KR101110314B1 - Rectifier - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention is a rectifier for converting AC power to DC voltage (DC) as a rectifier diode when charging the AC power to the capacitive reactance (electrolytic capacitor) using a series connection circuit of the capacitor to charge and change the large Capacitor of capacity is a configuration principle that uses the voltage of both ends of large capacitor by using the principle that low voltage is charged. It does not use the voltage drop transformer, and it has the feature of making low-cost manufacturing and compact.

The configuration of the circuit;

A primary constant voltage is formed at both ends of the upper series capacitor to charge the lower series capacitor;

To operate the switching circuit with a square wave pulse, the drain of the semiconductor device (when FET, TR is collector) is connected to the upper series capacitor [+] side, and the gate (when FET, TR is base) is connected to Zener diode and parallel capacitor. To ensure sufficient switch operation by obtaining sufficient bias voltage, the output source (TR is emitter) has an output circuit configuration that connects the diode to earth in reverse and connects to the lower series capacitor [+] through the choke coil. A primary constant voltage circuit (Q21 circuit of FIG. 6);

The secondary constant voltage circuit outputs a low constant voltage to the lower series capacitor voltage. The drain of the semiconductor device (in the case of FET, TR is the collector) is connected to the lower series capacitor [+] terminal, and in the gate (in the case of FET, TR is the base). With a sufficient bias voltage, the semiconductor device is switched by a gate pulse, and the output source (in the case of a FET, TR is an emitter) reverses the diode to earth and charges the output capacitor through the choke coil to produce a constant output across the lower capacitor. Is the configuration obtained in the Q22 circuit;

The present invention relates to a rectifier characterized by minimizing the failure rate by separating the input and output circuits by alternately operating instantaneous moments instead of simultaneously operating the first and second constant voltage circuits.

Another type of rectifier, which rectifies the AC power into a pulse current using a rectifier diode;

It is a configuration method that can be used as a semiconductor device with low breakdown voltage by selecting a low voltage less than half of the voltage of a pulse and charging an electrolytic capacitor at high speed with a switching semiconductor device (FET, TR, etc.).

For example, the device for rectifying the AC power 220V voltage has a rectified pulse current of about 300V, so the switching rectifier must be at least 550V with about 2.5 times the breakdown voltage. If it is rectified, it is possible to use a low-cost device with a capacity of about 300V.

In addition, there is a function to charge the battery (battery) as one of the actions using the rectifier in the present invention to charge the battery is about 80% of the initial charge slightly faster charging from 80% to 98% while slowly charging about 98% In the rectifier operation, the rectifier stops the charging and discharges the battery for a long time.

Transformer, Condenser, Rectification and Voltage Detection, Constant Voltage, Interface, Bias Voltage, Variable Voltage, Pulse Width Modulation PWM pulse width modulation, triangle wave, and over load current.

Description

Rectifiers {Rectifier}

According to the present invention, when a direct voltage is charged to an electrolytic capacitor using a rectifier diode without using a voltage drop method that lowers the voltage using a transformer, the size of the capacity is charged. Alternatively, use low voltages charged across large capacitors.

The rectifier of the present invention has a low voltage at both ends in which a large capacitor is disposed on the ground (ground GND) side, but a large current capacity. This voltage is used as a DC power supply for various equipment, which is proportional to the current of the equipment to be used. The values are different and the charging current is charged through a series circuit of small and large capacitors.

In the rectifier of the present invention, a small capacitor and a large capacitor arranged in series at the upper side and the lower side of the circuit are charged in series, and the voltage of the small capacitor is increased when the voltage is lowered using the voltage of the large capacitor as the load. It is sensed by the parallel circuit of small capacitors at the moment to prevent the charging voltage of small capacitors and charges the voltage of large capacitors so that almost constant voltage is charged to maintain constant voltage across large capacitors.

In another configuration of the present invention, the AC 220V power supply is diode (onion) rectification using a diode to select the operating voltage in the pulsating state to perform the charging operation only at a low voltage instant to use a device with a low withstand voltage of the charging device. .

