KR101094128B1 - X-ray generator driven by pyroelectric crystals using the radiation heat source - Google Patents

X-ray generator driven by pyroelectric crystals using the radiation heat source Download PDF

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KR101094128B1
KR101094128B1 KR1020100096744A KR20100096744A KR101094128B1 KR 101094128 B1 KR101094128 B1 KR 101094128B1 KR 1020100096744 A KR1020100096744 A KR 1020100096744A KR 20100096744 A KR20100096744 A KR 20100096744A KR 101094128 B1 KR101094128 B1 KR 101094128B1
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crystal
superconducting
radiant heat
crystals
ray
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KR1020100096744A
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Korean (ko)
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최재호
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단국대학교 산학협력단
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Priority to PCT/KR2011/006438 priority patent/WO2012046953A2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
    • H01J35/06—Cathodes
    • H01J35/065—Field emission, photo emission or secondary emission cathodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/16—Vessels; Containers; Shields associated therewith
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2235/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J2235/06—Cathode assembly
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2235/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J2235/16—Vessels
    • H01J2235/163—Vessels shaped for a particular application
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
    • H01J35/08—Anodes; Anti cathodes
    • H01J35/112—Non-rotating anodes
    • H01J35/116—Transmissive anodes

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for generating X-rays by accelerating electron beams by irradiating radiant heat to superconducting crystals and by a potential difference between surface charges induced on both end faces of the crystals and an X-ray target. By inducing the temperature change of the superconducting crystal by irradiating the radiant heat, the temperature deviation in the longitudinal direction and the radial direction of the superconducting crystal cross-section can be minimized, thereby overcoming the size limit and the structural limit of the superconducting crystal used in the prior art And increases the potential difference due to an increase in the number of surface charges, thereby generating X-rays and improving the performance of the X-ray generator using the same.

Figure 112010064224306-pat00003

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention [0001] The present invention relates to an X-ray generator generating pyroelectric crystals,

The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for generating superconducting crystal X-rays by radiant heat, and more particularly, to an apparatus and a method for generating superconducting crystal X-rays by radiant heat, Ray generating apparatus and method for generating X-rays.

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The supercritical phenomenon is a phenomenon in which supercritical crystals are cut in a direction perpendicular to the polarization direction, and when a certain heat is applied to the crystals, surface charges having different polarities are induced on the both surfaces of the crystals to induce spontaneous polarization. Electrons induced on the surface will form a potential difference large enough to generate X-rays.
Since the superconducting crystal showing the superconducting phenomenon described above has a small heat capacity and low thermal conductivity, the temperature of the contact surface of the superconducting crystal and the cross section thereof is large, There is a problem in that it does not increase or decreases.
The size of the electric field in a device consisting of supercritical crystals and targets

Figure 112011080892317-pat00001

Lt; / RTI >

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In addition, in a device in which two superconducting crystals are arranged so that different charges are induced, the magnitude of the electric field is

Figure 112011080892317-pat00002

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.

The electric field formed by the superconducting crystal is expressed by Equation (1) (d gap ) is shorter, the electric field increases. In addition, the longer the length (L) of the closer the distance between the two crystals (D gap), second electric crystal, as shown in equation (2), an electric field that changes in temperature higher induction is greatly.

In order to induce charge on the cross section of the superconducting crystal, the heat conductivity of the superconducting crystal must be high during heating or cooling to facilitate heat transfer. However, the thermal conductivity of the superconducting crystal is 45 mJ / cm- sec for LiTaO 3 , which is a typical supercritical crystal, similar to that of glass fiber used as a thermal insulation material in a building.
In general, other than the second electric crystal LiTaO 3 also has a thermal property similar to the LiTaO 3. Due to the thermal characteristics of the superconducting crystals, when heating is performed by a resistance heating method using a thermoelectric cooling device (TEC), which is a heating method of superconducting crystals used in the prior art, A temperature variation occurs.

