KR100379099B1 - Electrostatic printing of functional toner materials for electronic manufacturing applications - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention describes techniques for the electrostatic printing of functional materials configured as liquid toners (50) on glass substrates (26) in a non-contact mode. The toners are patterned by a sensitized electrostatic printing plate (11) of fixed image configuration. Toner images (50) are transferred by an electric field (33) across a fluid filled mechanical gap (42) to the glass substrate (26). Techniques for optimizing the imaging and transfer processes are also disclosed. Two other techniques in which partially finished pieces are manipulated to "self-print" themselves, are described. In both cases defects in the pieces will over print the defect in the "self-healing" mode.

Description

ELECTRONIC PRINTING OF FUNCTIONAL TONER MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURING APPLICATIONS

Flat panel displays or wall-mounted television sets have been discussed for about 40 years with advanced technology, but are rarely produced as products. In mid-1998, three major flat panel technologies were developed for flat panel displays.

a. Field emission display (FED's)

b. Plasma display

c. Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display (AMLCD)

Field emission display technology is relatively new. The technique consists of an array of field emission points in a vacuum to inject electrons into the phosphor screen. Three color dots are provided on the screen, the emission point is standardized, and one has a full color display.

Plasma displays have mostly been produced for about 25 years as simple orange neon lamps "incandescent discharges." In recent decades, a technique has been studied for stimulating three color phosphors for producing ultraviolet-color plasma displays by such discharges. A 40-inch diagonal display is known recently, but it's expensive enough to cost about $ 10,000.

Active matrix liquid crystal displays have been intensively developed for commercialization. Billions of dollars have been spent on the development over the last two decades, but the result has only been to develop expensive small displays (10.4 inches diagonal) for laptop computers. In 1996, the price of a 10.4-inch display was about $ 500. Twenty-inch diagonal wall TVs will probably be useful after 2000, but they are very expensive.

The reason why the product is small and expensive is due to recently used manufacturing technology. Recent manufacturing techniques include the following processes.

a. Subsequent photolithography or photoresist patterning and "washing" and etching processes.

b. Silk screen printing with a relatively large range (30 μ or more).

c. Low pressure sputtering processes for coating glass on metals such as aluminum or indium / tin oxide (ITO), transparent electrodes or dielectrics such as SiO ₂ .

At all times the process takes several steps and the glass must be cooled to room temperature after heating and before proceeding to the next step. To perform each of these steps requires equipment with 100 cleaning chambers that cost $ 500 per square foot. The equipment ranges from $ 40,000 in liquid etchers or developer to $ 2.5 million steppers and $ 40,000 sputtering clusters (six to eight vacuum chambers that can accommodate one square meter glass).

Typically, the cost per square foot cleanroom is $ 500, which makes the current AMLCD production price about $ 5 billion. Rare materials for displays, including glass, glass powder or frits, phosphors, aluminum or nickel, resins or color filter resins, are very expensive. This high cost is due to the low yield of the main equipment and the complex process of several steps.

As it distorts the glass substrate in any dimension by thermal expansion, it can be used as a relatively inexpensive machine without including heating and cooling in the image step, and can further improve the relatively expensive equipment, that is, the vacuum chamber and laser exposure step. It requires a simple manufacturing process with fewer steps.

Electrostatic printing has been used for color printing in DuPont's EMP process in the 1980s. DuPont used the electrostatic printing disclosed in the Risenfield patent, US Patent 4,732,831, which used a liquid toner that transferred directly to a smooth coated paper sheet.

Transition of liquid toners, which is an important concept in the present invention, is disclosed in the subtax patents in US Pat. Nos. 4,879,184 and 4,786,576. These patents disclose a technique for actually transferring a liquid toner along a limited mechanical gap of 50 to 150 microns. This technique has been applied to the transfer of toners having etch resist properties to copper clad glass epoxy boards.

Other conventional and "gap transition" techniques for printing plates include MBCulhane (Defensive Publication # T869004, Dec 16, 1969) and Ingersol and Beckmore (US No. 3,286,025 and RE 29,357: RE 29,537, respectively) for electrostatic printing plates. Can be.

The present invention relates to electrostatic printing processes of functional materials such as liquid toners on relatively thick glass plates used in various manufacturing fields.

In short, the present invention is a technique of electrostatically printing functional materials on glass to produce various "fine structures" such as ribs or electrodes, spacers, filters, etc. with a copier having a speed of 0.1 to 1.0 m / sec. To provide. In some cases there is a post process of sintering or electroless plating, but this is a "after" process in which the dimensional accuracy has already been determined by a printing step that has already proceeded at room temperature. Functional materials are arranged in liquid toner as metals, dielectrics, phosphors, catalyst seed materials and the like. The substrate material is glass and has the following special requirements:

1. Mechanically non-uniform in shape (ie wedge-shaped in orthogonal direction, the thickness of which varies markedly).

2. Very thick material for electrostatic imaging compared to paper or polymeric films printed by copiers or laser printers.

For this reason, the present invention uses liquid toners (dispersion of solid particles such as metal, glass) that can be electrostatically transferred across gaps filled with important mechanical fluids.

The "gap transition" technique is useful for production machines handling 1.0m * 1.4m plates, and is often used where printing capability on three-dimensional surfaces yields significant benefits, and the size of the surface relief is very substantial 0.1 mm or 100μ. It becomes abnormal.

The electrostatic printing function is actually one process step. The particulates then dissolve into a solid structure in a subsequent heating step. In an embodiment of the present invention, the catalyst seed toner is printed according to a "non-electrolytic" printing step in which a metal such as copper or nickel is deposited on the glass.

Finally, there are partially manufactured articles, such as color filters or CRT plates, that can be used in processes that serve as printing plates for printing on themselves. This is a very simple and inexpensive process with "self-healing" features. Incompleteness in the half-finished part is automatically overlaid with liquid toner and printed.

The invention will be clearly understood according to the following description.

[Brief Description of Drawings]

1 is an overall mechanical configuration of the present invention.

2 is a detail of the nip between the drum and the glass.

3A to 3D show four steps of an electrostatic printing plate and an imaging process.

4A to 4C are views in which an electrostatic printing plate is exposed.

4D shows a quarter exposed plate of original thickness.

5A and 5B illustrate ideal and typical charge spacing adjustments for electrostatic printing plates.

6A-6D illustrate four practical corona devices for use in copiers and electrostatic printers.

7A and 7B show smooth plate currents and plate current versus voltage for each pin array corona device.

8A and 8B show printed plate current versus voltage on a substrate for decorotron and scorotone.

9 shows a plate / glass layout with an equivalent circuit.

10a and 10b show the electrical change induced in the printing plate during the transition step.

