JPWO2015050252A1 - Conductive paste - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention includes (A) a binder comprising a thermoplastic resin and / or a thermosetting resin, (B) a conductive filler comprising a high melting point metal powder and a low melting point metal powder, (C) an organic solvent, The present invention relates to a conductive paste comprising (D) a flux and (E) a cellulose derivative, wherein the property change temperature of the binder is not less than the melting point of the low melting point metal powder and not more than the melting point of the high melting point metal powder. The conductive paste has a low volume resistance and a low connection resistance to a thin film of a transparent conductive oxide such as ITO.

Description

  The present invention relates to a conductive paste, and more particularly to a conductive paste suitable for forming electrodes such as solar cells and multilayer capacitors.

  The conductive paste is a paste-like composition mainly composed of a binder and a conductive filler dispersed in the binder, and is used for electrodes of solar cells and multilayer capacitors, wiring of printed boards, and the like.

  For example, when used as an electrode of a solar cell, the conductive paste is transferred as an electrode pattern on a silicon substrate by a screen printing method or the like. Thereafter, the conductive paste is fixed to the substrate by heating.

  When used as an internal electrode of a multilayer capacitor, the conductive paste is transferred as an internal electrode pattern onto a dielectric sheet by screen printing or the like. Thereafter, a large number of dielectric sheets are laminated and pressed in the thickness direction. After being cut into the shape of the multilayer capacitor, the conductive paste is fixed to the dielectric sheet by heating. On the other hand, when used as an external electrode of a multilayer capacitor, the conductive paste is applied to both ends of the cut dielectric sheet and conductive paste laminate, and then fixed to both ends by heating.

  In addition to these applications, conductive pastes that are used in a wide variety of fields are required to further improve the characteristics, and in particular, volume resistance (resistance per volume of the conductive paste) and connection resistance (the conductive paste is in contact with the conductive paste). There is a high need for reducing the resistance between the electrode and the like.

  Therefore, Patent Document 1 proposes a conductive paste containing a conductive filler made of copper, nickel, or the like, solder particles made of an alloy of bismuth and tin, a flux, and an adhesive. This conductive paste reduces volume resistance by forming an intermetallic bond between the solder and the conductive filler and between the solder and the electrodes of the electronic component. Moreover, the acicular nickel filler breaks the surface oxide film of the plating such as gold, copper, and tin, thereby reducing the connection resistance to the electrode.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-10828

  By the way, there are various types of solar cells such as a crystalline silicon type, a polycrystalline silicon type, and an amorphous silicon type. In recent years, from the aspect of high energy conversion efficiency, a heterojunction type solar cell. (Also called a HIT type solar cell) is attracting attention. In heterojunction solar cells, a very thin film (thickness of several nm) of amorphous silicon is laminated on a crystalline silicon wafer, and a thin film (thickness) of a transparent conductive oxide such as ITO (indium oxide / tin). Several tens of nm) are stacked. A grid electrode is formed on the transparent conductive thin film by a screen-printed conductive paste.

  Since the amorphous silicon thin film is very sensitive to heat, if it is processed at a high temperature exceeding 300 ° C. in the manufacturing process, the device performance may be deteriorated due to thermal degradation. Therefore, as a conductive paste used for manufacturing a heterojunction solar cell, an electrode pattern can be formed at a low temperature of 300 ° C. or less, and a conductive paste having a low connection resistance to a thin film of a transparent conductive oxide such as ITO. Is desired.

  This invention is made | formed in view of the said situation, and it aims at providing the conductive paste with low volume resistance and low connection resistance with respect to thin films of transparent conductive oxides, such as ITO.

