KR0185579B1 - Surface treatment of packing plate - Google Patents
Surface treatment of packing plate Download PDFInfo
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- KR0185579B1 KR0185579B1 KR1019960027972A KR19960027972A KR0185579B1 KR 0185579 B1 KR0185579 B1 KR 0185579B1 KR 1019960027972 A KR1019960027972 A KR 1019960027972A KR 19960027972 A KR19960027972 A KR 19960027972A KR 0185579 B1 KR0185579 B1 KR 0185579B1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/36—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases using ionised gases, e.g. ionitriding
- C23C8/38—Treatment of ferrous surfaces
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/10—Oxidising
- C23C8/12—Oxidising using elemental oxygen or ozone
- C23C8/14—Oxidising of ferrous surfaces
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/24—Nitriding
- C23C8/26—Nitriding of ferrous surfaces
Abstract
내식성 및 표면경도가 향상된 패킹플레이트의 표면처리 방법 및 이를 통해 얻어지는 패킹플레이트가 개시된다. 저탄소강재를 기지조직으로 하고, 표면에 2-3㎛두께의 ε(Fe2-3N)의 단상 또는 ε(Fe2-3N) +γ(Fe4N)의 혼합상 조직을 형성시키고, 그 상부에 0.5-2㎛두께의 Fe3O4산화층을 형성시켜 본 발명에 따른 패킹플레이트를 얻는다. 이렇게 제조된 패킹플레이트는 내식성 및 표면경도가 향상된 것으로서 자동차의 브레이크 패드를 지지하는데 사용하기에 적합하다.Disclosed are a method for surface treatment of a packing plate having improved corrosion resistance and surface hardness, and a packing plate obtained therefrom. A low-carbon steel as base tissue and, 2-3㎛ thickness ε of the surface to form a mixed-phase structure of - - (3 N Fe 2) + γ (Fe 4 N), or a single-phase ε of (Fe 2 N 3) A packing plate according to the present invention is obtained by forming an Fe 3 O 4 oxide layer having a thickness of 0.5-2 μm thereon. The packing plate thus prepared is improved in corrosion resistance and surface hardness and is suitable for use in supporting a brake pad of an automobile.
Description
본 발명은 패킹플레이트의 표면처리 방법 및 이로부터 제조되는 패킹플레이트에 관한 것으로서, 상세하게는 내식성 및 표면경도를 증가시키기 위한 패킹플레이트의 표면처리 방법 및 이로부터 제조되어 강도가 증가되고 도장이 필요없는 패킹플레이트에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to a surface treatment method of a packing plate and a packing plate manufactured therefrom, and more particularly, to a surface treatment method of a packing plate for increasing corrosion resistance and surface hardness and to increase the strength and do not require coating. It relates to a packing plate.
일반적으로 자동차의 디스크 브레이크는 마스터 실린더에서 발생한 유압을 이용하여 차륜과 함께 회전하는 원판형의 디스크에 마찰재를 부착한 브레이크 패드를 양쪽으로부터 조여 제동력을 발생하는 장치이다. 이러한 디스크 브레이크는 바퀴 허브와 함께 회전하는 디스크, 디스크와 함께 제동력을 발생시키는 패드, 패드와 피스톤을 지지하며 시핀들이나 판에 고정하는 캘리퍼등으로 구성된다.In general, a disc brake of an automobile is a device that generates a braking force by tightening brake pads with friction material attached to a disk-shaped disk that rotates together with a wheel by using hydraulic pressure generated from a master cylinder. These disc brakes consist of a disk that rotates with the wheel hub, a pad that generates a braking force with the disk, a caliper that supports the pad and the piston and fixes it to the pins or plates.
브레이크 패드는 디스크에 접촉하는 마찰재와 이것을 지지하는 패킹플레이트로 구성되며, 디스크에 밀어붙여져 마찰력을 발생시키는 것으로서, 제동장치의 구성요소 중에서도 매우 중요하다.The brake pad is composed of a friction material in contact with the disk and a packing plate for supporting the disk, and the brake pad is pushed onto the disk to generate friction force, which is very important among the components of the braking device.