The temperature rise-drop caused by such thermal conduction is determined by the thermal conductivity of the crystal, and when the crystals are connected in the longitudinal direction, the temperature deviation between both ends becomes larger. As a result, the surface charge does not increase even when the length of the superconductor crystal increases.
On the other hand, in the prior art, in order to increase the potential difference, the polarity of the electric charge induced in the cross section of two superconducting crystals faces the other surface to increase the electric potential difference. This concept has a limitation to increase the electric potential difference by two times . The reason why it is difficult to overcome such a limitation is that when a long-length supercrystal is used or when two crystals are connected in series in the longitudinal direction of the crystal, the temperature difference in the longitudinal direction of the crystal And the temperature deviation of the superconducting crystal cross section results in slowing or reducing the increase of the potential difference.

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In the prior art, a method of disposing two superconducting crystals, which is one of the methods for doubling an induction electric field, with a cross section of a crystal whose opposite polarity of surface charge is opposite is applied. In this case, the electric field induced by the second electric crystal is wider cross-sectional area (A) of the electric crystal closer the distance (d gap) of the two determined second opposite, as shown in Equation (2), the length (L) is The longer the temperature change, the greater the electric field induced.
In order to induce the temperature change of the crystal, the heat conductivity of the crystal at the time of heating is high, so that the heat transfer can be smoothly performed, so that the temperature deviation of both sides of the crystal can be reduced. However, when the material has a low thermal conductivity, the material is heated from one side of the material, so that the thermal conductivity is low and the temperature deviation from the opposite side is obtained. In this case, the longer the length of the sample, the larger the temperature deviation becomes. The thermal conductivity of a typical supercritical crystal is 45 mJ / cm- sec for LiTaO 3 , which is similar to that of glass fiber insulation used as a building's insulation material. The superconducting crystals having a low thermal conductivity can be obtained by keeping the temperature difference in the longitudinal direction or the axial direction of the superconducting crystals small when the length of the superconducting crystals is long and the cross-sectional area is large and when a plurality of the crystals are connected in series in the longitudinal direction. There is a limit to increasing the temperature.
Since the conventional superconducting crystal heating method relies on heat conduction by the contact method by resistive heating, the temperature deviation between the contact surface of the heat source and the opposite surface of the superconducting crystal of low thermal conductivity becomes larger as the length of the superconducting crystal becomes longer It brings a deviation. This increase in the temperature difference results in significantly reducing the potential difference or decreasing it over a certain length.

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In order to increase the potential difference of the superconducting crystal device by heat induction and to improve the performance of the X-ray generator, it is necessary to increase the size of the superconducting crystal or to facilitate the structure of the device. It is difficult to reduce the temperature deviation of the cross section of the superconducting crystal.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus for generating high energy X-rays by minimizing a temperature deviation in a length direction and an axial direction of a superconducting crystal by radiant heat irradiation method which can overcome the limitations of the prior art, will be.

Conventional methods for heating superconducting crystals are a contact method using a resistance heating and a thermoelectric effect device (TEC). Since the heat transfer depends on heat conduction, the temperature between the heat source contact surface of the superconducting crystal having a small heat capacity and the thermal conductivity, The longer the length of the supercrystal, the greater the deviation. These temperature deviations result in significantly slowing the increase in the potential difference or decreasing the length of the superconducting crystal in a predetermined range, more than about 10 mm.

In order to accomplish the above object, the X-ray generator according to the present invention uses a heat transfer method by radiation, not heat conduction in a superconducting crystal. An infrared lamp or a non-contact method for irradiating a radiant heat source focused on sunlight to a superconducting crystal, wherein the superconducting crystal of 20 mm or more, which is longer than the length used in the prior art, Thereby overcoming the limitations of the prior art by minimizing temperature variation and heating.

By increasing the temperature of the superconducting crystals by irradiating the superconducting crystals with radiant heat, the superconducting crystals having a long superconducting length and a large cross-sectional area can minimize temperature variations in the longitudinal and axial directions, And the electric field is increased. The increase of the electric field will improve the electron and ion acceleration performance, which will greatly improve the X-ray generation performance using this device.