Fig. 11 shows the mechanical configuration of the flat printing apparatus.

12 is a sectional view of an actual AC plasma display panel.

13A-13C are detailed views of a continuous manufacturing step of a product having critical features of an AC plasma display.

14A-14C show "self-printing" of the black inner matrix of the color filter panel.

FIG. 14D shows the magnetic printing of the vacuum phosphor front panel.

In the description of the invention, like reference numerals designate like elements in different drawings.

1 is a view showing the overall mechanical configuration of the present invention. The drum 10 has a potential electrostatic image 13 on its surface 11, which is filled by the photosensitive corona 12. If it is a photosensitive surface, it is exposed to the image-wise fashion by the LED / strip lens assembly 14. Alternatively, it may be made of an electrostatic printing plate, as in the Lissenfield patent of US Pat. No. 4,732,831, where the image region remains charged and the peripheral region discharges before the drum 10 rotates to the developing device 16. The developing device 16 is composed of a toner developing roller 18 wetted with liquid toner by a pipe 20. These components move in the same direction as the drum, rotating at a relative speed of 1.5 times. The inversion roller 22 rotates at three times the relative speed in the opposite manner to the drum 10, which allows the inversion roller 22 to clean excess toner liquid from the image surface 11 while controlling the unwanted periphery. It is to. The corona device 24 at the approximately five o'clock position serves to “compact” the toner image before transition, which also relates to the “reduced” corona.

The glass plate 26 previously wetted with the diluted toner moves from the right side to the sin side. It is seated on an insulating roller 28 spaced from the drum surface 11 to provide a nominal gap between the glass surface 26 and the drum surface 11. The apparatus is used to float the glass surface 26 or the glass 26 against the image drum 10 or the drum 10 with respect to the glass surface 26, a technique well known to those skilled in the mechanical arts. to be. Corona device 30 fills the lower surface of glass 26. The wire 31 can be raised against the mechanical shutter 32 grounded at about 7 kilovolts to fill the glass 26 in a suitable position to achieve optimal toner transfer. The corona device 34 is an AC corona discharge device for discharging the drum 10 before cleaning. This device or second AC corona device is located behind the cleaning device 36. The first AC corona device is not shown.

The cleaning device 36 consists of a rubber roller 38 which removes the last remaining toner while the wiper blade 40 finally cleans the drum surface 11 completely. Then, the drum 10 is ready for the next image.

The main configuration according to the embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. In general, an enlarged view of the drum 10, the gap 42, and the glass structure 26 at the transition point in the 6 o'clock direction is shown. The drum 10 is wetted with liquid toner and residual diluent introduced into the nip formed by the drum 10 and the glass 26. The glass is pre-soaked with a clear diluent to ensure the gap between the glass and the drum filled with liquid. The amount of liquid on the drum and the liquid pre-soaked in the glass are not very accurate, so excess liquid 44 flows into the nip and is loaded, which is called the Tsunami effect. The toner of the drum before the transition 50 is located at approximately 6 o'clock and is required to be transferred to glass at a position having low resistance.

In the discharge stage, the amount of liquid between the drum and the glass is accurately determined by the interval between 50μ and 150μ and can be easily adjusted to +/- 5μ by the "floating" technique described above. Thus, the "film splitting" generated as shown in Figure 2 does not necessarily have to be 50% / 50% as shown based on this figure, and the actual value is the drum surface (amorphous selenium or silicone or photopolymer). Depends on the surface energy of the glass versus the surface energy of the glass. It is an object of the present invention to increase the instability of the wave front end, to move from the beginning to the end of the glass sheet to the right, setting one gap and causing the film splitting point 46 to be precisely defined while causing significant upheaval and vortex Of course, it does not change for a particular substance.

Important features of the embodiments of the present invention are as follows.

First, the actual transition electric field can be very large, such as a typical soda lime glass with significant electrical conductivity (10 ^-10 mho / cm), so that the corona charges move through the glass near the transition point. Thus, the drum and glass surfaces begin to move away from each other so that a very high electric field can be generated.

Second, by moving the position of the corona and shutter laterally, the exact position of the transition “region” can be varied with respect to the wave 44 and the exit film splitting point 46. The Blanchett-Pincher patent, US Pat. No. 4,879,784, teaches that it is important not to attempt gap transitions while the input waveform is unstable.

Third, the toner particles 48 after the transition are tightly bound to the glass surface by the internal transition charges from the transition corona. This prevents toner particles from being erased by non-uniform operation of the residual diluent in the glass before the toner dries. Then, when the toner is transferred to the metal surface, the surface is held by the " image " charge on the metal. This is a classic electrostatic theory. Usually this imaging force is much weaker than the strong binding force between the surface toner and the near transition charge.

Another important feature of the present invention is the ability to print very large substrates of one meter or more in very small form (i.e. the size of the image elements), in order to accurately overlap the size of the image elements in subsequent layers (or Printing Step) Ensures a very high level of "overlay" accuracy for one layer (or printing step).

The electrostatic printing plate shown in FIG. 3A is a photopolymer layer 52 bonded to an electrically grounded substrate 54. The photopolymer layer 54 is a polyester film which is usually aluminumized by being laminated on a substrate grounded by heat and pressure. It is associated with the area exposed through the contact photo tool and exposed to actinic radiation (wavelengths from 350 nm to 440 m). In FIG. 3B the plate is charged by corona device 56. Cross-linked regions have a much higher electrical resistivity than conventional photopolymers, which will store charge for a significant period of time. After the normal photopolymer has been adequately delayed to discharge, it has a potential image on the printing plate as shown in FIG. 3C. The " inverted " phenomenon in FIG. 3D affects the liquid toner 58, i.e., the phenomenon of the discharge region of the plate (referred to as general photopolymer or non-crosslinking). The process can be a "normal" image, and the charged area is developed or reversed as already mentioned.

The electrostatic printing plate can be a film coated with a liquid solution that can be dried or partially cured by a baking process. Coating methods include roller coating, spray coating, spin coating, dip coating or meniscus coating. Useful liquid photopolymers usually operate negatively and are insoluble in hydrocarbons or at least not significantly expanded by them. Typical examples of commercially useful liquid materials are Hoechst AZ-5200IR, MacDermid HDI-1,2 or 3 and Mac Dermid. MT-1400. Dry film photopolymers are preformed films that can be formed into thin layers by heating and pressing to a suitable substrate. They include the following substances.

DynaChem AX 1.0 or 1.5

UF 0.5 or 1.0

MacDermid SF-206

CF-1,3

Dufont riston 9512

4615

The liquid resist can be adjusted to a thickness of about 15-20 microns, depending on existing coating techniques. It is typically in the 15 μ range. The dry film resist tends to be much thicker in the 13μ to 50μ range. The most preferable thickness here is 25 micrometers-38 micrometers. However, what is required for flat plate production is to generate smaller sizes on the order of 10 to 5 microns. This shows some differences compared to resists in the 30μ to 50μ range, with less problems in the 5μ to 10μ range.

