KR100802168B1 - Tenderness ground reinforcement structure using bamboo - Google Patents

Tenderness ground reinforcement structure using bamboo Download PDF

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Publication number
KR100802168B1
KR100802168B1 KR1020070080338A KR20070080338A KR100802168B1 KR 100802168 B1 KR100802168 B1 KR 100802168B1 KR 1020070080338 A KR1020070080338 A KR 1020070080338A KR 20070080338 A KR20070080338 A KR 20070080338A KR 100802168 B1 KR100802168 B1 KR 100802168B1
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South Korea
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bamboo
drain
soft ground
mat
drainage
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KR1020070080338A
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Korean (ko)
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최종남
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(주)우주엔지니어링
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C3/00—Foundations for pavings
    • E01C3/04—Foundations produced by soil stabilisation
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C3/00—Foundations for pavings
    • E01C3/006—Foundations for pavings made of prefabricated single units
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
    • E02D3/08—Improving by compacting by inserting stones or lost bodies, e.g. compaction piles
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
    • E02D3/10—Improving by compacting by watering, draining, de-aerating or blasting, e.g. by installing sand or wick drains
    • E02D3/103—Improving by compacting by watering, draining, de-aerating or blasting, e.g. by installing sand or wick drains by installing wick drains or sand bags

Abstract

A reinforcement structure for the soft ground of a road using bamboo is provided to reinforce the soft ground by absorbing and draining underground water contained in the soft ground effectively using a bamboo drain mat and a bamboo drain pile. A reinforcement structure for the soft ground of a road using bamboo comprises a bamboo drain mat(20) formed by connecting plural bamboos provided with drain holes(22) and filled with reeds horizontally in the shape of a mat using wires and covering the top of the soft ground of a road containing underground water, a bamboo drain pile installed via the bamboo drain mat and provided with drain holes to absorb underground water, a drain soil layer paved on the upper part of the bamboo drain mat and functioning as an upper drain layer for preventing the consolidation settlement of the soft ground and cutting off underground water not to flow in a banking layer, and a banking layer formed on the upper part of the drain soil layer.

Description

대나무를 이용한 도로연약지반의 보강구조{Tenderness ground reinforcement structure using bamboo}Tenderness ground reinforcement structure using bamboo}

본 발명은 도로연약지반의 처리기술에 관한 것으로서, 특히 대나무를 이용하여 연약지반의 지층 속에 존재하는 지하수를 흡수함으로써 연약지반의 스폰지 현상을 방지하여 지반을 강화할 수 있는 대나무를 이용한 도로연약지반의 보강구조에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to the treatment technology of road soft ground, and in particular, by reinforcing road soft ground using bamboo which can reinforce the ground by preventing the sponge phenomenon of soft ground by absorbing the groundwater present in the soft ground using bamboo. It's about structure.

연약지반은 호소매립지, 간척지 등과 같이 높은 함수율을 가진 토양으로 구성된 지형으로서, 이러한 연약지반은 하중에 취약하기 때문에 토목 또는 건축공사를 행하기 전에 지반강화작업을 우선적으로 시행하여야 한다.Soft ground is composed of soils with high water content such as landfills and reclaimed land. Since these soft grounds are vulnerable to loads, ground reinforcement should be carried out prior to civil engineering or construction work.

연약지반 처리공법의 일종인 연직배수공법(vertical drain method)은 연약한 점토층 내에 인공적으로 연직배수재를 설치하여 배수거리를 단축시켜서 압밀을 촉진시키는 공법이다. 이러한 공법으로서 모래를 연직배수재로 사용하는 샌드드레인 공법(sand drain method), 모래의 유출을 방지하기 위하여 포대 속에 모래를 채운 팩드레인 공법(pack drain method) 등이 널리 알려져 있다.The vertical drain method, which is a kind of soft ground treatment method, is a method of promoting consolidation by shortening the drainage distance by artificially installing a vertical drainage material in a soft clay layer. As such a method, a sand drain method using sand as a vertical drainage material, a pack drain method filled with sand in a bag to prevent sand leakage, and the like are widely known.