In other words, AC 220V power supply is rectified and becomes 120Hz onion, so when the maximum voltage is about 300V, it operates only in voltage below 100V. It is a rectifier that has the characteristics of reducing cost and volume by using low-cost devices with low voltage. .

In general, the rectifier lowers AC (home or factory AC power supply) to a voltage close to the DC voltage to be used by the transformer.The transformer uses the size of the corresponding capacity. It is used as a DC power supply for various electronic devices by charging DC voltage to the device. In a device that requires a more constant voltage, constant voltage and constant current circuits are attached. Among them, the biggest volume and expensive transformer are problems.

In order to reduce the volume, a small transformer is used by adopting a switching power supply method, which is compact but more expensive.

According to the present invention, an appropriate circuit can be selected and used according to the current capacity of the rectifier. In a small-capacity device, the AC input voltage is rectified with a diode, and a zener diode and a resistor are connected in parallel to the upper side of the series capacitor, The output voltage at both ends is a simple circuit that charges the output capacitor by amplifying the zener diode constant voltage using a resistor and becomes a rectifier that can operate sufficiently in general IC or low power devices.

However, in a device with a slightly larger capacity, AC is rectified by a diode, and a transistor circuit is used in parallel on the upper side of the series capacitor to increase the charging current to the capacitor of the large capacitor at the lower side, and the transistor constant voltage output circuit having a slightly larger capacity at the output of the capacitor of the lower capacitor. Configure and use

Rectifiers for devices that require large currents, such as large DC motors, use large-capacity components and separate the switching semiconductor elements connected in series at the moment of current flow.

If the input power is connected to the load side and the semiconductor circuit in series in a large capacity rectifier, if the load side is shorted, the rectifier is destroyed by overcurrent and there is a risk of fire. When charging, do not charge the output capacitor.

In other words, the charging time is different between the primary charging moment and the final output capacitor. The primary moment is a short moment because the high voltage is charged, and the output capacitor is charged by using the output only at the moment except for this moment. The smallest rectifier can be used at the lowest price.

In addition, there is a function to charge the battery among the functions using a rectifier, there is also a feature of a charger for miniaturizing by attaching a function to charge in multiple stages using a simple electronic circuit to the present invention.

In the present invention, a series capacitor connected to a diode rectified pulse current has a large capacity of the electrolytic capacitor may have a low withstand voltage. When rectifying AC 220V directly to a direct current, a DC voltage of about 300V becomes a voltage of about 10V, which is as low as 10: 1. The rectified voltage can be used below 30V.

In this case, if the small capacitor is 10uF and the large capacitor is 90uF and 300V DC voltage is applied, 270V is charged at both ends of the small capacitor and 30V is charged at both ends of the large capacitor. 300V or more, large capacitors should use 35V or more.
However, when the current capacity is large, the capacity of series capacitors and parallel components is also large.

In addition, the constant voltage required at the final output side must be output at a voltage about 70% lower than the output 30V to operate as a constant voltage and constant current circuit.

The circuit holding such a constant voltage is simply composed of a resistor and a zener diode, and the circuit having a large current capacity uses a IC and a transistor circuit to maintain a constant voltage.

In addition, the rectifier of another configuration of the present invention is configured to operate the rectifier only in 1 minute or less of the input AC power, but the power used as the rectifier is mainly 50V or less, 48V, 30V, 24V, 15V, 12V, 9V, Since 6V, 3V, etc. are used, when the AC power supply is 220V, a sufficient output voltage can be obtained even when a voltage of 100V or less is used. Therefore, a configuration using a semiconductor device having a low breakdown voltage is preferable.

In addition, the configuration of the rectifier to charge the battery is a three-stage stage, the first stage is a slightly faster charging speed, the second stage provides a charger to slow down and stop at the end.

The rectifier of the present invention has the advantage that can be compact and compact as well as cost reduction.

Therefore, all electronic devices have rectifier circuits, so they can be used in a variety of products, which can contribute to the miniaturization of products as well as the reduction of manufacturing costs.