이러한 브레이크 패드의 구성요소로서 브레이크 패드를 지지하는 패킹플레이트는 보통 저탄소강재를 이용하여 제조된다. 제1도은 자동차 브레이크용 패킹플레이트의 일례를 간략하게 나타낸 것이다. 이는 통상 5.9mm정도의 두께를 가진다.Packing plates for supporting the brake pads as components of such brake pads are usually manufactured using low carbon steel. 1 shows an example of a packing plate for automobile brakes. It usually has a thickness of about 5.9 mm.
그런데 상기 패킹플레이트는 대기와 접촉하는 경우 부식되기 때문에 이를 방지하기 위하여 그 표면에 인산염 피막처리를 하고있다. 그러나 이러한 인산염 피막처리를 수행할 경우에는 폐수처리 등에 따른 환경오염 발생 문제가 있고 이를 수행하기 위한 설비가격이 높다는 단점이 있다.However, since the packing plate is corroded when it comes into contact with the atmosphere, the packing plate has a phosphate coating on its surface. However, when the phosphate coating treatment is performed, there is a problem of environmental pollution caused by wastewater treatment, etc., and there is a disadvantage in that the facility price for performing the phosphate coating is high.
본 발명의 목적은 상기한 문제점을 감안하여, 별도의 도막공정이 없어서 환경오염의 문제가 없으며 요구특성을 향상시킬 수 있는 패킹플레이트의 표면처리 방법을 제공하고자 하는 것이다.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a surface treatment method of a packing plate, which does not have a problem of environmental pollution because there is no coating process.
본 발명의 다른 목적은 상기한 방법에 따라 제조되어 내식성 및 표면경도가 향상된 패킹플레이트를 제공하고자 하는 것이다.It is another object of the present invention to provide a packing plate manufactured according to the above-described method with improved corrosion resistance and surface hardness.
제1도는 자동차 브레이크용 패킹플레이트의 일례를 간략하게 나타내는 도면이다.1 is a view briefly showing an example of a packing plate for automobile brakes.
제2도는 본 발명의 방법에 따라 표면처리된 패킹플레이트의 단면을 200배 확대한 사진이다.2 is an enlarged photograph of a cross section of a packing plate surface-treated according to the method of the present invention 200 times.
* 도면의 주요부분에 대한 부호의 설명* Explanation of symbols for main parts of the drawings
10 : 기지조직 11 : 질화탄화층10: base structure 11: nitrided carbide layer
12 : 산화층12: oxide layer
상기한 본 발명의 목적을 달성하기 위하여, 본 발명에 따른 패킹플레이트의 표면처리 방법은, 저탄소강재를 질소 분위기하에서 350-650℃로 가열하는 단계; 상기 가열처리물을 40-80체적%의 암모니아, 20-60체적%의 질소 및 1-20체적%의 탄화수소가스 분위기하에서 10-300분 동안 처리한 다음 온도를 250-570℃로 유지하는 단계; 및 상기 250-570℃온도 범위에서 산소함유가스를 공급하여 10-60분 동안 산화시키는 단계를 포함한다.In order to achieve the above object of the present invention, the surface treatment method of the packing plate according to the present invention, the step of heating a low carbon steel in 350-650 ℃ under nitrogen atmosphere; Treating the heat treated product for 10-300 minutes in an atmosphere of 40-80% by volume of ammonia, 20-60% by volume of nitrogen and 1-20% by volume of a hydrocarbon gas, and then maintaining the temperature at 250-570 ° C; And supplying an oxygen-containing gas in the 250-570 ° C. temperature range for 10-60 minutes.
