecules to expose a portion of the surface of the second substrate of the second substrate surface. For example, the present invention includes depositing material in the portion without the second set of molecules and removing the second set of molecules to expose a portion of the second substrate surface. The attraction between the first and second set molecules may be magnetic.

In another aspect, the invention is a method of forming a replica of a master or part of a master. The method includes providing a master comprising a first set of molecules bound on a first substrate to form a pattern, assembling a second set of molecules on the first set of molecules through bond formation, a second Contacting the reactive functional group of the second set molecule with the surface of the second substrate to form a bond between the set molecule and the second substrate, the recognition component on the second set molecule and the first set molecule to form a complementary image of the master Breaking the bonds between the particles, assembling the third set molecules through the bond on the second set molecules of the complementary image, the third set molecules to form a bond between the third set molecules and the third substrate. Contacting a reactive functional group thereof with a surface of a third substrate, the binding between the recognition component on the third set molecules and the second set molecules to form a replica of the master or a portion of the master Destroying, and optionally assembling the third set molecule, contacting the reactive groups of the third set molecule, and repeating one or more steps of breaking the bond between the second set molecule and the third set molecule. It includes.

In another aspect, the invention provides a first pattern of a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate and a pattern of bound second set molecules bound to a second substrate via reactive functional groups on each molecule of the second set molecules. It relates to a composition comprising a complementary image comprising a. If the first set of molecules comprises a nucleic acid sequence, the first set of molecules comprises a plurality of nucleic acids having different sequences, and each molecule within the second set of molecules binds to at least a portion of the molecule from the first set of molecules. Has a recognition component. The first substrate with the first pattern is a reusable master.

In another aspect, the invention is a kit for printing a molecular pattern on a substrate. The kit includes a pattern of a first set of molecules bound to a substrate and a second set of molecules, the second set of molecules comprising a reactive functional group and a recognition component that binds to the first set of molecules.

The amount of information stored in molecules such as DNA strands can be huge. The method of the present invention has the potential to transfer this information in a massively parallel way (ie in one or only a few steps instead of many steps). Thus, a device currently being manufactured using multi-stage technology can be manufactured in a single step. This opportunity will shift research and device manufacturers to increase the complexity in fabricated substrates. As a simple example, using the method of the present invention, for example, the method of the present invention on a 1 mm 2 substrate having a series of 50 nano and microfluidic channels having 50 different DNA strands defining the walls of the channel, If the master is manufactured by one single printing step, complementary images of the series of nano and microfluidic channels, each with walls functionalized in different ways, can be produced on a 1 mm 2 substrate, which is the actual on chip It's a real lab.

A unique feature of the present disclosure is the ability to copy and thus duplicate the master itself using the parallel method of the present invention. This is a major advantage over existing methods. Many masters often require huge production lines. This means that, in combination with the consumption of existing molds, constant production of the master is required. In the method of the present invention, once a master is produced, replicas of the master can be made therefrom and these new masters can be used to print the final device. Replication should be improved and the use of an apparatus for the manufacture of a first master producing features in a continuous manner should only be used for the manufacture of the first master.

The method of the present invention is not only innovative because it can be used to print organic SAMs, but also the method of the present invention transfers multiple forms of information (e.g., chemical + shape) and replicates the master in a parallel manner. It is revolutionary because it can be used for

Justice

As used herein, a "master" is a substrate having a first set of molecules bound to the surface of the substrate in a random or non-random pattern. In one embodiment, the first set of molecules is coupled to the master in a non-random pattern. The first set of molecules includes one or more different molecules. The information encoded in the pattern may indicate the location of each molecule on the surface of the substrate and / or the chemical nature of the molecule (ie, molecules from the first set of molecules having a particular nucleic acid sequence specifically bind to nucleic acid molecules having complementary sequences). Comes from).

As used herein, a "complementary image of a master" is an image on a substrate and, if the pattern on the master is asymmetric, a spatial image and / or chemical information encoded within the master or a mirror image of a portion thereof or a pattern on the master If it is symmetric, it is a copy. In one embodiment, the complementary image is formed by binding a second set of molecules to a second substrate. For example, in the case of a nucleic acid molecule wherein the first set of molecules bound to the master forms an asymmetric-centric symmetric pattern, the complementary image of the master may comprise a sequence complementary to at least a portion of the nucleic acid sequence from the first set of molecules. The second set of molecules, which have a nucleic acid sequence, will be a mirror image of the master formed on the second substrate. In some embodiments, the chemical information transferred to the complementary image is not the same for the image on the master, but is sufficient information to allow at least some of the information from the master to be replicated. For example, where the first and second set molecules are nucleic acid molecules, at least three or more consecutive bases of the molecule from the first set molecule may be complementary to three or more consecutive bases from the second set molecule. have. For example, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% of the nucleic acid sequences on the first and second set molecules may be complementary. The complementary image may be formed from a portion of the pattern on the master by selecting molecules for a second set molecule that only binds some of the first set molecules bound to the master. If the second set molecule only binds to a portion of the first set molecule, the height profile of the complementary image may have more than one level. In addition, the complementary image may encrypt only a mirror image of spatial information encrypted within the master, or may encrypt both chemical and spatial information encrypted within the master. For example, if the first set of molecules bound to the master is a nucleic acid molecule that forms an asymmetric pattern, the complementary image of the master has a sequence complementary to at least a portion of the nucleic acid sequence from the first set of molecules. It will be a mirror image of a master formed on a second substrate with a second set of molecules that are nucleic acids. In this embodiment, both spatial and chemical information is transferred from the master to the complementary image. Furthermore, only some of the chemical information can be transferred to the complementary image. For example, if the first set of molecules on the master is a nucleic acid molecule, the second set of molecules forming a complementary image may be present in only a portion of the nucleic acid sequence on the master (eg, not complementary to the entire sequence). Nucleic acid sequences complementary to.

As used herein, "master copy (water)" is a copy (copy) of spatial and / or chemical information encoded in the master's pattern. The copy may be a copy of only a portion of the master's pattern or it may be a copy of the entire pattern of the master. In addition, the copy of the master can only copy the spatial information of the master or copy both the spatial and chemical information encrypted within the master. In addition, replication of the master can only replicate some of the chemical information.

"Chemical information encoded within a molecule" refers to the ability of a molecule to specifically bind to another molecule or to a specific type of molecule, typically in a specific conformation. For example, certain nucleic acid sequences may specifically bind to complementary sequences, or Protein A may specifically bind to immunoglobulins.

The term "pattern" as used herein refers to the spatial location of each molecule in a set of molecules bound to a substrate and the chemical structure of each molecule in the set of molecules.

The term "silane" refers to a functional group having the following chemical structure:

Wherein R ₂ in each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl and arylalkyl

The term "chlorosilane" as used herein refers to a functional group having the formula:

Wherein R ₆ in each case is selected from -Cl, or -OR ₂ , and at least one R ₆ is -Cl. Preferably, each R ₆ is -Cl.

The term "spacer" as used herein refers to a divalent group that connects two components of a molecule. Exemplary spacers include alkylene, heteroalkylene, heterocycloaylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, heteroarylene, arylalkylene, and heteroarylalkylene, wherein alkylene, hetero Alkylene, heterocycloacylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, heteroarylene, arylalkylene, and heteroarylalkylene may or may not be substituted.

