JPWO2020047152A5 - - Google Patents

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JPWO2020047152A5
JPWO2020047152A5 JP2021510168A JP2021510168A JPWO2020047152A5 JP WO2020047152 A5 JPWO2020047152 A5 JP WO2020047152A5 JP 2021510168 A JP2021510168 A JP 2021510168A JP 2021510168 A JP2021510168 A JP 2021510168A JP WO2020047152 A5 JPWO2020047152 A5 JP WO2020047152A5
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nerve
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Priority claimed from PCT/US2019/048647 external-priority patent/WO2020047152A1/en
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本体から延びる１つ以上の湾曲部材であって、神経を少なくとも部分的に囲むように構成され、前記湾曲部材が１つ以上の電極パッドを備える、湾曲部材と、
超音波を受信して、前記超音波からのエネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換するように構成された超音波変換器、及び
検出された電気生理学的信号に基づいて検出信号を受け取り、
前記検出信号に基づいて刺激信号を生成し、
前記刺激信号に基づいて前記神経へと電気パルスを放出するよう、前記１つ以上の湾曲部材の前記１つ以上の電極パッドを動作させる
よう構成される、前記１つ以上の電極パッドと電気的に接続される計算回路、
を備える本体と、を備える埋め込み可能な閉ループ神経調節装置。 one or more curved members extending from the body and configured to at least partially surround a nerve, the curved members comprising one or more electrode pads;
an ultrasound transducer configured to receive ultrasound waves and convert energy from the ultrasound waves into electrical energy; and receive a detection signal based on the detected electrophysiological signal;
generating a stimulation signal based on the detected signal;
said one or more electrode pads configured to operate said one or more electrode pads of said one or more curved members to emit electrical pulses into said nerve based on said stimulation signal; a computing circuit connected to
and an implantable closed loop neuromodulation device. 前記１つ以上の湾曲部材は、前記湾曲部材に沿って配置された複数の電極パッドを備える、請求項１に記載の装置。 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more curved members comprise a plurality of electrode pads arranged along the curved members. 前記１つ以上の湾曲部材は、前記神経を少なくとも部分的に囲む湾曲電極パッドを備える、請求項１に記載の装置。 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more curved members comprise curved electrode pads that at least partially surround the nerve. 前記１つ以上の湾曲部材の少なくとも１つは、それぞれ同じ湾曲部材上で前記神経を少なくとも部分的に囲む２つ以上の湾曲電極パッドを備える、請求項３に記載の装置。 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein at least one of said one or more curved members each comprises two or more curved electrode pads that at least partially surround said nerve on the same curved member. 本体から延びる１つ以上の湾曲部材であって、湾曲部材それぞれが、神経の長さに平行する軸の周りに放射状に配置されるように構成された複数の電極パッドを備える、湾曲部材と、
超音波を受信して、前記超音波からのエネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換するように構成された超音波変換器、及び
検出された電気生理学的信号に基づいて検出信号を受信し、
前記検出信号に基づいて刺激信号を生成し、
前記刺激信号に基づいて前記神経へ電気パルスを放出するよう、前記１つ以上の湾曲部材のうちの少なくとも１つの前記複数の電極パッドを動作させる
よう構成される、前記複数の電極パッドと電気的に接続される計算回路、
を備える本体と、を備える埋め込み可能な閉ループ神経調節装置。 one or more curved members extending from the body, each curved member comprising a plurality of electrode pads configured to be radially arranged about an axis parallel to the length of the nerve;
an ultrasound transducer configured to receive ultrasound waves and convert energy from the ultrasound waves into electrical energy; and receiving detection signals based on detected electrophysiological signals;
generating a stimulation signal based on the detected signal;
the plurality of electrode pads configured to operate the plurality of electrode pads of at least one of the one or more curved members to emit electrical pulses to the nerve based on the stimulation signal; a computing circuit connected to