그 중에서 샌드드레인 공법은 점토층에 일정한 간격으로 천공을 한 후 투수성이 큰 모래를 채워 모래기둥을 형성한 후 성토 등에 의해 상재하중을 가하는 것으로, 이 상재하중이 점토층에 압력을 가하면 간극수는 연직방향과 샌드드레인으로의 수평방향으로 배출되어 점토층의 압밀침하가 촉진되는 것이다.Among them, sand drain method drills the clay layer at regular intervals and fills the sand with large permeability to form a column of sand, and then the earth load is applied by clay, etc. It is discharged in the horizontal direction to the sand drain and to promote the consolidation settlement of the clay layer.

한편, 샌드드레인을 박기 전에 연약지반 표면에 수평모래층(sand mat)을 깔며, 이는 연약지반의 압밀침하를 막기 위한 상부 배수층의 역할과 성토층 속으로 지하수가 상승하는 것을 차단하고 시공장비의 주행성을 확보하는 지지층의 역할을 위한 것이다.On the other hand, sand sand is laid on the surface of soft ground before sand draining, which acts as an upper drainage layer to prevent consolidation of soft ground and prevents groundwater from rising into the fill layer. This is for the role of supporting layer to secure.

팩드레인 공법은 투수성이 있는 합성수지로 된 포대에 모래를 채워 드레인재로 사용하는 것이다.Pack drain method is to fill sand bag made of permeable synthetic resin and use it as drain material.

상기한 샌드드레인 공법이나 팩드레인 공법은 공통적으로 모래를 사용하게 되는데, 최근 모래채취가 어려운 관계로 모래가격이 상승하여 연약지반을 보강하는데 과다한 비용이 투입되는 문제가 발생되고 있다.The sand drain method and the pack drain method are commonly used in the sand, due to the difficulty in collecting sand recently, there is a problem that excessive costs are put into reinforcing the soft ground due to the rising sand price.

본 발명은 상기한 종래 기술의 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 안출된 것으로서, 대나무배수매트와 대나무드레인말뚝을 사용하여 연약지반의 보강작업을 하는데 있어서 많은 비용을 지출하지 않으면서도 연약지반의 지층 속에 존재하는 지하수를 효율적으로 흡수/드레인함으로써 연약지반을 보강할 수 있는 대나무를 이용한 도로연약지반의 보강구조를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다.The present invention has been made to solve the above problems of the prior art, groundwater existing in the soft ground without spending a lot of costs in reinforcing the soft ground using a bamboo drainage mat and bamboo drain pile The purpose of the present invention is to provide a reinforcement structure of road soft ground using bamboo which can reinforce soft ground by absorbing / draining efficiently.

상기한 과제를 해결하기 위한 본 발명에 의한 대나무를 이용한 도로연약지반의 보강구조는 하부에 지하수를 내포하고 있는 도로연약지반의 상면을 덮을 수 있도록 복수개의 대나무가 와이어에 의하여 매트형상으로 연결된 대나무배수매트와, 상기 대나무배수매트를 수직하게 관통하여 상단부가 대나무배수매트의 상측에 위치되고 하단부가 상기 도로연역지반에 매설된 복수개의 대나무드레인말뚝과, 상기 대나무드레인말뚝의 상단부가 매몰되도록 상기 대나무배수매트의 상측에 포설되는 배수층토사와, 상기 배수층토사의 상측에 포설되는 성토층으로 구성되고, 상기 대나무배수매트를 구성하는 대나무 및 대나무드레인말뚝은 내외면이 관통되는 드레인홀이 형성되어 상기 도로연약지반의 지하수를 흡수하고, 그 내부는 중공되어 있으며, 이 중공부에 갈대가 채워진다.Reinforcement structure of the road soft ground using bamboo according to the present invention for solving the above problems is a plurality of bamboo drainage connected in a mat shape by a wire so as to cover the upper surface of the road soft ground containing groundwater at the bottom The bamboo drainage mat so as to vertically penetrate the mat and the bamboo drainage mat, the upper end is located above the bamboo drainage mat and the lower end is buried in the road deductive ground, and the upper end of the bamboo drain stake is buried. The drainage layer soil which is installed on the upper side of the mat, and the fill layer which is installed on the upper side of the drainage layer soil, bamboo and bamboo drain pile constituting the bamboo drainage mat is formed in the drain hole through which the inner and outer surfaces penetrate Absorbs groundwater in the ground, and its interior is hollow, Reed is filled in.