As used herein, the term "alkyl" means a fully saturated, straight or branched C ₁ -C ₂₀ hydrocarbon or a cyclic C ₃ -C ₂₀ hydrocarbon. Alkyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

The term "alkylene" refers to an alkyl group having at least two points of attachment to at least two residues (eg, methylene, ethylene, isopropylene, etc.). Alkylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

An "alkenyl group" is a straight or branched C ₂ -C ₂₀ hydrocarbon or cyclic C ₃ -C ₂₀ hydrocarbon having one or more double bonds. Alkenyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

"Alkenylene" refers to an alkenyl group having two points of attachment to at least two residues. The alkylene group may or may not be substituted.

An "alkynyl group" is a straight or branched C ₂ -C ₂₀ hydrocarbon or a cyclic C ₃ -C ₂₀ hydrocarbon having one or more triple bonds. Alkynyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

"Alkynylene" refers to an alkynyl group having two points of attachment to at least two residues. Alkynylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

“Heteroalkylene” is a formula —X — ｛(alkylene) —X ′ _q —, wherein X is —O—, —NR ₁ —, or —S—; q is an integer from 1 to 10. to be. R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroallylalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl. Heteroalkylene may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, alone or as part of another moiety (such as, for example, arylalkyl), the term “aryl” refers to a carbocyclic aromatic group such as phenyl. Aryl groups also include fused polycyclic aromatic ring systems in which the carbocyclic aromatic ring is fused to another carbocyclic aromatic ring (eg, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthra) Sil, 2-anthrasyl, etc.) or carbon cyclic aromatic rings are fused to one or more carbon cyclic non-aromatic rings (eg, tetrahydronaphthylene, indan, etc.). The point of attachment of arylene fused to a carbocyclic non-aromatic ring may be on an aromatic or non-aromatic ring. The aryl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.

"Arylene" refers to an aryl group (eg phenylene, etc.) having at least two points of attachment to at least two residues. The arylene group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

"Arylalkyl" refers to an aryl group attached to another moiety via an alkylene linker. Arylalkyl can be substituted or unsubstituted. When arylalkylene is substituted, the substituent is on the alkylene portion of the aromatic ring or arylalkyl.

As used herein, "arylalkylene group" refers to an arylalkyl group having at least two points of attachment to at least two residues. The second point of attachment may be on the aromatic ring or on the alkylene. Arylalkylene may be substituted or unsubstituted. When arylalkylene is substituted, the substituent may be on the alkylene portion of the aromatic ring or arylalkylene.

As used herein, the term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic heterocycle comprising 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. Heteroaryl may be fused to one or two rings, such as cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. The point of attachment of the heteroaryl to the molecule may be on a heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or aryl ring, and the heteroaryl group may be attached via carbon or heteroatom. Examples of heteroaryl groups include imidazolyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxdiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, Quinolyl, isoquinoylyl, indazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, indolinyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzimily Dazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, indolyl, tetrahydroindolyl, azaindolyl, imidazopyridyl, quinizaolinyl, purinyl, pyrrolo [2 , 3] pyrimidyl, pyrazolo [3,4] pyrimidyl or benzo (b) thienyl, each of which may be optionally substituted. Heteroaryl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

"Heteroarylene" is a heteroaryl group having at least two points of attachment to at least two residues. Heteroarylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

"Heteroarylalkyl group" refers to a heteroaryl group attached to another residue via an alkylene linker. The heteroarylalkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. When heteroaryl is substituted, the substituent may be on the alkylene portion of the aromatic ring or hetero allylalkyl. Heteroarylalkyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

"Heteroarylalkylene" refers to a heteroarylalkyl group having at least two points of attachment to at least two residues. Heteroarylalkylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

“Heterocycloalkyl” means a non-aromatic ring comprising one or more, eg, 1-4 oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur (eg, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, and Thiomorpholine). Heterocycloalkyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

"Heterocycloalkylene" refers to heterocycloalkyl having at least two points of attachment to at least two residues. Heterocycloalkylene groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

Alkyl, alkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylene group, aryl, arylene, arylalkyl, arylalkylene, heteroaryl, heteroaryl Suitable substituents for ene, heteroarylalkyl, and heteroarylalkylene groups include any substituents that are stable under the reaction conditions used in the process of the invention. Examples of substituents include aryl (eg phenyl), arylalkyl (eg benzyl), nitro, cyano, halo (eg fluorine, chlorine and bromine), alkyl (eg methyl, Ethyl, isopropyl, cyclohexyl, etc.), haloalkyl (eg, trifluoromethyl), alkoxy (eg, methoxy, ethoxy, etc.), hydroxy, -NR ₃ R ₄ , -NR ₃ C (O) R ₅ , -C (O) NR ₃ R ₄ , -C (O) R ₃ , -C (O) OR ₃ , -OC (O) R ₅ , wherein R ₃ and R ₄ , respectively Are independently —H, alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl; and R ₅ are each, independently, alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl.

Alkyl groups, alkylene groups, heterocycloalkylene groups, and any substituted portions of alkenyl groups, alkenylene groups, alkynylenes, alkynylene groups may be substituted with = O and = S.

When heteroalkylene, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylene, heteroaryl, or heteroarylene group contains a nitrogen atom, it may be substituted or unsubstituted. When the nitrogen atom in the aromatic ring of the heteroaryl or heteroarylene group has a substituent, the nitrogen may be quaternary nitrogen.

As used herein, the term "nucleic acid" or "oligonucleotide" refers to a polymer of nucleotides. Typically, nucleic acids comprise at least three nucleotides. Polymers include natural nucleosides (ie, adenosine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, deoxyadenosine, deoxythymidine, deoxyguanosine, and deoxycytidine) or modified nucleosides can do. Examples of modified nucleotides include basic modified nucleosides (eg, aracytidine, inosine, isoguanosine, nebularine, pseudouridine) , 2,6-diaminopurine, 2-aminopurine, 2-thiothymidine, 3-deza-5-azacytidine (3-deaza -5-azacytidine, 2'-deoxyuridine, 3-nitorpyrrole, 4-methylindole, 4-thiouridine ), 4-thiothymidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, 2-thiouridine, 5-bromocity 5-bromocytidine, 5 - iodouridine, inosine, 6-azauridine, 6-chloropurine, 7-dezaadenosine -deazaadenosine), 7- to Ano new domain (7- deazaguanosine), 8- aza-adenosine (8-azaadenosine), 8- Ah map adenosine (8 -azidoadenosine, benzimidazole, M1-methyladenosine, M-methyladenosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 2-amino-6-chloropurine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-propynylcytidine, 5-propynyluridine, 5-bromoidine, 5-fluoro 5-fluorouridine, 5-methylcytidine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxaadenosine oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O- (6) -methylguanine, and 2-thiocytidine, chemically or biologically modified bases (E.g., methylated base), modified sugars (e.g. 2-fluororibose, 2'aminoribose, 2'azidoribose, 2'O-methylribose, L-enantisiomonucleoside Aramids, and Hexooses, Modified Pho Sulfate groups (e. G., Phosphorothioate and 5'-N- force Fora midayi set of connection), and there may be mentioned a combination of the two.

Natural and modified nucleotide monomers for the chemical synthesis of nucleic acids are commercially available.

As used herein, "peptide nucleic acid" (PNA) refers to a polymer having a peptide backbone with natural or non-natural nucleic acid bases attached to each amino acid residue. Peptide nucleic acids are described in Hanvey et al., Science (1992), 258: 1481-1485, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. A PNA can specifically bind to a nucleic acid or other PNA having a complementary sequence of three or more consecutive bases, eg, six consecutive bases, relative to the sequence of the PNA. In one embodiment, the PNA is at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 99% complementary to the nucleic acid or second PNA.