and an implantable closed loop neuromodulation device. １つ以上の電極パッド又は複数の電極パッドは、３つ以上の電極パッドを含む、請求項１乃至５のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 6. A device according to any preceding claim, wherein the one or more electrode pads or plurality of electrode pads comprises three or more electrode pads. 前記装置は、前記神経内の神経線維の標的サブセットから前記電気生理学的信号を検出するように構成される、請求項１乃至６のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 7. The device of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the device is configured to detect the electrophysiological signals from a target subset of nerve fibers within the nerve. 前記装置は、前記神経内の１つ以上の標的繊維束、前記神経内の１つ以上の標的求心性神経線維、又は前記神経内の１つ以上の標的遠心性神経線維から、前記電気生理学的信号を検出するように構成される、請求項７に記載の装置。 The device performs the electrophysiological 8. Apparatus according to claim 7, configured to detect a signal. 前記装置は、前記神経内の２つ以上の異なった標的繊維束から前記電気生理学的信号を検出するように構成される、請求項８に記載の装置。 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the device is configured to detect the electrophysiological signals from two or more different target fiber bundles within the nerve. 前記装置は、前記神経内の神経線維の標的サブセットに前記電気パルスを放出するように構成される、請求項１乃至９のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 10. The device of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the device is configured to emit the electrical pulse to a targeted subset of nerve fibers within the nerve. 前記装置は、前記神経内の１つ以上の標的繊維束、前記神経内の１つ以上の標的求心性神経線維、又は前記神経内の１つ以上の標的遠心性神経線維に、前記電気パルスを放出するように構成される、請求項１０に記載の装置。 The device directs the electrical pulse to one or more target fiber bundles within the nerve, one or more target afferent nerve fibers within the nerve, or one or more target efferent nerve fibers within the nerve. 11. The device of claim 10, configured to emit. 前記装置は、前記神経内の２つ以上の異なった標的繊維束に前記電気パルスを放出するように構成される、請求項１１に記載の装置。 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the device is configured to emit the electrical pulses to two or more different target fiber bundles within the nerve. 前記装置は、前記神経内の神経線維の第１の標的サブセットから前記電気生理学的信号を検出し、前記神経内の神経線維の第２の標的サブセットに電気パルスを放出するように構成され、前記神経線維の第１の標的サブセットと前記神経線維の第２の標的サブセットとが同じであるか又は異なっている、請求項１乃至１２のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 The device is configured to detect the electrophysiological signals from a first target subset of nerve fibers within the nerve and emit electrical pulses to a second target subset of nerve fibers within the nerve; 13. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the first target subset of nerve fibers and the second target subset of nerve fibers are the same or different. 前記本体は、前記超音波変換器から前記電気エネルギーを受信し、前記計算回路に電力を供給するように構成された電池をさらに備える、請求項１乃至１３のいずれか一項に記載の装置。 14. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the body further comprises a battery configured to receive the electrical energy from the ultrasonic transducer and to power the computing circuitry. 前記装置が非一時的メモリを含む、請求項１乃至１４のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 15. A device according to any preceding claim, wherein the device comprises non-transitory memory. 前記非一時的メモリは、前記検出された電気生理学的信号に基づくデータ、前記放出された電気パルスに基づくデータ、又は検出若しくは測定された生理学的状態に基づくデータを含むデータを格納するように構成される、請求項１５に記載の装置。 The non-transitory memory is configured to store data including data based on the detected electrophysiological signals, data based on the emitted electrical pulses, or data based on detected or measured physiological conditions. 16. Apparatus according to claim 15, wherein: 前記非一時的メモリは、インテロゲータから受信したデータを格納するように構成される、請求項１５又は１６に記載の装置。 17. Apparatus according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the non-transitory memory is configured to store data received from an interrogator. 前記超音波変換器は、前記データの少なくとも一部を符号化する超音波後方散乱波を放出するように構成される、請求項１６又は１７に記載の装置。 18. Apparatus according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the ultrasound transducer is configured to emit ultrasound backscattered waves encoding at least part of the data. 前記データは、前記検出された電気生理学的信号若しくは前記放出された電気パルスのタイムスタンプ、速度、向き、振幅、周波数、又は波形を含む、請求項１６乃至１８のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 19. Apparatus according to any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the data comprises time stamps, velocity, direction, amplitude, frequency or waveform of the detected electrophysiological signals or the emitted electrical pulses. . 前記非一時的メモリは、ある期間にわたって取得されたデータを格納するように構成される、請求項１５乃至１９のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 20. The apparatus of any one of claims 15-19, wherein the non-transitory memory is configured to store data acquired over a period of time. 