When described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings of the present invention.

1 (a) is a rectifier circuit using a conventional transformer.

Lower the primary AC voltage to the required voltage with T1 (transformer), rectify the onion with bridge rectifier diode of D1 ~ D4, obtain pulsation, make primary charge to 1C to make DC, obtain constant voltage 5V from IC LM7805, charge to 2C Used as a constant voltage, this voltage is mainly used as the power supply voltage of the IC.

1B is a voltage waveform of FIG. 1A.

Figure 2 (a) is a circuit of voltage division charging system in series with the capacitor of the present invention.

The primary AC voltage is rectified from D1 to D4 and divided into C1 and C2.The VS is charged to the maximum voltage of AC 220V with the voltage between C1 and C2. This circuit shows a structure in which 30V voltage is rectified and charged with DC voltage.

The reason is that a large capacitor has a low voltage but a large current capacity, and a small capacitor has a small current but a high voltage, and a small capacitor voltage C2 V = VS X C1 / (C1 + C2).

FIG. 2B is a voltage waveform of FIG. 2A.

3 (a) is a simple rectification circuit of the present invention, when the voltage of C2 is lowered, it is charged with R1, ZD1, and a constant voltage is obtained from R2, ZD2 at the voltage of C2, the current is amplified by TR1, and the constant voltage is charged by charging C3. Use as rectified voltage.

The maximum voltage charged with D1 ~ D4 of AC 220V is charged to about 300V and C2 is charged with 30V of 270V dropped to C1.

When the voltage of C2 is lowered, it is charged through R1 and ZD1, and a constant voltage is applied to the base of TR1 from the voltage of C2 to R2 and ZD2, so that TR1 amplifies the current and charges C3. .

3 (b) is the voltage waveform of FIG. 3 (a).

Fig. 4A is a circuit in which the current capacity is 2 A or less with the rectifier of the present invention.

When the voltage of AC 220V is charged to C1 and C2, the maximum voltage is about 300V. C1 charges 270V and C2 charges 30V, but C2 charges 9 times as much current.

It is thought that the voltage of C2 decreases and the voltage of C1 increases when using it.However, when the voltage of C1 decreases, when the voltage of C1 rises, it detects in R4 and ZD11 and TR2 amplifies and discharges C1 through R5. As it is charged at, the voltage of C2 is not lowered and becomes almost constant.

In addition, the voltage of C2 is applied to the base of TR3 through R6 and ZD12, so that the voltage of C13 is maintained at the constant voltage in the operation of TR3.

Figure 4 (b) is the voltage waveform of Figure 4 (a).

FIG. 5 is a block chart. FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram.

In Fig. 5 and 6, the constant voltage is divided into two parts in a two-stage switching circuit in the primary and the second, and time division is performed by triangular wave and inverted triangle wave so that they do not overlap each other to prevent the parts from being destroyed or burning even if the output side is shorted. It was configured to.

And a circuit for detecting the primary voltage at the primary operation and comparing the triangle wave signal to cut off the secondary bias circuit (operation of D26, R35, and TR25) to stop the secondary constant voltage operation.

The VCC supply voltage required for the IC uses a zener diode rectifier circuit, and the input side voltage is lowered to the resistor (R11) and the zener diode (ZD23), and another low value zener diode (ZD24) and capacitor (C25) are connected. Use with VCC power supply such as TR, IC (U1 ~ 6) that require constant voltage.

Since the primary constant voltage circuit (Q21 circuit) and the secondary constant voltage circuit (Q22 circuit) are controlled by pulse-width modulated square wave signals, the loss power is minimized for reliable switching operation during instantaneous connection operation.

The controlled 1st and 2nd constant voltage circuit compares the triangular wave signal with the inverted signal differently, so that the square wave pulses of P.W.M do not overlap in time and thus the moments of the 1st and 2nd constant voltage operation are safe.

The over load circuit operation detects the output current flowing through the load with R46 (RE), amplifies by TR26 and compares the voltage of U3 to VR3 to make sure square wave pulse to cut the 1st and 2nd constant voltage circuit. Stop.