An important feature of the present invention is the partial exposure of the photoresist. The data as shown in FIGS. 4A-4C show that the photopolymer 52 is exposed throughout the increasing thickness of the layer starting at its surface. The longer exposure of actinic radiation 60 gradually crosslinks to the deeper layer of the photopolymer. Therefore, even if a 38μ thick photopolymer is used, it is required to make it 5μ in size, in which case only 1/4 of it will be exposed as shown in FIG. 4B. Less resistant "sea" in the surrounding area has a high resistive image. Therefore, the unexposed surrounding area can never be removed (there is an important factor in the success of the process, as shown below), and the partially exposed (non-exposed layer below the image) has no problem. The series of exposure steps is increased to determine the appropriate step of exposure to the "partial exposure" conditions and to measure the charge voltage in the large solid region.

A second important feature of the present invention is that it is necessary to maintain an initial charge voltage which is the same or 50% (ie Vunexposed = 0.5Vexposed) in the exposed and unexposed areas. This is a subtle but crucial reason for the success of the process. 5A shows that the ideal charge degrades the curves for the image element 66 (V _exposed = f (t)) and the surrounding area 68 (V _unexposed = f (t)). After a short period of time, the voltage in the surrounding area is lost while the voltage and image elements are slightly reduced. As shown in FIG. 5B, the initial charged voltage in the non-exposed region of the plate should in practice be at least 50% of the value for the exposed region of the exposed region 70 or the non-exposed region 72. This is due to a phenomenon called the "Irish effect." Small defects of good dielectrics, such as PET, which are basically set on "sea" of exposed copper because of the electric field lines from "Island" to surround "sea" at zero or ground potential have no significant effect. These "field lines" draw electrical charge from the image elements and affect the surrounding area.

Some photopolymers are so conductive in the unexposed state that no severity will occur in the corona charge state. When imaged under simple conditions, such plates produce large images but lose small image details or fine structure.

Such photopolymers can be used if given a pre-exposed state to a large area of the unexposed plate in order to induce adequate electrical resistance such that the initial voltage of the surrounding area is appropriate. The preexposed plate is then imaged with a phototool to produce an appropriate image above the preexposed level. Completion of this operation will remain silver halide for many years, which is called "pre-fogging" the plate. Pre-exposure of electrostatic printing plates has been proposed in known techniques such as Beauzes Patent, US Pat. No. 4,968,570.

Other photopolymers have a suitable resistance level in the unexposed areas and are required to not be pre-exposure or prefogging. Some materials easily pick up moisture from the air, and their intrinsic or unexposed resistance depends on their storage origin and packaging. Usually this effect is known once by the user and there is no difficulty, and with good modern packaging and careful storage, a well refined photopolymer plate can be obtained. Benchmark tests of each photopolymer can easily obtain data to confirm proper exposure and “free fog” exposure, if necessary.

A third aspect for optimizing the electrostatic printing process is the design and "type" of the corona device used as the charge corona. The mechanical design disclosed in the present invention is a structure that includes an AC erase charged corona positioned precisely before a charge or photosensitive corona. With very careful design of the AC corona, all areas of the plate will "reset" or discharge after the last printing process. The plate is thus ready to be charged. Theoretically, the corona will charge all areas of the plate with the same voltage, whether it is a large solid area of the image, a large area around it (unexposed area), or a fine image structure.

Four different structures are basically used to make corona devices in copiers and printers.

1. Exposed wire suitable for metal shrouds.

2. Device "a" electrically biased to a metal screen or grid between the metal screen or grid and the plate or drum (the Xerox trademark for this is Strotron).

3. Glass coated with an AC signal induced on an "U" shroud with DC bias.

4. Etched metal "tooth" structure of corona discharge point

The above approaches have different voltages for the typical density of corona which will show the optimal state for this situation. Electrostatic printing poses a new problem for corona designs. The plate has two different electrically resistive regions, a high resistive charge bearing layer and a low resistive peripheral region. The technique of how to pre-plate the plate to increase the resistance of the surrounding area to the point where the charged voltage falls to a negligible value (typically 10% of the initial voltage) within the process time between charge and development has already been discussed. have. Once this condition is achieved, the initial charge voltage in the unexposed or peripheral region can be optimized by selecting the type of charge corona and the detailed design corresponding to a portion of the initial voltage in the exposed region. Describe the procedure to achieve this.

Various corona devices currently in use are shown in FIG. 6. 6A is the oldest design of the 1950s, and the corona device 74 or exposed wire plated tungsten, usually 50-75 microns in diameter, to the grounded metal shroud. In some designs the front aperture is intended to shrink inward to provide a distinct magnetic function that the surface to be charged will not exceed any value.

At this time, it is important to ensure that excessive voltage does not penetrate the photoconductive surface of the drum used then and cause permanent damage.

An early version of the "pinched" design is the scorotron shown at the bottom of FIG. 6D. Here the metal grid 76 structure in front of the corona wire will be biased to the desired voltage of perhaps 10-20% of the surface voltage (usually +800 for a 60 μ thick irregular selenium layer).

The cost of biasing the 1000 volt power source to the grid structure and the assembly cost of scorotton versus corotron provide the reason for adopting the “pinched-in” corotron of FIG. 6A.

One problem with simple corona devices is that the negative mode corona charges are positionally unstable and move back and forth irregularly. One solution to "fixing" this is to apply a DC voltage to the corona wire with a ripple value of substantially 10-20% of DC. This causes high density nodes of negative corona charge to lower the wire to AC frequency (typically 50-60 Hz). This simple and inexpensive solution is suitable for low speed copiers or printers except when a high speed device is designed, on which the new corona structure, the decorotron 18, was invented as shown in FIG. 6C. It uses glass coated wire driven by AC voltage. The shroud (or shield) was biased with a DC voltage that defines whether positive or negative charge is extracted by the corona device. This design has the advantage that it can have large diameter glass coated wire that is not easily "contaminated" with irregular dust or toner particles. The bias supply to the shield is also a low cost design. One unfortunate aspect of this design is that the decorotron corona device produced ozone at significant levels. This trace of gas will not be acceptable in an office environment.

This leads to the design of a "pin corrotron" 80 or tooth 82 edge 82 driven with a high voltage, so that a corona device with a suitably made "tooth" produces a very uniform corona discharge, in particular Created a negative charge. This corona device has recently been successfully employed in Xerox organic light-receiving machines. An important performance characteristic of corona devices is the voltage the plate is charged versus the current of the substrate to be charged. 7 and 8 show three curves. It should be noted that the wire and pin corotrons show the same V-i curve (FIG. 7A), but the AC curve has a very different curve from the DC curve (FIG. 7B).