As used herein, the term "attractive force" is a force that attracts two or more molecules together. Examples of attractive forces include the attractive force, dipole-dipole attractive force, and magnetic attraction of a molecule having a net positive charge to a molecule having a net negative charge.

Unless specified to be covalent, "bonds" or "bonds" means covalent and non-covalent connections, eg, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, electrostatic interactions, magnetic interactions, covalent bonds. And van der Waals bonds.

As used herein, the term "recognition component" is a component of a molecule that can specifically bind to another molecule.

As used herein, a "specific binding" is one in which the recognition component of the molecule binds to one or more other molecules or complexes, but has sufficient specificity to distinguish the molecules or complexes from other components or contaminants of the sample. Molecules comprising recognition components and their targets are known and are not described in detail herein. Techniques for preparing and using such systems are well known in the art, and are also illustrated in Tijssen, P. "Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Practice and Theories of Enzyme Immunoassays" (1988) (Burdon and Knippenberg, New York: Elsevier). The full disclosure of this document is hereby incorporated by reference, Exemplary recognition components and their targets are nucleic acids / complementary nucleic acids, antigens / antibodies, antigens / antibody fragments, avidin / biotin, streptavidin Biotin, protein A / I _g , lectin / carbohydrate and aptamer / target.

As used herein, “aptamer” refers to an unnaturally occurring nucleic acid that selectively binds to a target. Nucleic acids that form aptamers may include naturally occurring nucleosides, modified nucleosides, hydrocarbon linkers (eg, alkylene) or polyether linkers (eg, PEG linkers) inserted between one or more nucleosides. Naturally occurring nucleosides, modified nucleosides having a hydrocarbon or PEG linker inserted between one or more nucleosides, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the modified nucleotides of the nucleotides or nucleic acid ligands, unless the binding affinity and selectivity of the nucleic acid ligands are substantially reduced by substitution (e.g., the dissociation constant of the aptamer for the target is about 1x10). Must be greater than ^-6 M), hydrocarbon or polyether linker. Aptamer target molecules are three-dimensional chemical structures that bind to aptamers. However, aptamers are not only linear complementary sequences of nucleic acids, but may also comprise regions bound via complementary Watson-Crick base pairs that are involved by other structures, such as hairpin loops. Targets of aptamers include peptides, polypeptides, carbohydrates and nucleic acid molecules.

details

The method of the invention relates to the stamping of molecular patterns and / or devices based on reversible self-assembly of molecules, in particular organic molecules. The method is suitable for stamping any nanofabricated device, inorganic and / or organic, and can be used to transfer large amounts of information from one substrate to another. The principle of operation of this technique is completely different from existing nanofabrication techniques.

In one embodiment of the invention, a master comprising a substrate having a first set of molecules bound to one or more surfaces in a pattern is provided with a reversible supra-molecular chemistry (eg, hydrogen bonding, ionic Bonds, covalent bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, magnetic interactions, or a combination thereof). Using a substantially irreversible surface chemistry, the second set of molecules is attracted to the surface of the substrate, and then the reversible bond between the first and second set molecules is broken. As used herein, the expression “substantially irreversible” means that the second set of molecules is attached to the surface of the substrate by a stable bond under conditions where the bond between the first and second set molecules is broken. do. Hyper-molecular bonds can also be used as a mechanism for phase transfer; This avoids the need for mechanical contact between the stamped substrate and the master and thus constitutes a major difference from nano-imprinting developed by Chou and co-developers. These methods are custom made to reliably transfer organic patterns. The use of organic molecules allows for a wide variety of modifications and at the same time transfer multiple surface feature structures.

Referring to FIG. 1, in one embodiment, a method of forming a complementary image of a master provides a master 10 comprising a first set of molecules 12 bonded to a first substrate 14 to form a pattern. It includes. The first set molecule 12 comprises a space 11 and a recognition component 13. The second set of molecules 16 is assembled through bond formation to the first set of molecules. The second set of molecules includes a reactive component 18 and a recognition component 20 that binds to the recognition component 13 of the first set of molecules 12. (See FIG. 2, which is an enlarged view of the second set molecule bound to the first set molecule.) The reactive functional group 18 of the second set molecule 16 is then in contact with the second substrate 22. The reactive functional group reacts with the second substrate surface to form a bond between the second set of molecules and the second substrate. In one embodiment, the remaining exposed surface of the second substrate is a reactive functional group, such as an alkane (eg mercetohexanol) having a thiol substituent, capable of binding to the surface to cover the exposed surface of the second substrate. And may be in further contact with another group of molecules 24 each having: The bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule is then broken and the second set molecule bound to the second substrate forms a complementary image 26 of the master 10. Once the master is separated from the complementary image by breaking the bonds between the first and second set molecules, the master can be reused one or more times to form additional complementary images. In one embodiment, the lateral dimension of one or more features of the complementary image is 200 nm or less, for example 100 nm or less, 50 nm or less, or 20 nm or less.

In one embodiment, the second set of molecules may further comprise one or more of the following components: exposed functional group 28; A covalent bond or first phaser 30 that connects a reactive functional group to the recognition component; And a covalent bond or second spacer (reference) connecting said exposed functional group to a recognition component.

The second set of molecules may comprise two or more different molecules. For example, two or more molecules of the second set of molecules may have different recognition components, eg, different nucleic acid sequences, or two or more molecules of the second set of molecules may both have different recognition components and different exposure functionalities. Can have In some embodiments, one or more molecules from the first set of molecules determine where each molecule is bound from the second set of molecules.

In one embodiment, two or more different molecules of the second set of molecules form a pattern on a second substrate having a profile that includes two or more heights. For example, the molecules in the second set of molecules can include two or more different lengths of spacers 30. Differences in the length of the spacers can cause the molecular image to be transferred to the second substrate to change in height.

In one embodiment, the second set of molecules is assembled onto the first set of molecules by contacting the master with a solution comprising the second set of molecules. In one method of transferring a pattern on a master to a second substrate, the master maintains contact with the second substrate by capillary action of a solution comprising a second set of molecules. Mechanical forces, for example 10 ⁻³ to 1 GPa, are applied to hold the two substrates together. For example, the force depends on approximately 10 ⁻³ Pa, 1 Pa, 1 KPa, 1 MPa or 1 GPa. The solution comprising the second set of molecules is then evaporated slowly to bring the master and the second set of substrates closer together and to promote binding of the second set of molecules to the second substrate.

The bond of the first set molecule and the second set molecule may be formed by hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, covalent bonding, electrostatic interaction, van der Waals interaction, magnetic interaction, pi bond interaction, or a combination thereof. . In one embodiment, the bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule is broken by applying heat. Alternatively, or in addition, the bond between the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules is broken by contacting the bond with a solvent having a high ionic force or a polar solvent. In another embodiment, the bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule is broken by contacting the bond with a solvent having a high ionic force and applying heat. Alternatively, the bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule is broken by contacting them with a solution containing an enzyme that breaks the bond. Typically, the bonds between the first set molecule and the second set molecule can be broken without breaking most of the bond between the second set molecule and the second substrate.