1 is a view showing an embodiment of an X-ray generator according to the present invention for generating X-rays using irradiation of a superconducting crystal 10 by a radiant heat irradiating device 20,
FIG. 2 is a view showing an X-ray generating device by a resistance heating method,
3 is a view showing another embodiment of the X-ray generator according to the present invention,
4 is a view showing another embodiment of the X-ray generator according to the present invention,
5 (a) is a view showing another embodiment of the X-ray generator according to the present invention for inducing surface charge by irradiating radiant heat of a supercrystal 11 having a long length, and FIG.
5 (b) is a view showing another embodiment of the X-ray generator according to the present invention in which a plurality of superconducting crystals 14 are aligned in the longitudinal direction.

The pyroelectric crystal is an anisotropic crystal, and has a constant value of the dipole moment which is polarized even when the external electric field is not applied in a constant equilibrium state. That is, the superconducting crystal, which is an anisotropic crystal, is polarized in the equilibrium state, and the value of the total dipole moment exists even when no external electric field is applied.

When the supercrystal is cut in a direction perpendicular to the polarization direction, surface charges having different polarities are induced on both end faces of the cut face. That is, a surface negative charge is charged on one surface of the cut surface and another surface positive charge is charged on the other surface. The polarization of the crystal in the absence of external field or temperature changes is called spontaneous polarization (P s ). When the temperature of the superconducting crystal is changed by applying heat to this superconducting crystal, the spontaneous polarization value is changed (ΔP s ). This phenomenon is referred to as superelectrode phenomenon (also called superelectroelectric effect) . The supercritical effect forms an electric field large enough to emit electrons or generate effective radiation. The electric field is proportional to the induced surface charge.
The size of the surface charge per unit area is given by ΔP s = γΔT when the superconducting crystal is heated. Where γ is the supercritical constant and ΔT is the temperature change of the electrical crystal. It can be seen that the amount of surface charge induced in the superconducting crystal increases in proportion to the temperature change. Since the surface charge is the product of the electrostatic surface charge times the cross-sectional area, the total charge of the superconducting crystal section is Q = γΔTA, where A is the cross-sectional area. The potential difference due to the induced surface charge becomes V = Q / C.
In the case of LiTaO 3 , which is a typical supercritical crystal, the potential difference formed by a superconducting crystal having a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 10 mm is about 100 keV.

In order to commercialize the X-ray generator by supercritical crystals, it is necessary to increase the induced surface charge in order to improve the performance to the application level. In order to increase the surface charge, there is a method of increasing the temperature change of the superconducting crystal or increasing the cross-sectional area and length.

The method of increasing the temperature change is determined by the characteristics of the crystal and has its limit value. That is, when the temperature of the crystal is heated above the Curie temperature, the superconductivity of the superconducting crystal is permanently lost. The Curie temperature of BaTiO 3 , which is a typical supercritical crystal, is 393 K (absolute temperature), LiTaO 3 is 813 to 970 K, and LiNbO 3 is 1488 K. That is, the LiTaO 3 crystal loses superconductivity when heated to 540 ° C or higher. However, the heat capacity of most superconducting crystals is 470 J / kg · K, and the thermal conductivity is 45 mJ / cm- sec , which limits the temperature of the superconducting crystal to the Curie temperature without temperature variation in both end faces and axial directions.

Fig. 2 shows an example of an X-ray generating apparatus by the resistance heating method of the prior art. In the prior art, when the length and the cross-sectional area of the superconducting crystal 10 are increased, the induction of the surface charge can be increased. However, when the length is increased, the superconducting crystal 10 is in contact with the heat source 60 The temperature difference between the surface and the non-surface becomes large. This temperature variation is the reason why the number of surface charges does not increase any more than a certain length. As a result of the present study, it is reported that the surface charge does not increase at a length of 10 mm or more. In addition, when the cross-sectional area is increased, the temperature difference between the surface and the center of the superconducting crystal is generated, and the increase of the surface charge is slowed, so that the energy generated even when the length of the superconducting crystal is longer than 10 mm is not increased. Thus, the X-ray energy also does not increase.
Hereinafter, the configuration of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. Fig. 1 is a side view (Fig. 1 (a)) showing an embodiment of an X-ray generator according to the present invention in which a superconducting crystal 10 is heated by using a radiation irradiating device 20 to emit charge Fig. 3 is a side view (Fig. 3 (a)) and a plan view (Fig. 1 (b)) showing an embodiment in which the pyroelectric crystal is composed of a helical heat source 5 (a) is a side view showing an embodiment including a long-length superconducting crystal, and FIG. 5 (b) is a cross-sectional view Is a side view showing an embodiment in which a plurality of superconducting crystals are connected in series in the axial direction.