The present invention uses an ac neutralizing corona device to discharge the printing plate at the end of the printing cycle. Exposed wire or pin corona is suitable for this process. The charged corona is located immediately after the neutralizing corona. The V-i curve here shows that the exposed and unexposed areas of the printing plate are desirable to create the best charge at the same voltage.

An ideal voltage-current characteristic of a corona device is that the current density (microamp / cm ² ) of the corona is distinct from the plate voltage or flat straight line as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. If the plate is rapidly charged, the exposed and unexposed areas of the plate will be charged to the same value after adequately retarding the unexposed areas to yield negligible values yielding very good electrostatic "contrast" (difference between image and background).

Therefore, the best corotron design of the present invention is such that the V-i curve of the DC exposed wire or the pin corotron is as shown in Figure 7a. The V-i curve is the “flatest” of the four corona devices, and it can be seen that the exposed initial voltage results in a high rate of unexposed areas.

Detailed description of the transition process

An important part of the present invention is to have a transition process that is not always faced in the actual transition process for films and paper in the copying and laser printer industries. The liquid or dry toner is transferred to a relatively thin web, usually 75-100 microns of paper or polymeric film, which always makes a virtual contact with the image surface.

In the present invention, the toner image is transferred to a relatively thick glass layer having a thickness of 0.5 to 3.0 mm (500 to 3000 μ), which is quite far from the fluid gap full of 50 to 150 μ. The relative conductivity of liquid-filled gaps (toners with diluents) versus glass is important for the capacitance, voltage, and time applied to them.

Figure 9 shows the mechanical configuration of the transition process and an electrical equivalent circuit capable of calculating the voltage distribution for the three elements (glass, gap printing plate) during the transition process.

A. Conductivity of gap liquid vs. electrical conductivity of glass

The most important focus is the conductivity of the liquid in the gap to the glass, which determines the voltage distribution between the glass and the gap. If most of the voltage is applied to the glass and only a small amount of voltage is generated for the gap between the plate and the glass, all the toner will be transferred. This is illustrated by some examples.

The printing plate 400 is composed of a photopolymer 402 having a thickness of 10 to 50 mu connected to an electrical ground. A receiving glass plate 404, usually 0.5-3.0 mm thick, becomes a back layer by an electrode 406 connected to a transition voltage 408. It is separated from the printing plate 400 by the machine gap 430. An equivalent circuit for this structure 412 is shown on the right.

A-1. The glass is ELC-7401 made in Switzerland.

When the voltage drop after charging is measured, it shows a 1 second drop time constant that calculates a resistivity of 2 * 10 ⁺¹² ohmcm. The practical range of toner bath conductivity is 10 to 100 pico mho / cm (10 ⁺¹¹ to 10 ⁺¹⁰ ohm cm resistivity). One caveatt is disclosed. The charge test using glass is a DC test that measures the flow of electrical charge through the glass, while the measurement of toner conductivity is an 18 Hz test that measures the back and forth flow of electrons, ions and charged toner particles.

From now on, the electromagnetic theory of the glass 404 / gap 430 structure is applied when the stepping function of the voltage is provided to the voltage divider between each component, glass, gap and plate. Since the image area of the plate 400 is high resistivity, it is ignored for a short time. The glass is usually 10 to 100 times thicker than the gap, and its dielectric constant is 5 to 1 of the gap liquid, so the voltage is preferentially distributed over the glass slightly across the gap. If the conductivity of the gap fluid is higher than that of glass, this situation increases time and interrupts the transition.

The voltage is divided based on the resistance between the glass and the gap over time. If the conductivity of the gap fluid is higher than the conductivity of the glass, substantially all voltage is applied to the glass and not to the gap. If the toner is transferred, it is reversed because of the image charge on the printing plate. This is actually observed.

A-2. Conductivity of diluent filling the gap

Typically the excess toner fluid is very effectively removed by the "inverting roller" scavenging the liquid containing any surrounding particles when the printing plate is imaged, resulting in a nearly dried plate. The plate and the glass are located close to each other, and the gap between them is filled with fluid. If the gap is filled with some pure isopar (conductivity less than 0.15 pmho / cm), the toner charge is reduced by the lack of charge inducers is pure isowave. If the gap is filled with isowaves and charge inductors with a conductivity of 20 pico mho / cm, the voltage distribution between the glass and the gap becomes difficult. There is again a need to maintain charge on toner particles for the conductivity of the gap fluid. Isowaves of conductive in the gap are required but not possible if the glass has a very high electrical resistance.

The printing plates 430 and 432 shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B are negative images, respectively. 430 is cross coupled to the image area and developed with toner 434. 432 is cross coupled to the non-image area and developed with toner 434. Both plates are sensitive by charge 433. The field plate 436 is driven by voltages 438 and 440. The receiving glass 442 allows the transitioned image. Machine gap 444 is filled with a transition fluid, not shown. The high resistivity region is the region where the plates are crosslinked. Induced charge 448 occurs when the transition voltage is supplied and when confined to the non-cross-coupled region of the plate.

B. Mounting technology for printing plates and glass

In order to faithfully preserve the toner image on the plate, the transition electric field must be standard anywhere on the plate plane and the edges must not be distorted. Mounting and maintenance of the plate must match this resistance, as it transitions to glass with a resistance of 10 ⁺¹² to 10 ⁺¹⁶ . In other words, this work must be made of materials that are generally highly resistant. Some conventional engineering materials, such as cotton fabrics filled with phenol and poly acetal (delirin from Dupont), even the glass with the highest conductivity (lowest resistivity 10 ⁺¹² ohm cm), are not suitable for the day of work. Corning 7059 or 1737 glass, for example, is commonly used as liquid crystal display panels for laptop computers. They have a resistance of about 10 ⁺¹⁶ . Cotton fabrics filled with phenolic resin materials are not suitable. Teflon ^TM type materials with a resistance of 10 ⁺¹⁸ are required.

In addition, the conductivity of the bath can cause problems around the edges of the printing plate. Since the substrates of the plates are electrically grounded, liquid-filled conduction gaps can distort the electric field near the edges of the glass / plate assembly unless they contact the electric field causing distorted image transitions.

C. Charge induced on the printing plate during image transition

An important feature of using an electrostatic printing plate with a fixed resistance is to allow the plate to "focus" on the toner particles during the transition IF used in the standard image mode. This point is meant toner development of the charged region of the plate so as to face the "inversion mode" in which the discharge region of the plate is developed. The former is used for conventional office copiers and the latter for laser or LED printers.