본 발명의 다른 목적은 상기한 방법에 따라 제조되어 저탄소강재를 기지조직으로 하고, 표면에 2-30㎛ 두께의 ε(Fe2-3N) 단상 또는 ε(Fe2-3N) + γ(Fe4N)의 혼합상 조직이 형성되고, 그 상부에 0.5-2㎛두께의 Fe3O4산화층이 형성되어 있는 패킹플레이트에 의해 달성된다.Another object of the present invention is manufactured according to the above-described method, the low carbon steel as a base structure, the surface of 2-30 ㎛ thickness ε (Fe 2-3 N) single phase or ε (Fe 2-3 N) + γ ( A mixed phase structure of Fe 4 N) is formed, and is achieved by a packing plate having a Fe 2 O 4 oxide layer having a thickness of 0.5-2 μm formed thereon.
이하, 본 발명을 상세히 설명하기로 한다.Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
자동차의 브레이크 패드를 지지하는 역할을 하는 패킹플레이트의 표면을 처리하기 위하여 먼저, 저탄소강재 표면을 질화침탄시켜 질화탄화층 피막처리를 한다. 저탄소강재는 질화하기는 어렵지만 질화침탄하는 경우에는, 표면 경화가 가능하므로 ε(Fe2-3N) 단상 또는 ε(Fe2-3N) + γ(Fe4N)의 혼합성 조직이 형성되어 내식성 및 표면경도가 증가된다. 저탄소강재를 가스침탄법 또는 염욕법을 사용하여 질화침탄시켜 생성된 질화탄화층을 경도가 높을 뿐만 아니라 많은 기공을 포함하고 있다.In order to treat the surface of the packing plate, which serves to support the brake pad of the vehicle, first, the low carbon steel surface is nitrided and subjected to the nitride carbonization layer coating. Low-carbon steels are difficult to nitride, but in the case of nitriding, surface hardening is possible, so that a mixed structure of ε (Fe 2-3 N) single phase or ε (Fe 2-3 N) + γ (Fe 4 N) is formed. Corrosion resistance and surface hardness are increased. The nitrided carbonized layer produced by nitriding and carburizing a low carbon steel using a gas carburizing method or a salt bath method contains not only high hardness but also many pores.
그리고나서 상기의 질화탄화층 위에 Fe3O4산화층을 피막시킨다. Fe3O4산화물은 내식성이 매우 크고 미려한 흑색의 광택을 나타내므로 이를 사용할 경우에는 별도의 도장이 필요없게 된다.Then, an Fe 3 O 4 oxide layer is formed on the nitrided carbonization layer. Since Fe 3 O 4 oxide has a very high corrosion resistance and beautiful black gloss, it is not necessary to use a separate coating.
따라서, 패킹플레이트의 표면처리 방법으로서, 패킹플레이트 표면에 질화탄화층과 Fe3O4산화물을 피막시키면 패킹플레이트의 강도를 증가시키며, 내식성을 부여할 뿐만 아니라 도장이 생략될 수 있다. 또한 패킹플레이트의 두께가 감소되어 재료 절감으로 생산 원가를 낮출 수 있으며 프레스 가공이 용이하여 제조 공정이 단축될 수 있다.Therefore, as a surface treatment method of the packing plate, coating the nitrided carbide layer and the Fe 3 O 4 oxide on the packing plate surface increases the strength of the packing plate, not only imparts corrosion resistance, but may also omit coating. In addition, since the thickness of the packing plate is reduced, the production cost can be lowered due to the material saving, and the manufacturing process can be shortened due to the easy press processing.
본 발명에 따른 패킹플레이트의 표면처리 방법은, 먼저 기지조직인 저탄소강재 표면에 남아있는 불순물을 제거한 후, 이를 로(furnace)에 장입시키고 이를 질소 분위기하에서 350-650℃로 가열한다.In the surface treatment method of the packing plate according to the present invention, first, the impurities remaining on the surface of the low carbon steel, which is a matrix structure, are removed, and then charged into a furnace and heated to 350-650 ° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere.