Reactive functional groups on the second set of molecules are groups capable of binding to the surface of the second substrate. For example, if the reactive functional group on the second set of molecules is a thiol group or a protected thiol group, the second substrate surface may be gold, silver, copper, cadmium, zinc, palladium, platinum, mercury, lead, iron, chromium, manganese. , Tungsten or a mixture or alloy of any of these. As used herein, the term "reactive functional group" is a group that can react to form bonds with the substrate surface. Methods of protecting or deprotecting thiol groups are described in Greene and Wuts, "Protective Group in Organic Synthesis", Jone Wiley & Sons (1991), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Protected thiol groups are deprotected prior to reacting them with the substrate surface. In another embodiment, the reactive functional group on the second set of molecules is silane or chlorosilane, and the surface of the second substrate is doped or undoped silicon, glass, fused silica, or a substrate having an oxidized surface, such as silica , Any substrate such as alumina, calcium phosphate ceramics and hydroxylated polymers. The non-hydroxylated surface is plasma etched to produce an oxidized group that can react with the silane. In another embodiment, the reactive functional group on the second set of molecules is a carboxylic acid and the surface of the second substrate is an oxide such as silica, alumina, quartz or glass, or an oxidized polymer substrate. In another embodiment, the reactive functional group on the second set of molecules is nitrile or isonitrile and the surface of the second substrate is platinum, palladium, or an alloy thereof. In another embodiment, the reactive functional group on the second set of molecules is hydrosamic acid and the surface of the second substrate is copper or aluminum. In addition, phosphonic acid can be used to attach the second set of molecules to the aluminum substrate.

In one embodiment, at least some of the molecules of the first set molecule comprise recognition components that bind to one or more molecules of the second set molecule. For example, each of the molecules of the first set of molecules may comprise a recognition component that is a nucleic acid sequence. In one embodiment, each of the first set molecules comprises a nucleic acid sequence, eg, DNA, RNA, modified nucleic acid sequences, or a combination thereof, and the recognition component of the second set molecule is a nucleic acid sequence. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid recognition component of each of the second set molecules may be complementary to at least a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of at least one of the molecules from the first set molecule. For example, three or more consecutive nucleic acid bases of a molecule from a second set of molecules, for example six or more nucleic acid bases, may be three or more consecutive nucleic acid bases of a molecule from a first set of molecules, eg, Complementary with at least six nucleic acid bases. In another embodiment, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% of the nucleotides on the first set molecule are complementary to these molecules from the second set molecule to which they are bound. Once the second set molecule is assembled on the first set molecule, the second set molecule hybridizes with molecules or portions thereof from the first set molecule having a sequence complementary to the nucleic acid recognition component of the second set molecule. Will be In this embodiment, the first set of molecules bound to the master is in contact with a solution of the second set of molecules under conditions that promote hybridization. Conditions for promoting hybridization are known to those skilled in the art. General description of hybridization conditions is described in Ausebel, F.M. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Green Publishing Assoc. And Wiley-Interscience, 1989), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Sequence length, base composition, percent mismatch between hybridization sequences, temperature and ionic power affect the stability of nucleic acid hybrids.

In one embodiment, the first set of molecules comprises two or more different molecules having recognition components that are different nucleic acid sequences. In this embodiment, the second set molecule comprises a molecule having a nucleic acid sequence, or portion thereof, that is complementary to at least one of the molecules of the first set molecule. In one embodiment, the hydrogen bonds between molecules hybridized from the first set of molecules and the second set of molecules are broken by contacting the hydrogen bonds with an enzyme. For example, enzymes from the helicase group of enzymes can be used to break bonds between hybridized nucleic acid molecules. Various helicases have been reported to dehybridize double stranded oligonucleotides. For example, E. coli Rep, E. coli DnaB, E. coli UvrD (also known as helicase II), E. coli RecBCD, E. coli RecQ, bacteriophage T7 DNA helicase, human RECQL series; WRN (RECQ2), BLM (RBCQL3), RECQL4, RECQL5, S. Pombe rqhl, C. elegance TO4A1 1.6 (typically, the helicase name is derived from the organism from which the enzyme came). Helicase can be divided into two types: 1) helicase that moves along the nucleic acid chain in the 3 'direction, and 2) helicase that moves along the nucleic acid chain in the 5' direction. Typically, certain types of helicases used to disrupt hydrogen bonds between hybridized nucleic acids are selected in consideration of the structural steric hindrance of certain hindered nucleic acids. As with the single stranded DNA binding protein (SSB), cofactors may be added that stabilize the single stranded DNA.

Another method of breaking the bond between two hybridized nucleic acids is to use a restriction endonuclease that recognizes a particular nucleotide sequence and cleaves both chains at specific positions in the nucleic acid sequence. Examples of restriction endonucleases include BamHI, EcoRI, and BstXI. Other methods of dehybridizing nucleic acids using enzymes include Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, 4th edition; Benjamin Lewin, Gene VII; Bacteriophage T7 DNA Heicase Binds dTTP, Forms Hexamers and Binds DNA in the Absence of Mg2 + by Kristen Moore Picha and Smita S. Patel, "J Biol. Chem. (1998), Vol. 273, Vol. 42, 27315-27319; Sheng Cui , "Characterization of the DNA-unwinding Activity of Human RECQI, a Helicase Specific Stimulated by Human Replication Protein A" by Raffaella Klima, Alex Ochem, Daniele Arosio, Arturo Falaschi and Alessandro Vindigni, J. Biol. Chem. (2003), Vol. 278, 3, 1424-4432; Umezu, K., and Nakayama, H. (1993), J Mol, Biol. 230: 1145-1150; Nakayama, K., Irino, N., and Nakayama, H., Mol. Gen. Genet. (1985), 200: 266-271; Kusano, K., Berres, ME, and Engels, WR, Genetics (1999) 15: 1027-1039; Ozsoy, AZ, Sekelsky, JJ and Matson, SW, Nucleic Acid Res. (2001), 29: 2986-299, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In another alternative embodiment, each component of the first set of molecules is a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sequence and the recognition component of the second set of molecules is a PNA sequence. Alternatively, the component of each molecule from the first set of molecules is a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sequence and the recognition component of the second set of molecules is a nucleic acid sequence or vice versa. PNA molecules hybridize to other PNA molecules and to nucleic acid sequences in a manner similar to hybridization of nucleic acids to other nucleic acids. In one embodiment, at least one or more molecules from the second set of molecules comprise at least three consecutive bases, eg, complementary to at least three consecutive bases, eg, six consecutive bases, of the molecules from the first set. Must have six consecutive bases. In another embodiment, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of the nucleotides on the first set molecules are complementary to those molecules from the bound second set molecule.

Alternatively, the bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule may be applied by applying heat, or by contacting the bond with a solvent having high ionic or bipolarity, or by applying a magnetic or electric field, or It is destroyed by combining them.