10A shows the standard image mode, in which the positive photosensitive charge is developed with a negative toner charge and transferred to a positive electric field. Fig. 10B shows the inversion by the positive toner particles and the positive photosensitive charges transferred by the negative electric field. Electric charges are retained in the region of the printing plate, and they have high resistance to retain photosensitive charges. Other areas of the plate (areas not crosslinked in the plate exposure step) have very low resistance.

During the transition phase, the transition field induces an electrical charge in the lower resistive region of the plate, with significant consequences. 10A illustrates the form of charge in a "standard mode" plate. The induced peripheral area charge is negative, while the photosensitive charge is positive. This peripheral area negative charge enhances the intensity of the image field and helps to orient the toner particles during the transition phase. In the “inverting plate” (FIG. 10 b), the charge induced in the low resistive region (cross-linked region) of the plate attempts to reduce the field by the same polarity as the image field.

If the induced charge density is equal to the photosensitive charge density, there is no longer an image field, and the toner particles are free to move laterally during the transition step. This causes a significant "focus blur" of the transferred toner image. Because of this, standard images are preferably employed when using electrostatic printing plates for images with the highest resolution.

In summary, the electrostatic printing process for printing functional materials on glass plates consists of fewer process steps. It has the following advantages over the current technology.

1. Simple and accurate process with high speed of 1m / s.

2. A wide range of functional materials (conductors, insulators, phosphors, catalysts, etc.) are applied for location accuracy (called "overlay" accuracy in the silicon chip industry) and for high definition or high resolution.

3. Printing on glass surface without contact has the following advantages.

a. The mechanical error is within the design range of the production machine.

b. Preprinted material is not disturbed.

c. You can print on the relief surface. In fact, the present invention can print a conducting line on the bottom with a 100 micron deep groove.

d. The present invention can coat grooved floors and walls with phosphorescent materials or other applications not yet specified.

4. Photograph of glass is not slab patterning.

5. Mechanical handling of the stepped glass is lost. The glass sheet is loaded with a printing apparatus and the plate prepared for sintering is taken out.

6. The process proceeds to the room temperature process until sintering to be rigid due to the large geometric range due to the heated glass. In the printing of color filters, four filter colors are burned once after being printed at room temperature.

7. No expensive functional materials are wasted.

First embodiment of the present invention

11 shows a first embodiment of the present invention. The chuck 100 carrying the electrostatic printing plate 102 is transferred to the linear bearing 104 by the belt drive 106 and inclined at approximately 45 ° with respect to the horizontal line. At the beginning of the printing cycle, the chuck 100 begins to move above the pulley 108. It moves through a corona device 110 that travels at a constant speed and charges the printing plate 102 with a constant electrostatic charge. After a short time, the low resistive region of the plate is discharged to negligible charge level; The high resistivity region of the plate keeps charge close to its original level.

This potential electrostatic image is developed by the liquid toner present in the gap between the developing roll 112 and the plate 102. The valve 114 causes a predetermined amount of liquid toner 116 to be present in the gap. The development roll 112 has an electrical bias voltage 118 that controls the accumulation of unwanted toner particles in the peripheral area of the image. Excess liquid is removed by the reversing roller 120 of the plate 102 which passed between the developing rolls. The liquid toner then shrinks by "lowering" the corona. The image is finally developed and ready to be transferred to a receiving substrate.

The receiving substrate 130 is seated on a chuck 132 mounted to a linear drive 134 driven by a belt 136 and a pulley 138. Then, it moves to the right side of the fast valve 140 soaked with a thin layer of pure isowave diluent, and moves to the transition position 142 to stop. The chuck 100 carrying the printing plate 102 rotates to the opposite position relative to the receiving substrate 130, but rotates approximately 135 ° counterclockwise. Spacing means, not shown, usually accurately positions the plate 102 from the receiving substrate 130 by precisely adjusting the mechanical gap of about 50 to 150 mu. A voltage is applied to the chuck 132 to generate a transitional electric field that transfers the toner image on the plate 102 to the receiving substrate 130.

The chuck 100 with the printing plate 102 is vertically raised by means not shown or simply rotates approximately 135 ° clockwise from its original position. The receiving substrate 130 is dried before being separated from the chuck 132. The plate 102 is cleaned by suitable means, not shown, to ascend the 45 ° ramp to repeat the next printing step.

According to the invention there is an advantage obtained in the rotation process, it is possible to apply various time intervals that can vary between each step of the process; It can be said that the transition occurs in the case of fluid mechanics and in a gentle situation where no force is exerted. In addition, the flat receiving substrate has a bottom of about 1m * 1.2m, and can hold a diluent for filling the gap between the plate 102 and the receiving substrate 130. Finally, the flatness and "overlay" accuracy of the printing plate relative to the receiving sheet is much better, which is necessary to accurately "match" to the rotating printing drum in the dynamic situation of moving the flat sheet. Achieving a very uniform linear and rotary drive is not trivial, but it is important to match the level of industrial change, but not all cases apply here.

Second embodiment

12 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a cathode plate 200 of an AC plasma color display panel. It consists of a glass back plate 200 with black glass spacer lips 202 in which the image cell is optically and electrically insulated from the others. These ribs usually have a numerical width of 30-40μ and a height of 100μ. The bottom of the "well site" is the address electrode line of copper 204 or nickel metal. Covering the walls and bottom of the "canyons" is the phosphor 206 that converts UV light from plasma discharge to visible light, which in the case of color displays is RGB. Other recessed areas are coated with red, green and blue phosphors in turn.

One advantage of electrostatic printing technology is that the section on non-contact or gap transfer provides, and the ability to transfer functional materials depends on relatively large machine gaps.

13 is an enlarged view of the mechanical gap 220 between the printing drum and the glass surface 200 of the present invention. The gap is set to a value of 150 μ. In the initial manufacturing stage, the glass toner is printed to manufacture the spacer / insulating lip 202. The four layers of toner 203 are printed about 25 mu on the top of each other. The manufacturing steps are as follows.

Step 1 Print the first layer of glass lips.

Step 2 Dry the toner by blowing warm air to partially coat the resin material coated with the glass particles. Warm air is necessary to maintain the process at a constant temperature as necessary to compensate for the natural cooling that occurs as the diluent evaporates.

Step 3 Reprint and dry the second layer of glass toner.

Step 4 Reprint and dry the successive layers of glass toner until the desired height is reached.

Step 5 Heat the glass panel to a temperature high enough to exhaust the resin in the toner and backflow the glass particles to make solid lips.

Step 6 The lip manufacturing process is complete.