상기와 같이 구성되는 본 발명의 대나무를 이용한 도로연약지반의 보강구조는 도로연약지반의 지하수를 대나무드레인말뚝이 흡수하여 드레인함으로써 도로연약지반을 보강할 수 있는 이점이 있다.The reinforcing structure of the road soft ground using the bamboo of the present invention configured as described above has the advantage of reinforcing the road soft ground by absorbing and draining the ground drain water of the road soft ground.

또한, 대나무배수매트를 구성하는 대나무와 대나무드레인말뚝에 드레인홀이 형성되어 도로연약지반의 지하수를 용이하게 흡수할 수 있고, 대나무드레인말뚝의 상단부가 배수층토사에 매몰되어 있으므로 대나무드레인말뚝에서 흡수한 지하수를 용이하게 배수할 수 있는 이점이 있다.In addition, drain holes are formed in the bamboo and bamboo drain piles forming the bamboo drainage mat, so that the groundwater of the road soft ground can be easily absorbed, and the upper end of the bamboo drain pile is buried in the drainage layer soil, so it is absorbed from the bamboo drain pile. There is an advantage that can easily drain groundwater.

또한, 도로연약지반의 상측에 대나무배수매트가 설치되어 있으므로 대나무드레인말뚝에서 흡수한 지하수를 용이하게 배수할 수 있는 이점이 있다.In addition, since the bamboo drainage mat is installed on the upper side of the road soft ground, there is an advantage that can easily drain the groundwater absorbed from the bamboo drain pile.

이하, 본 발명에 의한 대나무를 이용한 도로연약지반의 보강구조의 실시 예를 첨부된 도면을 참조하여 상세히 설명한다.Hereinafter, with reference to the accompanying drawings an embodiment of the reinforcing structure of the road soft ground using bamboo according to the present invention will be described in detail.

도 1은 본 발명에 의한 대나무를 이용한 도로연약지반의 보강구조를 보인 상세도이고, 도 2는 본 발명에 의한 도로연약지반 보강을 위한 대나무배수매트와 대나무드레인말뚝의 모습을 보인 사시도이다.1 is a detailed view showing the reinforcement structure of the road soft ground using bamboo according to the present invention, Figure 2 is a perspective view showing the appearance of the bamboo drainage mat and bamboo drain pile for the road soft ground reinforcement according to the present invention.

본 발명에 의한 대나무를 이용한 도로연약지반의 보강구조는 하부에 지하수를 내포하고 있는 도로연약지반(10)의 상면을 덮는 대나무배수매트(20)와, 상기 대 나무배수매트(20)를 관통하여 설치되는 대나무드레인말뚝(30)과, 상기 대나무배수매트(20)의 상측에 포설되는 배수층토사(40)와, 상기 배수층토사(40)의 상측에 포설되는 성토층(50)으로 구성된다.The reinforcing structure of the road soft ground using bamboo according to the present invention penetrates through the bamboo drainage mat 20 and the bamboo drainage mat 20 covering the upper surface of the road soft ground 10 containing groundwater at the bottom. It is composed of a bamboo drain pile 30 is installed, the drainage layer soil 40 is installed on the upper side of the bamboo drainage mat 20, and the fill layer 50 is installed on the drainage layer soil 40.