When set molecules bind to the substrate surface, the molecules overlap or stack with respect to each other so that some of the molecules are exposed to the substrate surface. Exposed functional groups are hydrophobic, hydrophilic or amphipathic functional groups. In addition, the exposed functional groups can be functional groups that selectively bind to various biological or other chemical species such as, for example, proteins, antibodies, antigens, sugars and other carbohydrates, and the like. Exposed functional groups may include members of any specific or nonspecific binding pair, such as, for example, members of the following non-limiting enumerations: antigen / antibody, antibody / hapten, enzyme / substrate, enzyme Inhibitors, enzymes / cofactors, binding proteins / substrates, carrier proteins / substrates, lectins / carbohydrates, receptors / hormones, receptors / effectors, complementary strands of nucleic acids, repressors / inducers Etc. Other examples of the exposed functional groups include the following, but are not limited to: -OH, -CONH-, -CONHCO-, -NH 2, -NH-, -COOH, -COOR, -CSNH-, - NO 2 _{, -SO 2, -SH, -RCOR-,} -RCSR--, -RSR, -ROR-, -PO 4 -3, -OSO 3 -2, -SO 3 -, -COO -, SOO -, -RSOR _{-, -CONR 2, - (OCH} 2 CH 2) n OH [ wherein, n is 1-20, _{preferably, 1-8), -CH 3, -PO} 3 H -, -2- imidazole, -N (CH ₃ ) ₂ , -N (R) ₂ , -PO ₃ H ₂ , -CN,-(CF ₂ ) _n CF ₃ (where n = 1-20, preferably 1-8) R is hydrogen, hydrocarbon, halogenated hydrocarbon, protein, enzyme, carbohydrate, lectin, hormone, receptor, antigen, antibody, or hapten)

The exposed functional group may include a protecting group, which may be removed to perform further modification of the complementary image or to duplicate the master. For example, a photoremovable protector can be used. For example, a wide variety of positive-photoreactive groups such as nitroaromatic compounds such as o-nitrobenzyl derivatives or benzyl sulfonyl are known in the art. Photo-removable protecting groups are described, for example, in US Pat. No. 5,143,854 (all disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference), as well as JOC of Patchornik, JACS, 92: 6333 (1970) and Amit et al. , 39: 192, (1974), both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the complementary image can be further modified by binding the exposed group of one or more second set molecules to the metal or metal ion. For example, the exposed functional groups are amine, amide, nitrosyl, cyano, carbonyl, thiol, thiocarbonyl, selenocarbonyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, or cyclopenta The diene group may be included at its terminus, or may comprise linear or cyclic organic groups having one or more double bond or conjugated pi systems. These groups are coordinated with atoms or ions of metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, gold, silver, zinc, potassium, phosphorus, selenium, sodium, platinum, palladium, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, magnesium, rhenium, ruthenium, and osmium Can be. If a suitable chelating group is too large or otherwise not well suited to be placed on the second set of molecules during deposition, the second set of molecules can be modified to attach the appropriate chelating group to at least a portion of the molecule. For example, the porphyrin, or corinary ring, can be attached to a portion of the second set of molecules using the same coupling chemistry described below to attach the recognition component of the second set of molecules to the spacer. Alternatively or additionally, the second set of molecules may comprise a peptide sequence or part of an enzyme or other protein whose functional group is attached to a metal atom or ion. In some embodiments, metal atoms or ions may be coordinated to functional groups on two, three, or more second set molecules.

The first and second spacers of the first and second set molecules are alkylene, heteroalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, heteroarylene, arylalkylene, and heteroarylalkylene It may be independently selected from the group consisting of. Alkylene, heteroalkylene, heterocycloalkyrene, alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, heteroarylene, arylalkylene, and heteroarylalkylene spacers can be substituted or unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the first or second spacer, or both the first and second spacers, can be substituted with one or more halogen and / or hydroxy.

In other embodiments, the substrate to be deposited may be made of a spacer secured to the substrate by silane or other reactive functional groups. The terminal of the spacer contains a reactive group such as epoxy or carboxylate. In this embodiment, the recognition component 20 of the second set of molecules includes a reactive group that reacts with the reactive group on the spacer to create a covalent bond between the spacer and the recognition component. For example, the recognition component may be an amine-terminal molecule, such as, for example, amine-terminal DNA. The carboxy terminal molecule also reacts with the epoxy group to form an anhydride. Other chemical properties that can be used to couple the second set molecule to the spacer set on the substrate include, but are not limited to, an hydride-hydroxyl, carbodiimide coupling, carboxylate reaction with an amine, hydroxy, or other group, And other coupling reactions known in the art. The reaction conditions may be selected to maintain the stability of the recognition component. For example, if some of the recognition components are not stable to heat or to certain solvents, for these conditions they may be stable for short exposures (eg, several hours). In some embodiments, the second set molecules and reactive groups on the ends of the spacer do not react with themselves to prevent the deposited spacer or molecules from attaching to each other, instead of linking the second set molecule to the substrate.

Masters can be prepared by any method known to those skilled in the art. (Xia, et al., Chem Rev. (1999), 99: 1823-1848, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. do). For example, the method of forming the master is a nanopatterning method. In one embodiment, the master is prepared by forming a pattern of one or more metals, metal oxides, or a combination thereof, using electron beam lithography. The surface of the substrate is then in contact with the first set of molecules. In such embodiments, each of the first set molecules may have a reactive functional group that forms a bond between the metal or metal oxide and the first set molecule such that the first set molecule binds to the substrate to form a pattern. To form a master with the first set molecule. The reactive group and substrate material used to form the master may be the same or different than that used to pattern the second set of molecules.

As an alternative, the master uses dip pen nanolithography. Methods for making molecularly patterned substrates using dip pen nano lithography are described in Schwartz, Langmuir (2002), 18 4041-4046 and in Science (1999) 283: 661-663 by Piner et al. The entire disclosure of the documents is incorporated herein by reference.

As an alternative, the master can be prepared using replacement lithography, nanoshading or nanographting. Such methods are described in Sun et al., JACS (2002) 124 (11): 2414-2415; Amro, et al. Langmuir (2000), 16: 3006-3009; Nano Letters (2002), 2 (8): 863-867 by Liu et al .; Lui et al. Chem, Res. (2000) 33: 457-466, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Another embodiment is a lithographic method in which at least a portion of a second substrate surface is free of second set molecules. In this embodiment, the exposed surface of the second substrate is brought into contact with a reactant selected to degenerate at a portion of the surface layer of the surface of the second substrate and is chemically inert with respect to the second set of molecules, acting as a resist. Degenerate the portion of the surface of the second substrate that is absent. For example, the reactants are reactive ion etch compounds. The second set of molecules is then removed to expose a portion of the second substrate surface.

In another embodiment, at least some of the second substrate surface is free of second set molecules, and material is deposited on the portion of the second substrate surface that is free of second set molecules. Examples of deposited materials are semiconductors, dielectrics, metals, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, and combinations thereof. The second set of molecules is then removed to reveal a portion of the surface of the second substrate.

In one aspect of the invention, a method of forming a complementary image of a master comprises assembling a second set of molecules via attraction on the first set of molecules. Examples of attractive forces are the attractive force, the dipole-dipole attractive force, and the magnetic attractive force for the molecule having the net negative charge. In one embodiment, the attraction is magnetic attraction. For example, if the attraction is magnetic attraction, from the first set of molecules and from the second set of molecules, the one or more molecules include iron or iron oxide components. In this embodiment, the attractive force between the first set molecule and the second set molecule is destroyed by applying a magnetic field.

In another aspect of the invention, the method comprises forming a replica of the master or part thereof. The master used in this embodiment of the method of the invention comprises a first set of molecules bound to the first substrate to form a pattern. The second set molecule is assembled to the first set molecule through bond formation. The second set of molecules includes reactive functional groups and recognition components that bind to the first set of molecules. The reactive functional groups of the second set of molecules then contact the second substrate surface. The reactive functional groups of the second set of molecules react with the surface of the second substrate to form bonds between the second set of molecules and the second substrate. The bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule is then broken and the second set molecule bound to the second substrate forms a complementary image of the master. The third set molecule is then assembled via bond formation on the second set molecule of the complementary image. Each molecule of the third set of molecules includes a reactive functional group and includes a recognition component that binds to the second set. The reactive functional group of the third set of molecules is then in contact with the surface of the third substrate. The surface of the third substrate reacts with the reactive functional groups of the third set of molecules to form a bond between the third set of molecules and the third substrate. The bond between the second set molecule and the third set molecule is then broken, and the third set molecule bound to the third substrate forms a copy of the pattern or part of the master. Once the complementary image is separated from the replica, the complementary image can be reused one or more times. In one embodiment, the lateral dimension of at least one feature of the composite is 200 nm or less, for example 100 nm or less, 50 nm or less, or 20 nm or less.