As a result of intensive studies by the present inventors, a conductive paste is obtained by adding a small amount of a cellulose derivative to a conductive paste containing a binder, a high melting point metal powder, a low melting point metal powder, an organic solvent, and a flux. It has been found that the resistance (contact resistance) generated between ITO and the ITO thin film can be greatly reduced. That is, the present invention
(A) a binder comprising a thermoplastic resin and / or a thermosetting resin;
(B) a conductive filler comprising a high melting point metal powder and a low melting point metal powder;
(C) an organic solvent;
(D) a flux and (E) a cellulose derivative,
It is related with the electrically conductive paste whose property change temperature of the said binder is more than melting | fusing point of the said low melting metal powder, and below melting | fusing point of the said high melting metal powder.

  In preferable one Embodiment of this invention, melting | fusing point of the said high melting metal powder in the said (B) component is 400 degreeC or more, and melting | fusing point of the said low melting metal powder is 350 degrees C or less.

  In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the refractory metal powder in the component (B) is at least one metal selected from copper, silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, germanium and zinc and / or these The low melting point metal powder is made of at least one metal selected from tin, bismuth, lead and indium and / or an alloy containing these metals.

In another preferable embodiment of the present invention, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the component (A),
The component (B) 6000-30000 parts by mass;
100 to 8000 parts by mass of the component (C),
100 to 1000 parts by mass of the component (D),
The said (E) component 1-100 mass parts is mix | blended.

  In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the component (E) is at least one selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl cellulose, acetyl cellulose and nitrocellulose.

  In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the component (E) is at least one hydroxyalkyl cellulose selected from the group consisting of hydroxymethyl cellulose ether, hydroxyethyl cellulose ether and hydroxypropyl cellulose ether.

  In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the component (A) comprises a phenoxy resin.

  In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the component (C) has a surface tension of 35 mN / m or more at 25 ° C.

  In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the component (C) is ethylene glycol monophenyl ether (PhG), diethylene glycol monophenyl ether (PhDG), propylene glycol monophenyl ether (PhFG) and ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether. It is at least one selected from the group consisting of (BzG).

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the conductive paste with low volume resistance and low connection resistance with respect to thin films of transparent conductive oxides, such as ITO, can be provided.

  The component (A) and the binder of the conductive paste of the present invention are compositions comprising a thermosetting resin and / or a thermoplastic resin, and are soluble in an organic solvent (component (C)) described later. Each component can be dispersed and is not particularly limited as long as it has an adhesive force to the substrate. As said resin, an epoxy resin, a phenoxy resin, an acrylic resin, a phenol resin etc. are mentioned, for example, Among these, a phenoxy resin is preferable. The phenoxy resin is a polyhydroxy ether synthesized from bisphenol and epichlorohydrin and having a weight average molecular weight of about 20,000 to 70,000. Phenoxy resin is a thermosetting resin that cures with a curing agent while having thermoplasticity, has higher adhesion to substrates than general thermoplastic resins, and is more than epoxy resin, which is one of thermosetting resins. Has a feature of low resistance.

  When the binder contains a thermosetting resin, it is preferable to contain a curing agent. As the curing agent, known ones can be used according to the type of curable resin. For example, when the thermosetting resin is an epoxy resin, an amine compound, a polyamide resin, an imidazole, a polymercaptan, an acid anhydride, And latent curing agents such as products and adduct compounds. In addition, when using a hardening | curing agent, the usage-amount is not specifically limited, It can adjust suitably according to the kind of thermosetting resin and hardening | curing agent to be used, the degree of hardening calculated | required, etc. For example, the amount of the curing agent used is preferably 1 to 50 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the thermosetting resin.