상기 대나무배수매트(20)는 복수개의 대나무가 와이어에 의하여 수평방향으로 연결되어 그 전체적인 형태가 매트형상을 갖는다. 이때 대나무배수매트(20)를 구성하는 각각의 대나무에는 내외면을 관통하는 드레인홀(22)이 형성되고 그 내부는 중공되어 있으며 그 중공부에는 갈대(24)가 채워진다. 물론 갈대가 아닌 섶이나 대나무배수매트(20)를 구성하는 각각의 대나무보다 직경이 작은 대나무라도 관계없다.The bamboo drainage mat 20 has a plurality of bamboo is connected in a horizontal direction by a wire, the overall shape has a mat shape. At this time, each of the bamboo constituting the bamboo drainage mat 20 is formed with a drain hole 22 penetrating the inner and outer surfaces, the inside is hollow, the hollow portion is filled with a reed (24). Of course, it does not matter if the bamboo is smaller than the reeds or each bamboo constituting the bamboo drainage mat (20).

한편, 대나무는 일정길이마다 마디가 있기 때문에 길이가 긴 갈대를 대나무 안에 채우는 것은 힘들다. 따라서, 상기 대나무배수매트(20)를 구성하는 각각의 대나무를 길이방향으로 길게 잘라서 각각 절반씩 분리한 다음 칼과 같은 공구를 이용하여 내부에 일정길이마다 존재하는 마디를 제거한다. 이렇게 마디가 제거되고 나면 갈대나 섶 또는 대나무를 대나무의 내부에 채워넣고 와이어와 같은 결속구를 이용하여 절반으로 분리된 대나무를 결합시킨다.On the other hand, it is difficult to fill a long reed into the bamboo because bamboo has a node every certain length. Therefore, each bamboo constituting the bamboo drainage mat 20 is cut long in the longitudinal direction to separate each half, and then using a tool such as a knife to remove the nodes present in each predetermined length. After the nodes are removed, reeds, bamboo, or bamboo are filled inside the bamboo, and the binding bamboo, such as a wire, is used to join the split bamboo in half.

물론, 상기 대나무배수매트(20)를 구성하는 각각의 대나무를 제작하는 방법이 상기한 방법만으로 한정되는 것은 아니다. 대나무를 길이방향으로 쪼개지 않고 밀링과 같은 기구로 대나무 내부에 있는 마디만을 제거하고 난 후 갈대나 섶을 대나무배수매트(20)를 구성하는 각각의 대나무 상단 또는 하단을 통하여 밀어넣어 채 워넣는 방법도 가능하다.Of course, the method of manufacturing each bamboo constituting the bamboo drainage mat 20 is not limited to the above method. After removing only the nodes inside the bamboo with a mechanism such as milling without splitting the bamboo in the lengthwise direction, the reeds or chops are pushed and filled through the top or bottom of each bamboo constituting the bamboo drainage mat 20. It is possible.

상기 대나무드레인말뚝(30)은 상기 대나무배수매트(20)를 구성하는 각각의 대나무와 마찬가지로 내외면을 관통하는 드레인홀(32)이 형성되고 그 내부에는 갈대(미도시) 또는 섶 등이 채워져 있다. 이 대나무드레인말뚝(30)을 제작하는 방법도 상기 대나무배수매트(20)를 구성하는 각각의 대나무를 제작하는 방법과 동일하다. 다만, 상기 대나무드레인말뚝(30)은 도로연약지반(10)을 뚫고 지하로 삽입되어야만 하므로 그 하단부를 뾰족하게 하여 도로연약지반(10)을 뚫을 때 편리하도록 하는 것이 바람직하다.The bamboo drain pile 30 is formed with a drain hole 32 penetrating through the inner and outer surfaces, similar to each of the bamboo constituting the bamboo drainage mat 20, the inside is filled with reeds (not shown) or 섶 . The method of manufacturing the bamboo drain pile 30 is also the same as the method of manufacturing each bamboo constituting the bamboo drainage mat 20. However, since the bamboo drain pile 30 must be inserted into the basement through the road soft ground 10, it is preferable to point the lower end thereof so as to be convenient when drilling the road soft ground 10.