1, the X-ray generator according to the present invention includes a superconducting crystal 10, a radiation irradiating device 20, a vacuum container 30, and an X-ray target 75.
In the vacuum container 30, a veriolium window 70 is formed so that X-rays generated in the upper part can be transmitted through the closed container, and the superconducting crystal 10 is installed therein. It is preferable that the vacuum container 30 is evacuated after the super crystals 10 are installed therein. The degree of vacuum in the vacuum container 30 is preferably maintained at 10 -4 to 10 -3 Torr.
In the X-ray generator shown in FIG. 1, the X-ray target 75 is located in front of the beryllium window 70 inside the vacuum vessel 30. FIG. The X-ray target may be of a transmissive or reflective type, and the X-ray target 75 of FIG. 1 is of a transmissive type, and the thickness of the target is selected depending on the induced potential difference and the material constituting the target, desirable. The beryllium window 70 is preferably formed at the upper end of the vacuum vessel 30 in the axial direction of the superconducting crystal 10 as shown in Fig. 1 (b). The beryllium window 70 is formed of beryllium, which is the material through which X-rays are transmitted.
The superconducting crystal 10 is formed in a columnar shape with its polarization axes extending in the longitudinal direction and is cut perpendicularly to the direction of the polarization axes and cut so that one end face is set toward the X- do.
A radiant heat irradiating device (20) is installed so as to irradiate the superconducting crystal (10) around the superconducting crystal (10). The radiant heat irradiating device 20 shown in Fig. 1 is preferably a rectilinear heat source, and a plurality of radiant heat irradiating devices 20 are installed to surround the side surfaces of the superconducting crystal 10. The radiant heat irradiating device 20 includes a vacuum container 30 Or may be installed inside the vacuum container to irradiate the superconducting crystal 10, though not shown. The radiant heat irradiating device 20 irradiates the superconducting crystal 10 and raises the temperature of the superconducting crystal 20 from room temperature to about 110 캜.
The X-ray generator shown in Fig. 3 includes a spiral radiant heat irradiating device 21 spirally surrounding the superconducting crystal 10. The spiral radiant heat irradiating device 21 may be constituted by a spiral infrared lamp. And encloses the periphery of the superconducting crystal 10 outside the vacuum vessel 30. The spiral heat source 21 has superior temperature uniformity in the longitudinal direction and the axial direction of the superconducting crystal than the linear heat source 20 structure. Fig. 3 (a) is a side view, and Fig. 3 (b) is a plan view of the X-ray generator of Fig. 3 (a).
The X-ray generator shown in FIG. 4 is an embodiment of a superconducting X-ray generator in which a target composed of a reflective material is used as the X-ray target 75. The X-ray target 75 of FIG. 4 is installed so as to have a predetermined angle with the cross section of the superconducting crystal 10 and the charge 50 emitted from the superconducting crystal 10 strikes the X-ray target 75 It is desirable to set the angle of the X-ray target 75 so that the generated X-ray 80 reflects off the target 75 and emits it through the beryllium window 70 to the outside.
5 (a) is a side view showing an X-ray generator including a superconducting crystal 11 having a long length in the direction of a polarization axis, wherein a superconducting crystal 20 mm or more 11 is installed in the vacuum container 30 and heated by the radiant heat irradiating device 21 to induce the surface charge, the number of induced surface charges increases in proportion to the length of the crystal, thereby overcoming the limitations of the prior art. 5 (b) shows another example of increasing the surface charge induction in which two or more superconducting crystals 14 are longitudinally aligned to induce a high potential difference between the crystal 14 and the X-ray target 75 And a side view showing an embodiment for increasing the X-ray generation efficiency.
An operation process of the X-ray generator constructed as described above will be described with reference to the drawings. As shown in the figure, the superconducting crystals 10 are heated by the radiant heat irradiating devices 20 and 21 surrounding the superconducting crystals 10, 11 and 14. When irradiated with the radiant heat irradiating devices 20 and 21 surrounding the peripheries of the super crystals 10, 11 and 14, the charges induced in the superconducting superconductors 10, 11 and 14 are concentrated on the surface, And these charges are radiated toward the X-ray target 75 to collide with the X-ray target to generate X-rays. The temperature of the supercrystal is preferably increased from room temperature to 110 degrees centigrade. The X-ray target 75 is of a transmission type, and the X-ray generated by the collision of the X-ray target and the charge is transmitted through the X-ray target 75 and emitted to the outside of the container through the beryllium window 70. At this time, the temperature difference between the both end faces of the superconducting crystal 10 becomes much smaller than that in the case where the superconducting crystal 10 is heated by the contact-type heating source 60 applied in the conventional technique as shown in FIG. Minimization of the temperature deviation of the cross section of the superconducting crystal leads to more effective surface charge when the length of crystal is lengthened. As a result, the heating method by the radiant heat increases the electric field formed by the superconducting crystal in proportion to the increase of the crystal length, thereby increasing the acceleration voltage and greatly improving the performance of the X-ray generator using the same, will be.
The cooling method of the supercritical crystals is not shown in the drawing, but a heat dissipating plate or a heat dissipating fin is attached to the outside of the vacuum apparatus to perform a natural cooling method or a forced cooling method by heat conduction.