前記非一時的メモリは、１つ以上のテンプレート検出信号又は１つ以上のテンプレートパルスを格納する、請求項１５乃至２０のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 21. Apparatus according to any one of claims 15 to 20, wherein said non-transitory memory stores one or more template detection signals or one or more template pulses. 前記計算回路は、前記検出信号を前記１つ以上のテンプレート検出信号と比較することによって、前記刺激信号を生成するように構成される、請求項２１に記載の装置。 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said computing circuitry is configured to generate said stimulation signal by comparing said detection signal with said one or more template detection signals. 前記刺激信号を生成することは、前記非一時的メモリからテンプレートパルスを取り出すことと、前記取り出されたテンプレートパルスに基づいて前記刺激信号を生成することとを含む、請求項２１又は２２に記載の装置。 23. A method according to claim 21 or 22, wherein generating the stimulation signal comprises retrieving a template pulse from the non-transitory memory and generating the stimulation signal based on the retrieved template pulse. Device. 前記刺激信号は、前記検出信号と前記刺激信号との間の数学的関係を使用して生成される、請求項１乃至２０のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 21. Apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the stimulation signal is generated using a mathematical relationship between the detection signal and the stimulation signal. 前記装置は、生理学的状態を検出又は測定するように構成されたセンサをさらに備える、請求項１乃至２４のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 25. The device of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the device further comprises a sensor configured to detect or measure a physiological condition. 前記生理学的状態は、検体の体温、ｐＨ、圧力、心拍数、緊張、又は存在若しくは量である、請求項２５に記載の装置。 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the physiological state is body temperature, pH, pressure, heart rate, tone, or presence or quantity of a specimen. 前記検出信号は、検出された電気生理学的パルス成分と、追加の検出された生理学的状態成分とを含む、請求項２５又は２６に記載の装置。 27. Apparatus according to claim 25 or 26, wherein the detected signal comprises a detected electrophysiological pulse component and an additional detected physiological condition component. 前記装置は、１つ以上の電極パッドの第１のセットを備える第１の湾曲部材と、１つ以上の電極パッドの第２のセットを備える第２の湾曲部材とを備え、前記第１の湾曲部材及び前記第２の湾曲部材はそれぞれ、前記神経の長さに沿った異なる位置で前記神経を少なくとも部分的に囲むように構成される、請求項１乃至２７のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 The apparatus comprises a first curved member comprising a first set of one or more electrode pads and a second curved member comprising a second set of one or more electrode pads, wherein the first 28. Any one of claims 1-27, wherein the curved member and the second curved member are each configured to at least partially surround the nerve at different locations along the length of the nerve. Device. 前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第１のセットは前記第１の湾曲部材に沿って配置された複数の電極パッドを含むか、前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第２のセットは、前記第２の湾曲部材に沿って配置された複数の電極パッドを含むか、又はその両方である、請求項２８に記載の装置。 The first set of one or more electrode pads includes a plurality of electrode pads arranged along the first curved member, or the second set of one or more electrode pads comprises the second set of electrode pads. 29. The device of claim 28, comprising a plurality of electrode pads arranged along the curved member of the or both. 前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第１のセットは前記神経を少なくとも部分的に囲む湾曲電極パッドを含むか、前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第２のセットは前記神経を少なくとも部分的に囲む湾曲電極パッドを含むか、又はその両方である、請求項２８に記載の装置。 The first set of one or more electrode pads includes curved electrode pads that at least partially surround the nerve, or the second set of one or more electrode pads is curved that at least partially surrounds the nerve. 29. The device of claim 28, comprising electrode pads, or both. 前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第１のセット及び前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第２のセットは、前記神経によって伝達される前記電気生理学的信号を検出するように構成される、請求項２８乃至３０のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 29. The first set of one or more electrode pads and the second set of one or more electrode pads are configured to detect the electrophysiological signals transmitted by the nerve. 