The method of forming a replica is as used to form a complementary image, except that a complementary image of the master is used as a template (or “master”) to transfer the pattern to the third substrate. Thus, the embodiments and examples described above for the second set molecule and the second substrate can also be applied to the third set molecule and the third substrate, respectively. Also, examples of conditions for assembling a second set molecule on a first set molecule and conditions for breaking the bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule also include a third set molecule on the second set molecule. The same may be applied to the conditions for assembling and conditions for breaking the bond between the third set molecule and the second set molecule.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a molecular printer for producing a complementary image of a master, in which case the master has a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate. The molecular printer includes a device for delivering a solution of a second set of molecules to a master surface and a device for contacting the second set of molecules with a second substrate. In this embodiment, the second set of molecules comprises a reactive functional group; And a recognition component bound to the first set molecule.

The instrument includes one or more reservoirs containing a second set of molecules and components for holding the master in place for delivering a solution containing the second set of molecules. The instrument may also include a computer-controlled device for delivering a second set of molecular solutions from the reservoir to the surface using a master. In addition, a clamp for securing the master to the second substrate may be included in the instrument. The vessel containing the solution temperature and the master of the second set of molecules can also be controlled. The apparatus comprises a reservoir containing a solution for breaking the bond between the first and second molecules, such as a solution with a high ionic force or a solution containing an enzyme for breaking the bond, and an apparatus for delivering the solution. It may further include. In addition, after the second substrate is bonded to the second set of molecules, the heating element may be used to heat the solution in contact with the bound first and second set molecules to break the bond. Computer controlled devices for delivering solutions and controlling temperature can be any of general purpose laboratory robots, such as those described by Harrison et al., Biotechniques, 14: 88-97 (1993); Biotechniques, 9: 584-591 (1990) by Fujita et al .; Rev. Wada et al. Sci. Instrum, 54: 1569-1572 (1983), the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Suitable laboratory robots are commercially available, for example, Applied Biosystems Model 800 Catalyst (Foster City, calif). In one embodiment, the device may further comprise a device for separating the second substrate from the master after the bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule is broken.

These and other aspects of the invention will be further understood in view of the embodiments described below. However, these embodiments are only illustrative of specific embodiments of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

The invention is described with reference to the specific embodiments shown in the drawings. The embodiments in the figures are disclosed by way of example and are not intended to be limiting in any way.

1A-D are schematic representations of one embodiment of the method of the present invention for producing complementary images,

2 is a schematic representation of a first set of molecules bound to a second set of molecules,

3A and 3B are AFM images of a master with a monolayer of nucleic acid molecules bound to the substrate surface.

3C is an AFM image of the complementary image of the master shown in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3D is an AFM image of the complementary image of the Amaster shown in FIG. 3B.

4A is an AFM image of a master with nucleic acid bound to the substrate in a grid pattern.

4B is an AFM image of the complementary image of the master shown in FIG. 4A.

Example 1 Preparation of Complementary Images of DNA Monolayers

A. Preparation of DNA Solution

All glassware can be cleaned before use with 75% H ₂ SO ₄ solution and 25% H ₂ O ₂ solution. All water used is ultra pure (18 MΩ / cm).

First DNA, 5 ′-/ 5-TiolMC6-D / ACG CAA CTT CGG GCT CTT-3 ′ is an Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IDT), Coraville, IA. DNA strands were used as received from the manufacturer. The first DNA was dissolved in water at a concentration of 1 μg / mL and stored at −20 ° C. in small aliquots of 50 μl. When using part of the solution, the portions were reduced by placing for 16 hours in 40 mM buffer solution (0.17 M sodium phosphate, pH 8) with Dithiothreitol (DTT). Oligonucleotides were isolated as by-products of the DTT reaction using size exclusion chromatography (NAP 10 column from Pharmacia Biotech) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The column was equilibrated with 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and the oligonucleotides eluted. The concentration of the final DNA solution was calculated from the absorbance of the solution at 260 nm. For the first DNA (ie, the DNA used to form the master), 1M potassium phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.8) was added to the DNA solution to increase the ionic strength of the solution. DNA final concentration was 4-5 μΜ.

For a second DNA (ie, DNA forming complementary image) solution, 1M NaCl (10 mM Tris buffer pH 7.2 and 1 mM EDTA) in TE buffer was added to increase the ionic strength of the solution. The second DNA used was Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IDT), Coraville, IA, and has the following structure: 5 '-/ 5-TiolMC6-D / AAG AGC CCG AAG TTG CGT-3'.

B. Preparation of Master with DNA Monolayer

Clear, atomically flat gold on the mica was used as the substrate. The substrate was placed in the first DNA solution prepared above for 5 days to allow DNA to bind to the substrate surface. The substrate was washed twice with 1M potassium phosphate buffer and five times with water. The substrate was exposed to 1 mM spacer thiol, 6-mercapto-1-hexanol, aqueous solution for 2 hr to minimize nonspecific uptake of single stranded DNA and then washed 5 times with water.

C. Preparation of Complementary Images

The master prepared in step B was immersed in the second DNA for 2 hours to allow the complementary DNA to hybridize to the DNA bound to the master. The substrate was washed twice with 1M NaCl buffer in TE and five times with water.

The second clean gold on the mica was placed in contact with the master so that the two gold surfaces faced each other with a small amount of water between them. A small mechanical force was applied to push the two substrates together. As the water between the two substrates evaporated, the spacing between the surfaces gradually decreased to increase capillary attraction. As a result, the thiol group of the second DNA approached and bound to the second substrate. After approximately 5 hours, the substrate was immersed in 1M NaCl buffer solution (70 ° C.) in TE for 20 minutes. The substrates (ie the master and the complementary images) were spontaneously separated, washed twice with 1M NaCl buffer in TE, washed five times with water and then air dried. The master (FIGS. 3A and 3B) and the complementary images (FIGS. 3C and 3D) were imaged using AFM tapping mode.

D. Results

Coverage of the surface of the first substrate of DNA was completed. Complete coating made AFM difficult because of the strong interaction between the monolayer and the tip. The layer transferred to the second substrate also had a complete coating.

Example 2: Transfer of Pattern of Gold Grid

AFM calibrated gold grids were immersed for 5 days in a 4 μM solution of the first DNA molecule described in Example 1. The master was exposed to an aqueous 1 mM 6-mercapto-1-hexanol solution for 2 hours to minimize nonspecific uptake of single stranded DNA, then washed 5 times with water and air dried. The master was then exposed to a 6 μM solution of the second DNA described in Example 1 for 2 hours to allow hybridization to occur. A second substrate of mica phase gold was placed on the master and the two gold surfaces faced each other with a small amount of water between them. A small amount of mechanical force was applied so that the two substrates were together. After approximately 5 hours, the substrate was immersed for 20 hours in 1M NaCl buffer (70 ° C.) in TE. The two substrates (ie, complementary images with the master) were spontaneously separated and washed twice with 1M NaCl buffer in TE, washed five times with water and then air dried. Master (FIGS. 4A and 4B) and complementary images (FIGS. 4C and 4D) were imaged using AFM tapping mode.