  It is preferable that the properties of the binder change at a temperature below the melting point of the refractory metal powder. In the case of a thermosetting resin, the curing start temperature, and in the case of a thermoplastic resin, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is a temperature at which the property changes (hereinafter, this temperature is referred to as a property change temperature in the present invention). When the property change temperature is in the above range, the low melting point metal powder is melted during heating, and an alloy is easily formed with the high melting point metal powder. When the binder is a thermosetting resin, the property change temperature changes depending on the combination with the curing agent component, and does not maintain a value specific to the substance. The range of the property change temperature is preferably 100 ° C to 300 ° C. When the property change temperature is less than 100 ° C., a metal having a melting point lower than that is difficult to obtain or expensive. Moreover, there is a possibility that the final product such as a solar cell cannot be used in a high temperature environment. On the other hand, if the property change temperature exceeds 300 ° C., energy consumption in the production process of the final product may increase, or other components may be adversely affected. A property change temperature of 150 ° C. to 250 ° C. is more preferable because it is easy to obtain a low-melting-point metal and energy consumption during production can be further reduced.

  The component (B) and the conductive filler of the conductive paste of the present invention are composed of a high melting point metal powder and a low melting point metal powder. It is preferable that the melting point of the high melting point metal powder is equal to or higher than the property change temperature of the binder, and the melting point of the low melting point metal powder is equal to or lower than the property change temperature of the binder. The shape of the high melting point metal powder and the low melting point metal powder contained in the conductive filler is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected from spherical, flakes, needles and the like. The size of the high melting point metal powder and the low melting point metal powder contained in the conductive filler can be appropriately selected according to the thickness and thickness of the wiring to be formed. For example, the average particle size is about 1 to 50 μm. Are preferably used. In addition, the average particle diameters of the high melting point metal powder and the low melting point metal powder respectively represent those measured using a dynamic light scattering type particle size distribution measuring apparatus.

  The refractory metal powder is not particularly limited as long as the melting point is not lower than the above-described property change temperature, but is preferably 400 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or higher from the viewpoint of ease of temperature control during heating. It is more preferable that the temperature is 800 ° C. or higher. Moreover, since the resistance of the whole electrically conductive paste becomes low, it is preferable that the electrical resistivity (specific resistance) of a metal simple substance is low. For example, a metal having an electrical resistivity of 20 μΩ · cm or less is preferable, and a metal having a resistivity of 10 μΩ · cm or less is more preferable. Such metals include copper (melting point: 1083 ° C.), silver (melting point: 962 ° C.), gold (melting point: 1064 ° C.), nickel (melting point: 1453 ° C.), platinum (melting point: 1774 ° C.), palladium (melting point). : 1555 ° C.), pure metals such as germanium (melting point: 959 ° C.), zinc (melting point: 419 ° C.), and alloys containing them.

  The low melting point metal powder is not particularly limited as long as the melting point is not higher than the above-described property change temperature, but preferably is 350 ° C. or lower (more preferably 300 ° C. or lower) because the influence on the substrate to be applied is reduced. When the temperature is in the range of 100 ° C. to 280 ° C., the possibility of remelting in the use environment is reduced, and the energy consumption during heating is reduced, which is more preferable. Examples of such metals include tin (melting point: 232 ° C.), bismuth (melting point: 271 ° C.), lead (melting point: 328 ° C.), indium (melting point: 157 ° C.), and alloys containing these. Among these, an alloy is preferable from the viewpoint that the melting point can be adjusted, and an alloy containing no lead is more preferable from the environmental viewpoint, and examples thereof include a tin-bismuth alloy.

  When a mixture of high melting point metal powder and low melting point metal powder is used, the low melting point metal powder melts during heating and wets and solidifies the high melting point metal powder, so oxygen in the environment comes into contact with the high melting point metal powder. It becomes difficult. Therefore, when a base metal that is easily oxidized, such as copper or nickel, is used as the refractory metal powder, even if the conductive paste after heating is left in an environment where it is easily oxidized (for example, in a high-temperature and high-humidity atmosphere) An increase in resistance and connection resistance is sufficiently suppressed.

  (B) The compounding quantity of a component becomes like this. Preferably it is 6000-30000 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of (A) component, More preferably, it is 9000-20000 mass parts. If the amount is less than 6000 parts by mass, the volume resistance and connection resistance of the conductive paste may be increased, and if it is more than 30000 parts by mass, the adhesive force to the substrate may be reduced.