상기 가열처리물을 40-80 체적%의 암모니아, 20-60 체적%의 질소 및 1-20 체적%의 탄화수소가스 분위기하에서 10-300분 동안 처리한 다음 온도를 250-570℃로 유지시켜 상기 기지조직의 상부에 질화탄화층을 형성한다. 이때 사용하는 탄화수소 가스로는 이산화탄소, 프로판, 메탄, 아세틸렌등을 들 수 있다. 질화탄화 시간이 10-300분 범위를 벗어나게되면 패킹플레이트 표면 처리에 필요한 질소 화합물인 ε(Fe2-3N) 단상 또는 ε(Fe2-3N) + γ(Fe4N)의 혼합상 조직을 2-30㎛ 두께로 얻을 수 없으므로 바람직하지 않다.The heat treated product was treated for 10-300 minutes in an atmosphere of 40-80% by volume ammonia, 20-60% by volume nitrogen and 1-20% by volume hydrocarbon gas atmosphere and then maintained at a temperature of 250-570 ° C. A nitrided carbonization layer is formed on top of the tissue. The hydrocarbon gas used at this time includes carbon dioxide, propane, methane, acetylene and the like. When the nitriding carbonation time is out of the range of 10-300 minutes, the mixed phase structure of ε (Fe 2-3 N) single phase or ε (Fe 2-3 N) + γ (Fe 4 N), which is a nitrogen compound, required for packing plate surface treatment Is not preferred since it cannot be obtained with a thickness of 2-30 μm.
그리고나서, 얻어지는 처리물에 산소함유가스를 공급하여 10-60분 동안 산화시켜 상기 질화탄화층의 상부에 산화층을 형성한다. 산소함유가스로는 수증기, 공기, 이산화탄소 또는 이들의 혼합물을 사용할 수 있다. 산화 시간이 10-60분 범위를 벗어나게되면, 패킹플레이트 표면 처리에 필요한 Fe3O4산화층을 0.5-2㎛두께로 얻을 수 없으므로 바람직하지 않다.Then, an oxygen-containing gas is supplied to the resultant treated product and oxidized for 10-60 minutes to form an oxide layer on top of the nitrided carbonization layer. As the oxygen-containing gas, water vapor, air, carbon dioxide or a mixture thereof can be used. When the oxidation time is outside the range of 10-60 minutes, the Fe 3 O 4 oxide layer required for the packing plate surface treatment cannot be obtained with a thickness of 0.5-2 μm, which is not preferable.
다음에는, 산화된 패킹플레이트를 냉각매체를 이용하여 급냉시키거나 대기중에서 냉각한다. 냉각매체로는 열처리유, 물, 폴리머냉매 등을 들 수 있다.Next, the oxidized packing plate is quenched using a cooling medium or cooled in the atmosphere. As the cooling medium, heat treated oil, water, a polymer refrigerant, and the like can be given.
상술한 표면처리 공정 중에서, 온도 범위가 350-650℃ 및 250-570℃를 벗어날 경우에는 질화물 및 Fe3O4이 잘 형성되지 않으므로 바람직하지 않다.In the above-described surface treatment process, when the temperature range is outside the 350-650 ℃ and 250-570 ℃ is not preferable because the nitride and Fe 3 O 4 is not formed well.
이와같이 저탄소강재를 기지조직으로 하고, 그 상부에 2-30㎛두께의 ε(Fe2-3N) 단상 또는 (Fe2-3N) + (Fe4N)의 혼합상 조직인 질화탄화층을 형성시키고, 그 상부에 0.5-2㎛두께의 Fe3O4산화층을 형성시켜 내식성 및 표면경도가 향상된 패킹플레이트를 얻는다.Thus, a low carbon steel is used as a matrix structure, and on the upper portion thereof, a nitrided carbonized layer is formed, having a thickness of 2-30 μm, ε (Fe 2-3 N) single phase or (Fe 2-3 N) + (Fe 4 N) mixed phase structure. Then, a Fe 3 O 4 oxide layer having a thickness of 0.5-2 μm is formed on the upper portion thereof to obtain a packing plate having improved corrosion resistance and surface hardness.