13 shows a printing process of the metal address electrode 204 to the base of the dent formed by the lip. Palladium catalyst toner 224 is imaged in a drum and transferred across a 150 micron gap to the base. The toner is dried leaving very thin palladium seeds in a soft line to the length of the dent. The plate is removed from the printing press of the present invention and submerged in a "non-electrolytic" bath. The metal grown in solution is placed on the palladium seed and then placed on the preplated metal. The electroless process has the advantage of being able to plate at more than 1μ per minute. When the metal 226, which is mainly nickel, grows about 25 mu m, the cathode electrode is completed.

FIG. 13 illustrates deposition of phosphor toner 230 at a recessed portion. The phosphor toner 230 is imaged on a plate and converted across a 150 micron gap. The transferred toner usually moves in a straight line but can coat a clear image like a coin. The toner image is designed to cover not only the base where the electrode is to be located but also the wall of the recessed portion. It can be seen that some phosphor colors are imaged over time so that the printing plate has an image of a dent every third time. After the first phosphor color 230 imaged in the toner is dried with warm air for setting, the second color and the third color are imaged in turn. The same printing plate is available for all three colors and it is always necessary to mechanically index the glass against the printing drum.

Thereafter, the plasma display cathode plate is completed. Glass ribs are produced via four or five printing steps followed by a heating step to reflux the glass particles. Thereafter, the electrode is printed with the catalytic toner that is ripe to the electroless plating step. Finally, three colored phosphors are printed on the dents formed by the glass lip.

Third embodiment

Another way to produce the conductor is to print the metal toner itself to exhaust the resin coating the metal particles and reflux the metal in a soft conductor pattern. An aluminum toner is printed on the glass using a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The toner is dried to temporarily fix the glass for safe handling. A rapid thermal process on the metal proceeds and the toner and the glass are raised to a temperature of 50 to 100 ° C. which is below the soft point of the glass (approximately 500 ° C. for soda lime glass). This effectively exhausts the resin coated with the metal particles. The intense UV light source heats aluminum to its melting point and the glass absorbs some UV energy. Aluminum, which melts at 659 ° C, is a good choice for use as soda-lime glass. This process is not done in air but in an "reducing" atmosphere for use in aluminum welding operations.

Fourth embodiment

In the present embodiment, the glass 300 of FIG. 14A is thinly coated with the electrically conductive transparent layer 301. Such a very thin layer is not shown. Indium tin oxide (ITO) absorbs about 5-10% of the transmitted light and is applicable except that the ITO process can cost as much as $ 5 per square foot. Usually, ITO conductivity of 50 to 100 ohms per square for a 2μ thick layer is higher than required for this electrostatic process. Conductive polymers having a resistance of 10 ⁺⁵ ohms per square are suitable for this electrostatic process and all that is needed is to set up the electrostatic ground plane 302 as shown in FIG. 14A.

In this case the coated glass 300 is imaged with an RGB color mosaic 304 and refluxed by last heating. This completes the board, except for the Black Intermatrix, which has not yet been produced. The transparent conductive layer is electrically grounded through the edge contact 306 as shown in FIG. 14A. The complete plate is then corona charged to a suitable corona generator 308 as shown in FIG. 14A. While the conductivity underneath the layer is immediately discharged, the color mosaic retains charge 310 for thousands of seconds of significant time depending on the resin used in the mosaic. The partially completed color filter plate is itself an electrostatic printing plate as shown in FIG. 14B. It can be developed in inverted mode as it is used in all desktop laser printers (ie developing discharge or "non-charged" areas of the image).

As shown in the embodiment, the toner with the positive charge 312 develops the non-charged region as shown in Fig. 14C as the mosaic is charged to the anode. Black toner will cause inter matrix between mosaics. There is a reason that the toner is refluxed by heating if necessary in the dry state, but leaves a layer of particles to keep the undissolved toner in the space.

One of the important advantages of this embodiment is that the last print job of the black intermatrix is capable of self-correction of "self-healing". Image defects in the mosaic are automatically printed with black toner. It also eliminates the need for high-definition printing plates for the black intermatrix, where the micron resistance must be adjusted, which will not leave gaps between the matrix and the mosaic through which the missing light passes. This self-correction feature is one of the biggest advantages of this embodiment.

Another example of "self-printing" as shown in this embodiment is shown in Fig. 14D. Glass plate 330 is a typical faceplate of a field emission display (FED). The glass is first coated with a black chromium oxide 332 to enhance optical contrast and a metal chromium layer 334 to far ground the electrons that hit the phosphor. It is desirable to coat the phosphor in the empty space above the glass surface between all interconnected chrome protrusions. The glass panel is placed on an electrically grounded plate 336 next to chrome to "self print" the phosphor toner. When using wire or metal probe 338, the chromium layer is made to act as an electrode by connecting as high a high voltage power supply as possible before electrical breakdown occurs. Liquid toner is poured onto the substrate and toner 340 is "developed" in the glass area exposed by the fringing electric field. If the toner particles have a positive charge, the positive voltage must be connected to the chromium layer by a negative toner, which in turn requires a negative voltage to ground.

Example 1 of Preferred Embodiment

The electrostatic printing plate is manufactured by laminating DynaChem 5038, a product of DynaChem, Tustin, California. The film resin subjected to the anodizing treatment at a thickness is dried. Lamination takes place in an industry standard dry film laminator manufactured by Western Magnum. After cooling from the lamination process, the plate is exposed to a nominal exposure level of 100 milli jouls / cm 2 by means of a negative photo tool.

The plate is charged to an image voltage of -800 V nominally by a corona discharge device. After about 2 seconds, the plate is developed into a glass particle liquid toner by pouring the toner on it. Pure diluent (usually Isopa G on Exxon ) Is used to clean surrounding particles. A 125 μm thick spacer is mounted on the edge of the plate and a glass plate moistened with diluent is mounted on the spacer. Note that no air bubbles are trapped in the space between the printing plate and the glass plate. The same corona device often charges the upper side of the glass plate with secondary corona charge. The glass plate is raised and a good glass toner image is formed on the lower surface of the glass plate. The glass is 0.09 inch thick standard window glass (soda lime glass).

Example 2 of the preferred embodiment

The glass toner of Example 1 is prepared by an "organosol" process as proposed in US Pat. No. 3900412 to Cossel. The organosol resin is polymerized in an isopa H dilution according to the following method of Cossel. The resin has a Tg of −1 ° C. and a core with a cell ratio of 4 and is represented by JB8-1. The toner items are as follows.

75gm Glass Powder, Ferro Core, Cleveland, Ohio, EG-2030-VEG

25gm resin, JB8-1

2gm ZrHexCem, OMG America, Cleveland, Ohio, prod.Cd.949

Exxon's Isofa L 300gms

Toner is Dispermat F105 manufactured by Byk-Gardner, Germany Vertical bill The process takes place for 1 hour in the mill. The process takes place at medium speed. As a result, the toner has the following characteristics.