31. Apparatus according to any one of claims 1-30. 前記装置は、１つ以上の電極パッドの第３のセットを含む第３の湾曲部材をさらに備え、前記第３の湾曲部材は、前記神経の長さに沿って前記第１の湾曲部材と前記第２の湾曲部材との間の位置で前記神経を少なくとも部分的に囲むように構成される、請求項２８乃至３１のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 The device further comprises a third curved member including a third set of one or more electrode pads, wherein the third curved member extends along the length of the nerve along the first curved member and the 32. The device of any one of claims 28-31, configured to at least partially surround the nerve at a location between the second curved member. 前記電極パッドの第３のセットは、前記第３の湾曲部材に沿って配置された複数の電極パッドを含む、請求項３２に記載の装置。 33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the third set of electrode pads includes a plurality of electrode pads arranged along the third curved member. 前記電極パッドの第３のセットは、前記神経を少なくとも部分的に囲む湾曲電極パッドを含む、請求項３２に記載の装置。 33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the third set of electrode pads includes curved electrode pads that at least partially surround the nerve. 前記計算回路は、前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第１のセット、前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第２のセット、又は前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第３のセットのうちの１つ以上によって検出された前記電気生理学的信号に基づいて、前記電気生理学的信号を伝達する神経線維のサブセットを決定するように構成される、請求項２８乃至３４のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 The computational circuitry selects one or more of the first set of one or more electrode pads, the second set of one or more electrode pads, or the third set of one or more electrode pads. 35. The apparatus of any one of claims 28-34, configured to determine a subset of nerve fibers carrying the electrophysiological signal based on the electrophysiological signal detected by. 前記電気生理学的信号を伝達する神経線維の前記サブセットが、インテロゲータから受信したデータに基づいてさらに決定される、請求項３５に記載の装置。 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein said subset of nerve fibers carrying said electrophysiological signal is further determined based on data received from an interrogator. 前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第１のセット、前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第２のセット、又は前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第３のセットは、前記神経に前記電気パルスを放出するように構成される、請求項２８乃至３６のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 The first set of one or more electrode pads, the second set of one or more electrode pads, or the third set of one or more electrode pads emits the electrical pulse to the nerve. 37. Apparatus according to any one of claims 28 to 36, configured to. 前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第１のセット、前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第２のセット、又は前記１つ以上の電極パッドの第３のセット内の前記電極パッドは、前記神経内の神経線維の標的サブセットに前記電気パルスを放出するように選択的に活性化されるように構成される、請求項３７に記載の装置。 The electrode pads in the first set of one or more electrode pads, the second set of one or more electrode pads, or the third set of one or more electrode pads are within the nerve. 38. The device of claim 37, configured to be selectively activated to emit said electrical pulse to a targeted subset of nerve fibers. 前記計算回路は、前記電気生理学的信号の方向又は速度を決定するように構成される、請求項１乃至３８のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 39. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-38, wherein the computing circuitry is configured to determine the direction or velocity of the electrophysiological signal. 前記１つ以上の電極パッドは、前記神経の外部に配置され、前記神経と電気的に連絡するように構成される、請求項１乃至３９のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 40. The device of any one of claims 1-39, wherein the one or more electrode pads are positioned external to the nerve and configured to be in electrical communication with the nerve. 前記１つ以上の電極パッドは、前記神経の神経上膜と接するように構成される、請求項４０に記載の装置。 41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the one or more electrode pads are configured to contact the epineurium of the nerve. 前記１つ以上の電極パッドは、１つ以上の位置で前記神経の神経上膜を貫通するように構成される、請求項１乃至３９のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 40. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-39, wherein the one or more electrode pads are configured to penetrate the epineurium of the nerve at one or more locations. 前記計算回路は、前記検出信号又は前記検出信号の成分をダウンサンプリングするように構成される、請求項１乃至４２のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 43. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said computing circuit is arranged to down-sample said detection signal or a component of said detection signal. 前記計算回路は、前記神経又は前記神経内の神経線維のサブセットによって伝達される複合活動電位又は前記複合活動電位のサブセットの向き、速度、周波数、振幅、若しくは波形に基づいて、前記刺激信号を生成するように構成される、請求項１乃至４３のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 The computational circuitry generates the stimulation signal based on the orientation, velocity, frequency, amplitude, or waveform of a compound action potential or a subset of the compound action potentials carried by the nerve or a subset of nerve fibers within the nerve. 44. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, configured to 前記刺激信号は、前記装置によって放出される前記電気パルスのタイミング、振幅、周波数、又は波形を含む、請求項１乃至４４のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 45. The device of any one of claims 1-44, wherein the stimulation signal comprises the timing, amplitude, frequency or waveform of the electrical pulses emitted by the device. 請求項１乃至４５のいずれか１項に記載の装置と、前記装置に電力を供給する超音波を放出するように構成されたインテロゲータとを備える、システム。 46. A system comprising a device according to any one of claims 1 to 45 and an interrogator configured to emit ultrasound to power the device. 前記インテロゲータが外部装置である、請求項４６に記載のシステム。 47. The system of Claim 46, wherein the interrogator is an external device. 前記装置は、前記検出された電気生理学的信号又は前記放出された電気パルスに基づいてデータを格納するように構成された非一時的メモリを備え、
前記超音波変換器は、前記データの少なくとも一部を符号化する超音波後方散乱波を放出し、
前記インテロゲータは、前記超音波後方散乱波を受信するように構成される、請求項４６又は４７に記載のシステム。 the device comprises a non-transitory memory configured to store data based on the detected electrophysiological signals or the emitted electrical pulses;
the ultrasonic transducer emits ultrasonic backscattered waves that encode at least a portion of the data;
48. The system of Claim 46 or 47, wherein the interrogator is configured to receive the ultrasonic backscattered waves. 前記インテロゲータが前記データを復号するようにさらに構成される、請求項４８に記載のシステム。 49. The system of Claim 48, wherein the interrogator is further configured to decode the data. 完全に埋め込み可能な閉ループ神経調節装置上の超音波変換器で超音波を受信し、
前記装置に電力を供給する電気エネルギーに前記超音波を変換し、
前記装置を用いて、神経内の神経線維の標的サブセットによって伝達される電気生理学的信号を検出し、
前記装置を用いて、前記検出された電気生理学的信号に基づいて刺激信号を生成し、
前記装置を用いて、前記生成された刺激信号に基づいて前記神経に電気パルスを放出する
ように構成される、完全に埋め込み可能な閉ループ神経調節装置。 receiving ultrasound with an ultrasound transducer on a fully implantable closed- loop neuromodulator;
converting the ultrasonic waves into electrical energy to power the device;
detecting electrophysiological signals transmitted by a target subset of nerve fibers within a nerve using the device;
using the device to generate a stimulation signal based on the detected electrophysiological signal;
using the device to emit an electrical pulse to the nerve based on the generated stimulation signal
A fully implantable closed-loop neuromodulator configured to: 前記電気パルスが、前記神経内の神経線維の第２の標的サブセットに放出される、請求項５０に記載の装置。 51. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein said electrical pulses are emitted to a second target subset of nerve fibers within said nerve. 完全に埋め込み可能な閉ループ神経調節装置上の超音波変換器で超音波を受信し、
前記装置に電力を供給する電気エネルギーに前記超音波を変換し、
前記装置を用いて、神経によって伝達される電気生理学的信号を検出し、
前記装置を用いて、前記検出された電気生理学的信号に基づいて刺激信号を生成し、
前記装置を用いて、前記生成された刺激信号に基づいて、前記神経内の神経線維の標的サブセットに電気パルスを放出する
よう構成される、完全に埋め込み可能な閉ループ神経調節装置。 receiving ultrasound with an ultrasound transducer on a fully implantable closed- loop neuromodulator;
converting the ultrasonic waves into electrical energy to power the device;
detecting electrophysiological signals transmitted by nerves using the device;
using the device to generate a stimulation signal based on the detected electrophysiological signal;
Using the device to emit electrical pulses to a target subset of nerve fibers within the nerve based on the generated stimulation signal.