Name and operation matters of the main parts of FIG. 6.

BD = commutation, PC1 = primary constant voltage pulse transfer, C23, ZD22 = 15V to Q21 bias supply,

U1, R27, VR1, R31, R32, TR22, R28, PC1, R33 = primary constant voltage Q21 control circuit,

R26, VR2, U2, R30, TR23, R29, TR21, R24, R25 = secondary constant voltage Q22 control circuit,

U3, U4, R36, R37, R38, R39, R40, R41, R42, C26 = triangular wave oscillation circuit,

U6, VR3, TR26, R43, R44, R45, R46, R33, R34, TR24, TR25 = Over Current Protection Circuit (Over Load),

R11, ZD23, C25, ZD24 = IC power and transistor power 15V VCC,

FIG. 7 is a voltage waveform for the circuit of FIG. 6.

[1] is the waveform of the input AC 220V power supply.

[2] is the onion rectified pulse voltage.

[3] is the voltage of ZD24, which is 15V.

[4] is the main VS voltage, which is about 30V at the voltage across C1.

[5] and [6] output P.W.M waveform by outputting triangular wave voltage and C2 voltage across U1.

[6] has the advantage of operating the IC by dividing into the same R36, R37 without using a separate -power source for U3,4 oscillation by triangular wave.

[7] is the output P.W.M waveform of U1 and is wide when the voltage of C2 is low.

[8] drives the primary constant voltage output circuit with the P.W.M pulse wave in which [7] is inverted by TR22.

[9] is a bias voltage of 15V obtained by C23 and ZD22 to operate Q21.

[10] is a square wave pulse bias signal operated by PC1 and R23 which operate Q21.

[11] shows the voltage changed according to the operation of Q21 as the voltage across C2.

[12, 13] inputs V-OUT variable input voltage 12 and triangle 13 to U2 to control the secondary constant voltage.

[14] is a P.W.M signal for controlling the secondary constant voltage as the variation voltage comparison output waveform of U2.

[15] controls the secondary constant voltage circuit with the P.W.M inverted output voltage of TR23.

[16] controls the secondary constant voltage Q22 circuit with the output signal of TR21.

[17] plots the fluctuation signal as the final output voltage, which is a constant voltage.

[18] is the R46 output signal with the variable voltage of [17].

[19, 20] is an overcurrent protection circuit, and [19] is a voltage caused by overcurrent.

The voltage of [19] is greatly amplified by TR26, making it easy to compare with VR3.

[21] is the output of U6, and a high voltage is output in the overcurrent to stop all constant voltage operation.

[U1 OUT] stops the operation of the secondary constant voltage circuit by the operation of D26, R35 and TR25.

Looking at the above operating voltage waveform, it is easy to know the operation of the circuit.

However, in the above operation, the voltage of the upper capacitor is divided into 2 minutes for the power supply of the upper capacitor and 2 minutes for the charge voltage of the lower capacitor, so that the breakdown voltage of the semiconductor is reduced, and the output is made using the zener diode and the transistor. Use a constant voltage circuit.

8 is a drive rectifier circuit in the use of low input power in another manner of the present invention.

When the AC 220V power is divided into R51 and R52 by dividing the onion rectified voltage into the bridge rectifying diode (BD) and driving the Q51 with the waveform amplified by TR51, the charging current flows in C52.The voltage of C52 is higher than the set voltage of Zener diode ZD53. As the voltage of R56 increases and TR52 operates through R57, current flows to R58 and PC3 to stop Q51, so the voltage of C52 is a rectifier circuit that maintains the constant voltage determined by ZD53.

The characteristic of FIG. 8 is that it operates at a voltage of 100V or less of the input power AC, so there is little risk of overcurrent and a semiconductor component having a low breakdown voltage can be used, thereby reducing costs and making it compact.