Average particle size 1.27 μ

Toner conductivity 9.9 pico mho / cm

Particle Mobility 3.06 * 10 ^-6 ㎡ / v · s

Z (or zeta) potential 14.7 millivolts

Isowave L while glass particles have a density of 5.2 Has a density of 0.8, so the toner is actually confirmed within 15 to 30 minutes. It can be successfully rearranged by manually applying a moderate vibration to the toner container.

Example 3 of a Preferred Embodiment

Example 1 is repeated with the toner of Example 2, but the toner is transferred to the chromium coated glass. 75mm * 75mm * 1.2mm Corning 7059 The glass is sputter coated with 100-150 nm of pure chromium. The result is a bright surface. The chromium surface of the glass is soaked with isopha and the wet glass is placed on the PET of the developed printed board. The chrome surface is connected to a laboratory power supply of -1,600V. Good glass toner images are transferred to the chromium coated glass. The PET spacer is 125μ thick.

Example 4 of a Preferred Embodiment

The catalytic toner is made of the following components.

2 gm of palladium powder, Aldrich Chemical # 32666-6

17gm of organosol resin, JB-8-1

1gm ZrHexChem

100gm isofa L

The mixture is dispersed in a vertical bead mill at 2000 rpm for 1.5 hours. As a result, the toner obtained the following measurements.

Average particle size 0.333 μ

Conductivity 169 p mho / cm

The toner is imaged using the plate of Example 1 and transferred to a soda lime glass plate. These plates are allowed to dry and enter the electroless copper bath at 23 ° C. for 10 minutes. Substantial copper metal is seen on the glass surface.

Example 5 of the preferred embodiment

The aluminum powder toner is made of the following items.

75gm of Alex Aluminum, Argonide Corp.

25gm organosol resin JB-8-1

2gm ZrHexChem

350gm Isofa L

The mixture is dispersed in a vertical bead mill for 1.5 hours, as a result of which the toner is characterized as follows.

Average particle size 30μ

Mobility 6.95 * 10 ^-11 ㎡ / v · s

Conductivity 40 p mho / cm

Zeta potential 5,314 m volts

The toner is imaged on the plate of Example 1 and transferred to the soda lime glass in the same form. After drying, a rapid heat treatment process is performed on an Intevac Model CP-3545RTP machine in Rocklyn, California. Toner and glass are preheated to 550 ° C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. It is then exposed to enhance the UV light to heat the aluminum toner but not the glass.

Example 1 of the fourth embodiment

A 1.1 mm thick soda lime glass plate was patterned with black chromium oxide and then patterned with metal chromium with a 75 mm * 100 mm solid pattern with 60-130 μm phosphor opening. The plate is placed in the chrome above the grounded copper plate. Electrical contact is made by the chrome surface and the power source is +6,000 volts. No breakdown occurs. The chromium surface is flooded with a phosphor containing a toner similar to Example 2, the difference being that the phosphor and resin (JB8-1) are the same at 50 g each. Unnecessary surroundings are cleaned with isopha G. The plate is air dried at room temperature. Good phosphor toner images are recorded in clean spaces between the chrome protrusions. The phosphor toner NP-1053A is obtained from Nichia Kagagu Kogyo, K.K., Tokashima-Ken, Japan.

Example 1 of the first embodiment

Printed plates from a 38μ thick DynaChem 5038 photopolymer were charged and imaged with an Indigo E-1000 toner having a weight concentration of 1.5% and conductivity of 25 pico mhos / cm. Corning 7059 glass, 1 mm thick, was placed on a PET film that is a 25 μ thick spacer on top of the plate. The gap between the glass and the plate is filled with pure isowave G with a conductivity of 0.15 pico mho / cm or less. The electrode is placed on top of the 7059 glass and stimulates the grounded base of the printing plate to +10 kv. The transition voltage lasts for 10 minutes.

The glass from which the transition voltage has been removed is supplied so that no toner is transferred. This shows that all voltages appear across the glass and rarely across the gap.

Initially, the toner transfers to the glass due to the capacity distribution of the voltage between the glass and the gap (in theory, about 12% of 10 kv or 1200 v), but the toner transitions back to the plate as the voltage across the gap decays.

Example 2 of the first embodiment

The plate of Example 1 of the first embodiment is imaged and developed. An Electrophore glass ELC-7401 with a resistivity of 2 * 10 ^{+ 12} ohm · cm is placed on a 50 μm PET spacer. The gap between the glass and the plate is filled with isowave G fixed with an Indigo Imaging Agent having a conductivity of 12.4 pico mho / cm. A transition voltage of 4kv is applied to the top surface of the Electrovéere glass for 5 seconds and linearly reduced to 3kv. The glass removes the 3kv transition voltage that is still applied.

Good images are seen in glass with very good sharp edges. The image using pure iso wave G (ie very low conductivity) to fill the gap is superior to the proposed similar image. Specifying the charge in the toner particles is better preserved in conductivity.

Example 3 of the first embodiment

An image is created on the plate of Example 1 of the first embodiment using toner. A 2.25 mm thick soda lime glass (ie a typical window glass) is placed in a 50 μPET spacer on top of the plate. In the Indigo Imaging Agent, isowave G conductivity, measured at 25 pico mho / cm of conductivity, is used to fill the gap between glass and plate. An electrode connected at a voltage of 5kv is placed on the top of the plate and reduced to 3kv for 5 seconds. The glass plate is raised so that a low density image is found in the glass. A significant amount of toner is kept on the printing plate without transferring. The conductivity of the gap fluid decreases the effective voltage across the gap causing a weak transition.

If pure isowave G is used properly, the transition is complete even if the edges are sharp. Using reasonably resistive (10 ⁺¹³ ohm.cm) glass as such, the conductive isopa of the gap reduces the voltage across the gap causing an incomplete transition.

In summary, the present invention consists of a relatively simple manufacturing process, in which the functional materials are arranged as liquid toners which can be printed with increased productivity in a non-contact mode. Such non-contact forms may be printed on three-dimensional surfaces, such as irregular or valleyed surfaces.

Although the present invention has been described with respect to preferred embodiments, various changes in construction and method including the present invention can be made without departing from the spirit and viewpoint of the present invention.