한편, 상기 대나무드레인말뚝(30) 내부에는 반드시 갈대나 섶 등을 채워넣어야만 하는 것은 아니다. 이것은 작업자가 작업현장에서의 작업필요성에 따라 갈대나 섶을 대나무드레인말뚝(30)에 채워넣지 않아도 상관없다.On the other hand, the bamboo drain pile 30 does not necessarily have to be filled with reeds or 섶. This does not matter if the worker does not need to fill the reeds or chopped bamboo drain pile (30) according to the work needs in the workplace.

상기 배수층토사(40)는 상기 대나무배수매트(20)의 상측에 평탄하게 포설하는 토사로써, 도로연약지반의 압밀침하를 막기 위한 상부 배수층의 역할과 성토층 속으로 지하수가 상승하는 것을 차단하는 역할을 수행한다.The drainage layer soil 40 is a soil laying flat on the upper side of the bamboo drainage mat 20, the role of the upper drainage layer to prevent consolidation settlement of the road soft ground and to block the groundwater rise into the fill layer. Do this.

상기와 같이 구성되는 본 발명에 의한 대나무를 이용한 도로연약지반 보강구조의 시공과정을 간단히 살펴보면 다음과 같다.Looking at the construction process of the road soft ground reinforcement structure using bamboo according to the present invention configured as described above are as follows.

먼저, 도로연약지반(10)의 상측에 미리 제작된 대나무배수매트(20)를 시공한 다.First, construct the bamboo drainage mat 20 made in advance on the upper side of the road soft ground (10).

그런 다음, 도면에는 도시되어 있지 않지만 대나무배수매트(20)에 관통홀(미도시)을 형성시킨다. 이 관통홀은 대나무드레인말뚝(30)이 관통하기 위한 것이므로 상기 대나무드레인말뚝(30)의 외주면과 그 직경이 같으면 된다. 이렇게 형성된 관통홀을 통하여 대나무드레인말뚝(30)을 도로연약지반(10)의 하측으로 삽입시킨다. Then, although not shown in the drawings, a through hole (not shown) is formed in the bamboo drainage mat 20. Since the through hole is for the bamboo drain pile 30 to penetrate, the diameter of the outer circumferential surface of the bamboo drain pile 30 may be the same. The bamboo drain pile 30 is inserted into the lower side of the road soft ground 10 through the through hole formed as described above.

이때, 상기 대나무드레인말뚝(30)의 상단부는 상기 대나무배수매트(20)의 상측으로 일정부분 돌출되도록 한다.At this time, the upper end of the bamboo drain pile 30 to protrude a predetermined portion to the upper side of the bamboo drainage mat (20).

이후, 대나무배수매트(20)의 상측에 배수층토사(40)를 포설하는데, 이때 배수층토사(40)는 대나무배수매트(20)의 상측에 돌출된 대나무드레인말뚝(30)의 상단부를 매몰시킬 수 있을 정도의 높이로 포설한다. 그래야만 대나무드레인말뚝(30)을 통하여 흡수된 지하수가 배수층토사(40)에 전달될 수 있기 때문이다.Thereafter, the drainage layer soil 40 is disposed on the upper side of the bamboo drainage mat 20, wherein the drainage layer soil 40 may be buried at the upper end of the bamboo drain pile 30 protruding from the upper side of the bamboo drainage mat 20. Install at a height high enough. This is because the groundwater absorbed through the bamboo drain pile 30 can be delivered to the drainage layer soil 40.

이렇게 배수층토사(40)까지 포설되고 나면, 상기 배수층토사(40) 위에 성토층(50)을 포설한다.After the drainage layer soil 40 is installed in this way, the fill layer 50 is disposed on the drainage layer soil 40.

도 1은 본 발명에 의한 도로연약지반처리를 위한 대나무배수매트 설치구조를 보인 상세도.1 is a detailed view showing a bamboo drainage mat installation structure for road soft ground treatment according to the present invention.

도 2는 본 발명에 의한 도로연약지반 보강을 위한 대나무배수매트와 대나무드레인말뚝의 모습을 보인 사시도.Figure 2 is a perspective view showing the appearance of bamboo drainage mat and bamboo drain pile for reinforcing road soft ground according to the present invention.