A fully implantable closed-loop neuromodulator configured to: 前記装置内の電池に前記電気エネルギーを蓄積することを含む、請求項５０乃至５２のいずれか一項に記載の装置。 53. The device of any one of claims 50-52, comprising storing the electrical energy in a battery within the device . 前記検出された電気生理学的信号又は前記放出された電気パルスに基づくデータを、前記装置内の非一時的メモリに格納するよう構成される、請求項５０乃至５３のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 54. The device of any one of claims 50-53, configured to store data based on the detected electrophysiological signals or the emitted electrical pulses in a non-transitory memory within the device . . 前記データは、前記検出された電気生理学的信号又は前記放出された電気パルスのタイムスタンプ、周波数、振幅、波形、速度、又は方向を含む、請求項５４に記載の装置。 55. The apparatus of claim 54, wherein the data includes timestamps, frequencies, amplitudes, waveforms, velocities, or directions of the detected electrophysiological signals or the emitted electrical pulses. インテロゲータからデータを受信するよう構成される、請求項５０乃至５５の何れか一項に記載の装置。 56. Apparatus according to any one of claims 50 to 55, arranged to receive data from an interrogator. 前記データは、前記インテロゲータによって伝達される超音波で符号化される、請求項５６に記載の装置。 57. The apparatus of Claim 56, wherein the data is encoded in ultrasound transmitted by the interrogator. 前記インテロゲータから受信された前記データは、前記装置内の非一時的なメモリに格納される、請求項５６又は５７に記載の装置。 58. The device of claims 56 or 57, wherein the data received from the interrogator is stored in non-transitory memory within the device . 非一時的媒体上に格納されたデータの少なくとも一部を符号化する超音波後方散乱を放出するよう構成される、請求項５０乃至５８のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 59. Apparatus according to any one of claims 50 to 58, configured to emit ultrasonic backscattered waves encoding at least part of data stored on the non-transitory medium. 前記検出された電気生理学的信号の方向又は速度を決定するよう構成される、請求項５０乃至５９のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 60. The apparatus of any one of claims 50-59, configured to determine the direction or velocity of the detected electrophysiological signal. 生理学的状態を検出又は測定するよう構成される、請求項５０乃至６０のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 61. The device of any one of claims 50-60, configured to detect or measure a physiological condition. 前記生理学的状態が検体の体温、ｐＨ、圧力、心拍数、緊張、及び／又は存在若しくは量を含む、請求項６１に記載の装置。 62. The apparatus of claim 61, wherein the physiological state comprises body temperature, pH, pressure, heart rate, tone, and/or presence or amount of analyte. 前記刺激信号を生成する前に、前記検出された電気生理学的信号をダウンサンプリングするよう構成される、請求項５０乃至６２のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 63. The apparatus of any one of claims 50-62, configured to down-sample the detected electrophysiological signal prior to generating the stimulation signal. 前記刺激信号は、前記検出された電気生理学的信号の周波数、振幅、又は波形に基づいて生成される、請求項５０乃至６３のいずれか１項に記載の装置。 64. The apparatus of any one of claims 50-63, wherein the stimulation signal is generated based on the frequency, amplitude or waveform of the detected electrophysiological signal.
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