Claims (22)

a. An electrostatic printing plate 10 comprising a polymer layer 52 bonded to an electrically grounded conductive substrate 54; b. A first corona device (12) electrically charging said electrostatic printed plate with ions generated from corona discharge to define charged and uncharged regions as well as photosensitization; c. A liquid developer 16 electrically biased to deposit functional toner particles 50 in the uncharged region of the electrostatic printing plate; d. A transition station (48) for moving the flat glass plate (26) very close to each other without being in contact with the electrostatic printing plate (10); e. Means (25) for smoothing the mechanical gap between the electrostatic printing plate and the glass plate with a pure toner diluent (44); And f. Located near the glass plate 26, spaced apart from the electrostatic printing plate 10, is electrically connected to the high voltage power source 31 to generate a corona discharge to dissipate free charge in the glass plate 26, the toner particles And a second corona device (30) for generating an electric field (23) by a predetermined method such that the (48) transitions across the gap (42) filled with the fluid to print the functional toner on the flat glass. The method of claim 1, g. Mechanical adjustment means located in the transitioned corona device including a mechanical shutter 32 to adjust the exact position at which the toner moves from the printing plate 10 to the glass plate 26; h. Cleaning means (36) for removing toner particles remaining on the printing plate (10); i. A drying station 27 for providing warm air to dry the glass plate after imaging; And j. Functional toner in the flat glass plate, characterized in that the support means 28 for supporting the glass plate 26 at its corners is further configured so that the free charge in the glass firmly restrains the toner particles on the surface of the glass plate 26 after the transition. Device for printing. The method of claim 1, k. Functionality is provided in the planar glass plate, characterized in that it further comprises an anode photo tool means for exposing the electrostatic printing plate with actinic radiation to cross-couple non-image elements of the printing plate 10 and the image elements to be unexposed and non-crosslinked. Device for printing toner. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the uncharged region of the printing plate (10) develops toner particles. 5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the polarity of the corona ions is the same as the toner particle polarity in the liquid toner (50). 2. The functional toner of claim 1, wherein the developing device (16) includes electrodes (18, 22) electrically biased to a value substantially equal to the charging voltage of the printing plate (11). Device for printing. 2. The functional toner is printed on a flat glass plate according to claim 1, characterized in that the receiving glass plate 26 dries the excess liquid 46 thereon by air 27 at substantially room temperature to partially fix the toner. Device. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the toner is composed of at least three functional particle toners. a. Involving a negative photo tool; b. Using a corona discharge 12 to generate ions of opposite polarity to the toner 50; And c. Biasing the developing device at approximately 100 volts higher than the image plate (11) voltage in the peripheral area to generate a charged area on the electrostatic printing plate such that toner particles are developed. a. Flat electrostatic printing plates 102 and 134 comprising a polymer layer 52 bonded to an electrically grounded conductive substrate 54; b. A first corona device (114) for electrically charging the flat electrostatic printing plate (102) using ions (110) generated by corona discharge to define not only photosensitive but also charged and uncharged regions; c. A liquid phase developer (112) electrically biased for depositing functional toner particles in the uncharged region of the flat electrostatic printing plate (102); d. A reverse roller device (120) for mechanically removing excess dilution liquid from the developed plate (102); e. A suppression corona 122 for compacting the toner particle accumulation before the transfer; f. A transition station (124) for moving the flat electrostatic printing plate (102) in proximity to the flat receiving glass substrate (124); g. Means 126 for filling a mechanical gap between the flat printing plate 102 and the flat receiving glass 124 with a pure toner diluent 126; And h. Located near the glass plate 124, spaced apart from the electrostatic printing plate 102, and electrically connected to a high voltage power source to generate a corona discharge that injects free charges into the glass plate 124, the toner particles being fluidized. And a second corona device (128) for generating an electric field to be transferred across the filled gap to print functional toner on flat glass. The method of claim 10, i. Electronic control means (130) for providing an appropriate time interval between each step of the process to achieve an optimal image; j. After transition, the free charge of the glass 124 is more resistant than the glass 124 for supporting the glass plate at its corners 132 so that the toner particles are firmly constrained to the surface of the glass plate 124 without being distorted due to edge charge leakage. An apparatus for printing a functional toner on a flat glass plate, characterized in that this large means is further configured. 11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the diluent filling the gap (42) has an electrical conductivity of 0.15 to 100 pico sims per centimeter. The light receiving substrate of claim 10, wherein the printing plate 102 includes an irregular selenium layer imaged by optical means such as a laser beam 111 photosensitive and scanned by the corona discharge 110. And (134, 102). A device for printing a functional toner on a flat glass plate. The toner image 203 is transferred to the glass plate 200, and the toner image 203 is dried with warm air to partially set the resin coated with the glass particles, and the continuous toner (203) An apparatus for printing a functional toner on a flat glass plate, wherein the layer is formed to have a predetermined structure. 11. The functional toner of claim 10, wherein the palladium catalyst toner 224 is metal plated to produce an electrode structure 204 after being imaged in a relief and ribbed glass panel 200. Device for printing. The method of claim 10, wherein the phosphor particle toner 230 coats a relief structure 230 having a ribbed glass panel 200 having electrode lines 204 between the ribs 202. Apparatus for printing a functional toner on a flat glass plate, characterized in that the printing. a. A color filter substrate 301 having an electrically grounded conductive coating 302 and a color mosaic pattern 304; b. A corona device 308 for charging the mosaic pattern 304 with charge 310; And c. And a liquid toner 312 that develops in an uncharged region of the substrate 301, which is the region between the color mosaics 304, Wherein the polarity of the toner particles (312) is the same as the corona-generated charge (310) to produce a color for the black matrix on the plate (301). The method of claim 17, d. Means (314) for drying and refluxing a toner image (312) on the coated glass plate (301); e. Means (306) for electrically grounding a conductive layer under the toner image; f. Means 308 is further configured to corona charge the toner image 312, Wherein the liquid phase developing device deposits black toner particles in an uncharged or exposed area of the plate between the color mosaics (304). 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the glass coating (302) has a thickness of 0.5 to 25 microns. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the glass coating (302) obtains a resistance of 1-10 ¹⁰ ohms per square. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the glass coating (302) ranges from 10 to 10 ⁸ ohms per square. a. A glass plate 330 patterned with metallic conductive materials 332 and 334 on its inner surface to ground electrical charge; b. Means for seating said plate (301) on a plate (336) electrically grounded with conductive patterns (332,334) facing outwardly; c. Means (338) for conducting the patterned conductive surface (332,334) with a high voltage power source (338) to generate a strong electric field between the patterned surface (332,334) and the grounded plate (336); d. Means for inducing liquid toner to contact the patterned surfaces 332 and 334 and depositing toner particles 340 with charge of the same polarity by connecting a voltage to an adjacent region rather than on the patterned surfaces 332 and 334. (341); e. Means (342) for drying the liquid toner image; And f. And means (344) for heating and refluxing the toner (340) to produce a phosphor-patterned glass plate.