  The ratio of the high melting point metal powder and the low melting point metal powder in the component (B) is not particularly limited, but is a mass ratio of the high melting point metal powder and the low melting point metal powder, for example, the high melting point metal powder: the low melting point metal powder = 100. : 1 to 100: 200, preferably 100: 10 to 100: 100, and more desirably 100: 25 to 100: 75.

  The component (C) and the organic solvent of the conductive paste of the present invention are not particularly limited as long as they are organic solvents that can form a uniform mixed system with the binder. A binder may be dispersed, but a binder is preferably dissolved. Examples of such organic solvents include ether compounds, alcohol compounds, ester compounds, ketone compounds, hydrocarbon compounds and the like. Among these, it is preferable to use ether compounds from the viewpoint of inhibiting moisture (humidity) uptake in a use environment and suppressing oxidation of metal powder.

  In addition, the component (C) is particularly preferable when the surface tension is 35 mN / m or more at 25 ° C., since bleeding of the wiring pattern formed on the substrate can be suppressed. Examples of such an organic solvent include ethylene glycol monophenyl ether (PhG) (surface tension at 25 ° C .: 36.6 mN / m) and diethylene glycol monophenyl ether (PhDG) (surface tension at 25 ° C .: 44.9 mN / m). m), propylene glycol monophenyl ether (PhFG) (surface tension at 25 ° C .: 37.8 mN / m), ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether (BzG) (surface tension at 25 ° C .: 35.5 mN / m), and the like. . The surface tension of the organic solvent at 25 ° C. represents a static surface tension value measured by the Wilhelmy method or the like.

  (C) The compounding quantity of a component becomes like this. Preferably it is 100-8000 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of (A) component, More preferably, it is 500-4500 mass parts. If the amount is less than 100 parts by mass, it may be difficult to mix the components. If the amount is more than 8000 parts by mass, the bleeding may increase and it may be difficult to maintain the shape of the wiring pattern.

  The component (D) and the flux of the conductive paste of the present invention are blended in order to remove the oxide film of the high melting point metal powder and improve the wettability of the molten low melting point metal powder. Since the surface of most metals is covered with an insulating oxide film, the resistance value of the conductive paste can be lowered by adding a flux. Moreover, by increasing the wettability of the low melting point metal powder, the melted low melting point metal powder can be sufficiently spread on the surface of the high melting point metal powder, and the resistance value of the conductive paste can be lowered. The flux is appropriately selected according to the metal powder to be used, and examples thereof include rosin flux. The rosin flux is a flux obtained by adding an activator or a solvent to rosin, which is a natural resin obtained by distilling pine sprout, and for example, WHP-002 manufactured by Arakawa Chemical Industries, Ltd. is available. is there.

  (D) The compounding quantity of a component becomes like this. Preferably it is 100-1000 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of (A) component, More preferably, it is 150-650 mass parts. If the amount is less than 100 parts by mass, the oxide film of the component (B) may not be sufficiently removed. If the amount is more than 1000 parts by mass, bleeding may increase and it may be difficult to maintain the shape of the wiring pattern. In addition, the compounding quantity here says solid content. For example, WHP-002 (made by Arakawa Chemical Co., Ltd.), which is a rosin type flux, has a solid content of about 70%, so if the blending amount of WHP-002 is 100 parts by mass, component (D) The amount is about 70 parts by mass.

  The component (E) and the cellulose derivative of the conductive paste of the present invention are those obtained by substituting the hydroxyl group of cellulose to adjust the solubility in a solvent. Examples thereof include cellulose ester derivatives and cellulose ether derivatives.

  Cellulose ester derivatives include organic substances such as cellulose acetate (also called acetyl cellulose or cellulose acetate), cellulose triacetate (three hydroxyl groups are acetylated), cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, etc. There are esters and inorganic esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose sulfate.