Example 3: Preparation of DNA Chips

Demer et al. Angew. Chem. Ed. (2001), 40: 3071-3073, a master was prepared using dip pen nanographies, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. To prepare the master, the gold surface on the mica substrate was contacted for 5 minutes with a 1 mM solution of 1-octadecanediol (ODT) in ethanol to cover the gold substrate exposed with ODT molecules. The substrate was then immersed in a 1,16-Mercetohexadecanoic acid (MHA) 1 mM solution and using the tip of an atomic force microscope to contact the substrate with about 5 nN force to make 100 nm dots. The ODT molecules bound to were transferred. MHA in solution was bound to the exposed gold surface of the dot. The carboxylic acid of the MHA is activated with a 10 mg / mL solution of 1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) in 0.1M morpholine / ethanesulfonic acid at pH4.5, 0.1M sodium Washed with borate / boric acid buffer (pH 9.5) solution. The surface of the substrate was placed in a 25 μM solution of DNA modified with 1-n hexyl amine groups in borate buffer. The amine groups of the DNA bind to the activated MHA molecules to form DNA dots having a diameter of 100 nm. The process of forming MHA dots and binding DNA molecules to it was repeated several times with different amine modified DNA molecules to form a master with a DNA array having features of about 100 nm.

Using the master, a complementary image array of DNA sequences was printed on a second substrate, where each DNA sequence is complementary to one of the DNA molecules on the master and its complementary sequence on the master. It was located at a point on the mirror-like second substrate. The complementary array was prepared by modifying a set of DNA molecules containing all DNA molecules complementary to the DNA molecules on the master with hexyl thiol linker. The thiol modified DNA molecule was placed in phosphate with pH 6.8 and 1M NaCl. The master was immersed in a solution containing thiol modified DNA for 2 hours, the master was removed from the solution and washed once with 1M NaCl buffer in TE and five times with water.

A second clean gold was placed on the mica substrate in contact with the master so that the gold surfaces faced each other with a small amount of water between them. A small mechanical force was applied to push the two substrates together. As the water between the two substrates evaporated, the spacing between the surfaces gradually decreased to increase capillary attraction. As a result, the thiol group of the thiol modified DNA approached and bound to the second substrate. After approximately 5 hours, the substrate was immersed in 1M NaCl buffer solution (70 ° C.) in TE for 20 minutes. The substrates (ie the master and the complementary images) were spontaneously separated, washed twice with 1M NaCl buffer in TE, washed five times with water and then air dried. The master can be used to produce one or more additional complementary images.

Example 4 Preparation of Complementary Images of DNA Arrays

DNA chips were purchased and used as the first master. The DNA chip had a 12 × 12 square array, where each square was 300 nm × 300 nm and had a different DNA sequence attached to the substrate for a total of 144 different DNA sequences. A 300 nm × 300 nm square was spaced 100 nm along the x-axis and y-axis of the surface of the substrate.

The master was used to print a 12 × 12 complementary image array of DNA on a second substrate, in which case each DNA sequence was complementary to one of the DNA molecules on the master and its complementary on the master. It was located at a point on the second substrate which is a mirror image of the sequence. A set of DNA molecules (ie 144 different complementary DNA sequences) containing all DNA molecules complementary to the DNA molecule on the master was modified with hexyl thiol linker. The thiol modified DNA molecule was placed in phosphate buffer with pH 6.8 and 1M NaCl. The master was immersed in a solution containing thiol modified DNA molecules for 2 hours, the master was removed from the solution and washed once with 1M NaCl buffer in TE and five times with water.

Clean gold was placed on the mica substrate in contact with the master so that the gold surface of the new substrate would face 12 × 12 arrays of DNA molecules. There was a small amount of water between them. A small mechanical force was applied to push the two substrates together. As the water between the two substrates evaporated, the spacing between the surfaces gradually decreased to increase capillary attraction. As a result, the thiol group of the thiol modified DNA approached and bound to the second substrate. After approximately 5 hours, the substrate was immersed in 1M NaCl buffer solution (70 ° C.) in TE for 20 minutes. The substrates (ie the master and the complementary images) were spontaneously separated, washed twice with 1M NaCl buffer in TE, washed five times with water and then air dried. The complementary image had a 12 × 12 array of DNA complementary to the DNA molecules on the master. The master can be used to manufacture one or more additional complementary image arrays, following the same steps.

In addition, except that the complementary image is used on behalf of the master and the third set of 144 DNA molecules modified with a hexyl thiol linker with the same sequence as the DNA molecule on the first master is assembled on the complementary image The first master may be replicated by following the method described above. A third substrate of gold on mica is then contacted with the complementary image as described above for the first master and second substrate. The third set of DNA bound to the third substrate and separated from the complementary image is a replica of the first master.

The invention will be clearly understood from consideration of this specification or practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and content of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

Claims (107)