이하 본 발명에 따른 패킹플레이트의 표면처리 방법에 대한 바람직한 실시예를 상세하게 설명하지만, 이에 의해 본 발명이 제한되는 것은 아니다.Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of the method for surface treatment of a packing plate according to the present invention will be described in detail, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
[실시예]EXAMPLE
패킹플레이트를 세척하여 그 표면에 남아있는 불순물을 제거한 후, 이를 로(furnace)에 장입하고 이를 질소 분위기하에서 570℃로 가열하였다. 상기 가열처리물을 57 체적%의 암모니아, 40 체적%의 질소 및 3 체적%의 이산화탄소가스 분위기하에서 80분 동안 질화탄화 처리를 하였다. 그 다음 처리 온도를 550℃로 낮추고 20분 동안 수증기 분위기 하에서 산화시킨 후 냉각시켰다.After washing the packing plate to remove impurities remaining on the surface, it was charged into a furnace (furnace) and heated to 570 ℃ under nitrogen atmosphere. The heat treated product was subjected to nitrification carbonization for 80 minutes in an atmosphere of 57 volume% ammonia, 40 volume% nitrogen and 3 volume% carbon dioxide gas. The treatment temperature was then lowered to 550 ° C., oxidized in a steam atmosphere for 20 minutes and then cooled.
그 결과 얻어진 패킹플레이트의 질화탄화층의 두께는 12㎛이었고, 표면 경도는 HV(10g) 570이었다. 또한 염수분무법에 의한 내식시험 결과, 본 발명에 따라 표면처리한 패킹플레이트의 표면층은 576 시간 동안 녹이 발생하지 않았으나 크롬도금처리한 패킹플레이트이 표면층은 96 시간 동안 녹이 발생하지 않았다.The nitride carbide layer had a thickness of 12 µm and a surface hardness of HV (10 g) of 570 as a result. In addition, as a result of the corrosion test by the salt spray method, the surface layer of the packing plate surface-treated according to the present invention did not rust for 576 hours, but the surface layer of the chromium plated packing plate did not rust for 96 hours.
상기 실시예에 따라 표면처리된 패킹플레이트의 단면을 200배 확대한 사진을 도 2에 나타내었다. 도 2에서 저탄소강재로 이루어진 기지조직(10)의 상부에는 질화탄화층(11)이 형성되어 있고 그 상부에는 산화층(12)이 형성되어 있음을 확인할 수 있다.Figure 2 shows a photograph of an enlarged cross section of the packing plate surface treated 200 times according to the embodiment. In Figure 2 it can be seen that the nitride carbonization layer 11 is formed on the upper portion of the matrix 10 made of low carbon steel and the oxide layer 12 is formed on the upper portion.
이상과 같이 본 발명에 의하면, 내식성 및 표면경도가 증가되고 도장이 필요없는 패킹플레이트를 제조할 수 있다. 또한 경도가 증가되므로 패킹플레이트의 두께를 감소시킬 수 있어 재료 절감으로 생산 원가를 낮출 수 있으며 프레스가공이 매우 용이하다. 이렇게 제조된 패킹플레이트는 자동자의 브레이크 패드를 지지하는데 사용하기에 적합하다.According to the present invention as described above, it is possible to produce a packing plate which is increased in corrosion resistance and surface hardness and does not require painting. In addition, since the hardness is increased, the thickness of the packing plate can be reduced, so that the production cost can be reduced due to material savings and press processing is very easy. The packing plate thus prepared is suitable for use in supporting the brake pad of the automobile.
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1019960027972A KR0185579B1 (en) | 1996-07-11 | 1996-07-11 | Surface treatment of packing plate |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1019960027972A KR0185579B1 (en) | 1996-07-11 | 1996-07-11 | Surface treatment of packing plate |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| KR980009501A KR980009501A (en) | 1998-04-30 |
| KR0185579B1 true KR0185579B1 (en) | 1999-04-01 |
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| KR1019960027972A KR0185579B1 (en) | 1996-07-11 | 1996-07-11 | Surface treatment of packing plate |
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| KR (1) | KR0185579B1 (en) |
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1996
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| KR980009501A (en) | 1998-04-30 |
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