<도면의 주요 부분에 관한 부호의 설명><Explanation of symbols on main parts of the drawings>

10: 도로연약지반 20: 대나무배수매트10: road soft ground 20: bamboo drainage mat

30: 대나무드레인말뚝 40: 배수층토사30: bamboo drain pile 40: drainage layer soil

50: 성토층50: fill layer

Claims (2)

하부에 지하수를 내포하고 있는 도로연약지반(10)의 상면을 덮을 수 있도록 내외면을 관통하는 드레인홀(22)이 형성됨과 아울러 중공된 내부에 갈대(24)가 채워진 복수개의 대나무를 와이어를 사용하여 매트형상으로 연결한 대나무배수매트(20)와, 상기 대나무배수매트(20)를 수직하게 관통하도록 설치되고 내외면을 관통하는 드레인홀(32)이 형성됨과 아울러 중공된 내부에 갈대(미도시)가 채워진 대나무드레인말뚝(30)과, 상기 대나무배수매트(20)의 상측에 포설되는 배수층토사(40)와, 상기 배수층토사(40)의 상측에 포설되는 성토층(50)으로 구성된 도로연약지반의 보강구조에 있어서,A drain hole 22 penetrating the inner and outer surfaces is formed to cover the upper surface of the road soft ground 10 containing the groundwater at the bottom, and a plurality of bamboo wires filled with reeds 24 are used in the hollow interior. Bamboo drainage mat 20 connected in a mat shape and a drain hole 32 penetrating the bamboo drainage mat 20 vertically and penetrating the inner and outer surfaces thereof, and a reed (not shown) in the hollow interior. ) Is filled with a bamboo drain pile 30, a drainage layer soil (40) disposed on the upper side of the bamboo drainage mat 20, and a fill layer 50 is installed on the drainage layer soil (40) In the reinforcement structure of the ground, 상기 대나무드레인말뚝(30)은 상단부가 상기 대나무배수매트(20)의 상측에 위치되고 하단부가 상기 도로연약지반(10)에 매설되어, 상기 배수층토사(40)는 상기 대나무드레인말뚝(30)의 상단부가 매몰되도록 포설되는 것을 특징으로 하는 도로연약지반의 보강구조.The bamboo drain pile 30 is the upper end is located on the upper side of the bamboo drainage mat 20 and the lower end is buried in the road soft ground 10, the drainage layer soil (40) of the bamboo drain pile (30) Reinforcement structure of the road soft ground, characterized in that the upper end is buried. 삭제delete
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101519870B (en) * 2008-10-09 2013-04-17 株式会社韩国港湾技术团 Construction method for treating soft groundwork surface layer by using bamboo web
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JP2019108677A (en) * 2017-12-15 2019-07-04 東京電力ホールディングス株式会社 Drain pile and liquefaction countermeasures method
JP7077600B2 (en) 2017-12-15 2022-05-31 東京電力ホールディングス株式会社 Drain pile and liquefaction countermeasure construction method
JP2020180457A (en) * 2019-04-24 2020-11-05 株式会社竹中工務店 Ground liquefaction suppression structure
JP2020180458A (en) * 2019-04-24 2020-11-05 株式会社竹中工務店 Ground liquefaction suppression structure
JP2020180456A (en) * 2019-04-24 2020-11-05 株式会社竹中工務店 Ground liquefaction suppression structure
JP2020180459A (en) * 2019-04-24 2020-11-05 株式会社竹中工務店 Ground unevenness suppression structure
JP7367291B2 (en) 2019-04-24 2023-10-24 株式会社竹中工務店 Ground liquefaction control method
JP7367292B2 (en) 2019-04-24 2023-10-24 株式会社竹中工務店 Method for suppressing uneven ground
CN110284386A (en) * 2019-06-28 2019-09-27 中国二十冶集团有限公司 Improve the method for the soft soil roadbed intensity of peat soil

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