In addition, when used as a rectifier for large currents, the components of the output semiconductor element can be used in parallel or in parallel. Circuits requiring precise voltage are controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) compared to the variable voltage using a sawtooth oscillation circuit. Do

It is characterized by minimizing the failure rate by controlling the pulse width modulation method by dividing with high frequency during two-stage pulse control rectification.

It also relates to a simple circuit that connects a DC voltage to the battery during operation of the rectifier to charge it at a fast rate and then slowly charges and stops when charging is almost complete;

When the rechargeable battery is rapidly charged, the rechargeable battery voltage is lowered after the rechargeable battery is fully charged, and the life of the battery is also shortened. This problem is controlled by a simple electronic circuit.

Referring to waveform (b) of FIG. 8, the time of T0 to T1 is charged with about 80% of the time, and the speed is fast, and T1 to T2 is slow with the time of 80 to 98% of charging and operates at the point of T2. To stop.

In the charging operation, the voltage divided by R60 and R59 and the voltage divided by the constant voltage TL431 into R63 and R64 are low. The output power of U7 is low, so TR55 charges the battery during R69 and R70 operation. When the voltage is increased, TR53 is operated through R62 so that the current amount of TR55 decreases to the voltage down to R66, LED1, R69.When 98% of charging voltage is reached, the output voltage of U8 increases and TR54 operates through LED2, R67. (ON) to stop the charging operation of the TR55.

The charging voltage is the voltage at both ends of C52, which is always slightly higher than the voltage of the battery. The charging current flows through R69 and TR55 and when the power goes out, the DC voltage of the battery is output through D52.

LED1 turns on during operation and LED2 indicates that operation stops.
If you joint the above contents,
A diode D51 connected in series with the rectifier;
The output of the comparators U7 and U8, which compares the voltage at the junction of the switch Q51 connected in series with the capacitor C52 with the reference voltage of the constant voltage IC TL431, performs transistor amplification (TR53, TR54, TR55). To charge the battery charge
In the first step, the battery capacity is charged to about 80%.
Rectifier in a second step to charge the battery to charge up to 98% with a current less than the first step.
When the full-wave rectified voltage at the rectifier is 300V, the switch Q51 is operated only at a voltage of 100V or less, so that the capacity C52 is charged.

The rectifier circuit of the present invention can be used for all electronic devices because the electronic device uses components such as IC, TR, Diode, Resister, Condensor, and FET. This is because the rectifier circuit is made of DC, because it is preferable to use the rectifier circuit of the present invention which is inexpensive and compact.

In addition, small-volume and low-cost rechargeable rectifiers can be substituted for existing products in devices using rechargeable batteries.

1 (a) is a conventional rectifier. Figure 1 (b) is the voltage waveform of Figure 1 (a) Figure 2 (a) divided charging of the present invention.

Figure 2 (b) is a waveform of Figure 2 (a) Figure 3 (a) is a small rectifier of the present invention 3 (b) is a waveform of Figure 3 (a).

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Figure 4 (a) is a rectifier of the present invention. Figure 4 (b) is the waveform of Figure 4 (a). 5 is a block diagram of FIG. 6.

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6 is a first and second rectifier circuit of the present invention. 7 is a waveform of the circuit of FIG. 6;

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Figure 8 (a) is a low voltage operating circuit of the present invention. Figure 8 (b) is the voltage waveform of each part of Figure 8 (a).

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Claims (7)

delete delete delete delete delete In the rectifier for converting AC voltage into DC voltage to charge the battery, A diode D51 connected in series with the rectifier; The outputs of the comparators U7 and U8 comparing the voltage at the junction of the switch Q51 connected in series with the capacitor C52 with the reference voltage of the constant voltage IC TL431 are amplified by the transistors TR53, TR54 and TR55. To charge the battery; The charging of the battery, In the first step, the battery capacity is charged to around 80%, Rectifier in a second step to charge the battery to charge up to 98% with a current less than the first step. The method of claim 6, Rectifier characterized in that the capacity (C52) is charged by operating the switch (Q51) only at a voltage lower than 100V below the full-wave rectified voltage in the rectifier.

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