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10: Superconductivity determination
11: Long-elongated crystals
14: Determination of the superconductivity in the longitudinal direction
20: Radiant heat irradiator
21: Spiral radiant heat irradiator
30: Vacuum container
50: Negative charge
60: Heating device by thermal conduction
70: beryllium window
75: X-ray target

Claims (7)

In the X-ray generator,
A vacuum container in which an X-ray target is installed;
A supercritical crystal disposed inside the vacuum vessel so that one end surface thereof cut perpendicular to the polarization axis is oriented toward the X-ray target; And
And a radiant heat irradiating device which is formed so as to surround the periphery of the supercritical crystal and irradiates radiant heat to the supercrystal to induce charge on the cross section of the supercrystal to radiate toward the X- Gt; X-ray < / RTI > The method according to claim 1,
The superconducting crystal has a columnar shape in which the polarization axis direction is the longitudinal direction,
Wherein the radiant heat irradiating device is arranged so as to spirally surround the side surface of the columnar superconducting crystal in a spiral shape. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the superconducting crystal comprises one or more superconducting crystals aligned in the longitudinal direction. The method of claim 3,
Wherein the at least one superconducting crystal is arranged so that the faces of different charge polarities are spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the X-ray target is made of one selected from a transmissive substance or a reflective substance. The method according to claim 1,
And a cooling device attached to the periphery of the supercritical crystal to emit heat. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the radiant heat irradiating device is installed in any one of the inside of the vacuum container provided with the supercritical crystal or the outside of the vacuum container.
KR1020100096744A 2010-10-05 2010-10-05 X-ray generator driven by pyroelectric crystals using the radiation heat source KR101094128B1 (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101284019B1 (en) * 2012-02-27 2013-07-09 단국대학교 산학협력단 Neutron generating apparatus and method thereof

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2001267096A (en) 2000-03-24 2001-09-28 Nikon Corp X-ray generating equipment
JP2009043658A (en) 2007-08-10 2009-02-26 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk X-ray generator
JP2010015711A (en) * 2008-07-01 2010-01-21 Kyoto Univ X-ray generating device using hemimorphic crystal

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH05299192A (en) * 1992-04-22 1993-11-12 Toshiba Corp X-ray generating device, x-ray diagnostic device, and x-ray ct device

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2001267096A (en) 2000-03-24 2001-09-28 Nikon Corp X-ray generating equipment
JP2009043658A (en) 2007-08-10 2009-02-26 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk X-ray generator
JP2010015711A (en) * 2008-07-01 2010-01-21 Kyoto Univ X-ray generating device using hemimorphic crystal

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101284019B1 (en) * 2012-02-27 2013-07-09 단국대학교 산학협력단 Neutron generating apparatus and method thereof

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