A method of forming a complementary image of a master, comprising the following steps: a) providing a master comprising a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate to form a pattern; b) self-assembling a second set of molecules on the first set of molecules through attraction or bond formation, wherein each molecule in the second set of molecules comprises: (i) reactive functional groups; And (ii) a recognition component that is bound or attracted to one or more of the first set of molecules; And (iii) a covalent bond or first spacer, optionally connecting said reactive functional group to said recognition component, c) contacting said reactive functional group of said second set molecule with a second substrate surface, thereby forming a bond between said second set molecule and said second substrate surface such that said second set molecule comprises: Attached to the surface of the second substrate by bonds that do not break under conditions that disrupt the bonds between the first set molecule and the second set molecule; And d) disrupting the attractive force or bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule, using a solution having an ionic force that breaks the attractive force or bond, thereby creating a complementary image of the master Forming; And e) optionally, repeating steps b) to d) one or more times. The method of claim 1, And further comprising the following steps: a) using electron beam lithography to form a pattern of one or more metals, metal oxides, or a combination thereof on the surface of the first substrate; b) contacting the surface of the first substrate with a first set of molecules, wherein each molecule of the first set of molecules has a reactive functional group that forms a bond between the metal or metal oxide and the first set of molecules, thereby Forming a master comprising a first set of molecules bonded to the first substrate to form a pattern. The method of claim 1, At least a portion of the second substrate surface is free of second set molecules. The method of claim 3, And further comprising the following steps: a) contacting a surface of the second substrate with a reactant that is inert to the second set of molecules and is selected to degrade at least a surface layer of the second substrate, whereby the second without the second set of molecules. Said portion of the substrate surface is degraded; And b) removing the second set of molecules to expose a portion of the surface of the second substrate. The method of claim 3, And further comprising the following steps: a) depositing a material on said portion of said second substrate surface free of said second set molecules; And b) removing the second set of molecules to expose a portion of the surface of the second substrate. A method of forming a replica of a master or part thereof, comprising the following steps: a) providing a master comprising a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate to form a pattern; b) self-assembling a second set of molecules on the first set of molecules through bond formation, wherein each molecule in the second set of molecules comprises: (i) reactive functional groups; And (ii) a recognition component that binds to the first set molecule; And (iii) a covalent bond or first spacer, optionally connecting said reactive functional group to said recognition component, c) contacting said reactive functional group of said second set molecule with a second substrate surface, whereby a bond is formed between said second set molecule and said second substrate, such that said second set molecule is incorporated into said first set molecule. Adheres to the second substrate surface by bonds that are not broken under conditions that disrupt the bonds between the second set of molecules and the second set of molecules; d) breaking the bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule using a solution having an ionic force that breaks the bond, thereby forming a complementary image of the master; e) self-assembling, through bond formation, a third set molecule on the second set molecule of the complementary image, wherein each molecule in the third set molecule consists of: (i) reactive functional groups; And (ii) a recognition component that binds to the second set molecule; And (iii) a covalent bond or first spacer, optionally connecting said reactive functional group to said recognition component, f) contacting said reactive functional group of said third set molecule with a third substrate surface, whereby a bond is formed between said third set molecule and said third substrate, such that said third set molecule is formed in said second substrate. Attached to the third substrate surface by a bond that does not break under conditions that break the bond between the set molecule and the third set molecule; and g) breaking the bond between the second set molecule and the third set molecule using a solution having an ionic force that breaks the bond, thereby forming a copy of the master or a portion thereof; And h) optionally, repeating e) to g) one or more times. The method of claim 6, And further comprising the following steps: a) using electron beam lithography to form a pattern of one or more metals, metal oxides, or a combination thereof on the surface of the first substrate; b) contacting the surface of the first substrate with a first set of molecules, wherein each molecule of the first set of molecules has a reactive functional group that forms a bond between the metal or metal oxide and the first set of molecules, thereby Forming a master comprising a first set of molecules bonded to the first substrate to form a pattern. The method of claim 6, At least a portion of the third substrate surface is free of third set molecules. 9. The method of claim 8, And further comprising the following steps: a) contacting a surface of the third substrate with a reactant that is inert with respect to the third set of molecules and is selected to degrade at least a surface layer of the third substrate, whereby the third without the third set of molecules Said portion of the substrate surface is degraded; And b) removing the third set of molecules to expose a portion of the surface of the third substrate. 9. The method of claim 8, And further comprising the following steps: a) depositing a material on said portion of said third substrate surface free of said third set molecules; And b) removing the third set of molecules to expose a portion of the surface of the third substrate. A method of forming a complementary image of a master, comprising the following steps: a) providing a master comprising a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate to form a pattern; b) self-assembling a second set of molecules on the first set of molecules through attraction or bond formation, wherein each molecule in the second set of molecules consists of: (i) reactive functional groups; And (ii) a recognition component that is bound or attracted to one or more of the first set of molecules; (iii) a covalent bond or first spacer, optionally connecting said reactive functional group to said recognition component; (iv) exposing the selected functional groups below: -OH, -CONH-, -CONHCO-, -NH 2, -NH-, -COOH, -COOR, -CSNH-, - NO 2 -, -SO 2, -SH , -RCOR-, -RCSR-, -RSR, -ROR- , -PO 4 -3, -OSO 3 -2, -SO 3 -, -COO -, SOO -, -RSOR-, -CONR 2, - ( OCH ₂ CH _{2) n} OH [wherein, n is _{1-20], -CH 3, -PO 3} H -, -2- _{imidazole, -N (CH 3) 2,} -N (R) 2, - PO ₃ H ₂ , -CN,-(CF ₂ ) _n CF ₃ [wherein n is 1-20], a group consisting of porphyrin, corinic ring and olefin, wherein R is hydrogen, hydrocarbon, halogenated hydrocarbon, protein , Enzymes, carbohydrates, lectins, hormones, receptors, antigens, antibodies or haptens); (v) a covalent bond or a second spacer, optionally connecting said reactive functional group to said recognition component; c) contacting said reactive functional group of said second set molecule with a surface of a second substrate, thereby forming a bond between said second set molecule and said second substrate, such that said second set molecule is bonded to said second substrate. Adheres to the surface of the second substrate by bonds that do not break under conditions that disrupt the bond between the one set molecule and the second set molecule; And d) disrupting the attractive force or bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule using a solution having an ionic force that breaks the attractive force or bond, thereby forming a complementary image of the master and; And e) optionally, repeating steps b) to d) one or more times. A method of forming a replica of a master or part thereof, comprising the following steps: a) providing a master comprising a first set of molecules bound to a first substrate to form a pattern; b) self-assembling a second set of molecules on the first set of molecules through bond formation, wherein each molecule in the second set of molecules consists of: (i) reactive functional groups; And (ii) a recognition component that binds one or more of the first set molecules; And (iii) a covalent bond or first spacer, optionally connecting said reactive functional group to said recognition component; (iv) optionally exposing the selected functional groups below: -OH, -CONH-, -CONHCO-, -NH 2, -NH-, -COOH, -COOR, -CSNH-, - NO 2 -, -SO 2, -SH, -RCOR-, -RCSR-, -RSR, -ROR-, -PO 4 -3, -OSO 3 -2, -SO 3 -, -COO -, SOO -, -RSOR-, -CONR 2, _{- (OCH 2 CH 2) n} OH [ wherein, n is _{1-20], -CH 3, -PO 3} H -, -2- _{imidazole, -N (CH 3) 2,} -N (R) 2 , -PO ₃ H ₂ , -CN,-(CF ₂ ) _n CF ₃ [wherein n is 1-20], the group consisting of porphyrin, corinic ring and olefin, wherein R is hydrogen, hydrocarbon, halogenated hydrocarbon , Protein, enzyme, carbohydrate, lectin, hormone, receptor, antigen, antibody or hapten); (v) a covalent bond or a second spacer, optionally connecting said reactive functional group to said recognition component; c) contacting said reactive functional group of said second set molecule with a second substrate surface, whereby a bond is formed between said second set molecule and said second substrate, such that said second set molecule is incorporated into said first set molecule. Adheres to the second substrate surface by bonds that are not broken under conditions that disrupt the bonds between the second set of molecules and the second set of molecules; d) breaking the bond between the first set molecule and the second set molecule using a solution having an ionic force that breaks the bond, thereby forming a complementary image of the master; e) self-assembling, through bond formation, a third set molecule on the second set molecule of the complementary image, wherein each molecule in the third set molecule consists of: (i) reactive functional groups; And (ii) a recognition component that binds one or more of the second set molecules; And (iii) a covalent bond or first spacer, optionally connecting said reactive functional group to said recognition component; (iv) exposing the selected functional groups below: -OH, -CONH-, -CONHCO-, -NH 2, -NH-, -COOH, -COOR, -CSNH-, - NO 2 -, -SO 2, -SH , -RCOR-, -RCSR-, -RSR, -ROR- , -PO 4 -3, -OSO 3 -2, -SO 3 -, -COO -, SOO -, -RSOR-, -CONR 2, - ( OCH ₂ CH _{2) n} OH [wherein, n is _{1-20], -CH 3, -PO 3} H -, -2- _{imidazole, -N (CH 3) 2,} -N (R) 2, - PO ₃ H ₂ , -CN,-(CF ₂ ) _n CF ₃ [wherein n is 1-20], a group consisting of porphyrin, corinic ring and olefin, wherein R is hydrogen, hydrocarbon, halogenated hydrocarbon, protein , Enzymes, carbohydrates, lectins, hormones, receptors, antigens, antibodies or haptens); (v) a covalent bond or a second spacer, optionally connecting said reactive functional group to said recognition component; f) contacting said reactive functional group of said third set molecule with a third substrate surface, whereby a bond is formed between said third set molecule and said third substrate, such that said third set molecule is formed in said second substrate. Adhered to the third substrate surface by a bond that does not break under conditions breaking the bond between the set molecule and the third set molecule; g) breaking the bond between the second set molecule and the third set molecule using a solution having an ionic force that breaks the bond, thereby forming a copy of the master or a portion thereof; And h) optionally, repeating e) to g) one or more times. delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete

Images