  Examples of cellulose ether derivatives include alkyl cellulose ethers, hydroxyalkyl cellulose ethers, and carboxyalkyl cellulose ethers. Specific examples of the alkyl cellulose ether include methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, ethyl methyl cellulose and the like. Specific examples of the hydroxyalkyl cellulose ether include hydroxymethyl cellulose (HMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) and the like. Is mentioned. Specific examples of the carboxyalkyl cellulose ether include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carboxyethyl cellulose (CEC).

  Of these, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, acetylcellulose, and nitrocellulose have a great effect of reducing the connection resistance of the conductive paste, and further, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, and hydroxypropylcellulose suppress bleeding. Particularly preferred from the viewpoint of action.

  (E) The compounding quantity of a component becomes like this. Preferably it is 1-100 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of (A) component, More preferably, it is 5-50 mass parts. If the amount is less than 1 part by mass, bleeding tends to be large and it may be difficult to maintain the shape of the wiring pattern. If the amount is more than 100 parts by mass, the viscosity may be high and a fine wiring pattern may not be formed.

  The conductive paste of the present invention may contain other components as long as the effects of the present invention are exhibited. Examples of other components include flexibility imparting agents, impact resistance imparting agents, non-conductive fillers, heat resistance imparting agents, rheology modifiers, pigments, coupling agents, antifoaming agents, leveling agents, and anti-aging agents. Agents, adhesion-imparting agents, viscoelasticity adjusting agents and the like.

  The conductive paste of the present invention can be prepared by mixing the above components in a predetermined composition. The order of mixing and the method of mixing are not particularly limited.

  EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is given and this invention is demonstrated further in detail, this invention is not limited to these Examples.

  The connection resistance and bleeding in the examples and comparative examples were measured as follows.

<Connection resistance>
On the ITO substrate, a conductive paste was applied to a reference position (reference position) and four measurement positions (first to fourth measurement positions) at predetermined intervals therefrom. The ITO substrate was heated at 200 ° C. for 1 hour to cure the conductive paste. After returning to normal temperature, the resistance between two points of the reference position and the first measurement position was measured, and subsequently, the resistance between the reference point and the second to fourth measurement positions was sequentially measured. By plotting these values on a graph and obtaining the Y intercept, the connection resistance between the conductive paste and the ITO substrate was calculated.

<Smear>
A conductive paste having a width of 1 mm and a length of 10 mm was applied on the ITO substrate. After leaving at 20 ° C. for 1 hour, it was visually confirmed with an optical microscope. The degree of blurring was a relative evaluation, and “small”, “low”, and “high” in order from the smallest.

<Example 1>
The following components were mixed to prepare a conductive paste.
(A) Component: 100 parts by mass of phenoxy resin as a binder resin (YP-50S: weight average molecular weight = about 60,000, manufactured by Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chemical Co., Ltd.)
: As a binder curing agent, boron trifluoride amine 10 parts by mass (product of Toyoko Chemical Co., Ltd.)
Component (B): 10000 parts by mass of Cu powder as the high melting point metal powder (average particle size 20 μm, melting point 1083 ° C., Mitsui Metals Mining Co., Ltd. product)
As a low melting point metal powder, 5000 parts by mass of Sn / Bi powder (average particle size 10 μm, melting point 139 ° C. (Sn-58Bi), CuLox product)
Component (C): As a solvent, 2500 parts by mass of ethylene glycol monophenyl ether (25 ° C. surface tension: 36.6 mN / m, product of Nippon Emulsifier Co., Ltd.)
Component (D): As a flux, 500 parts by mass of rosin flux (WHP-002, Arakawa Chemical Industries, Ltd. product)
(E) component: 50 parts by mass of hydroxymethylcellulose as a cellulose derivative (product of Sakai Industry Co., Ltd.)

<Example 2>
A conductive paste was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the solvent of component (C) was changed to butyl carbitol (25 ° C. surface tension: 30 mN / m).

<Example 3>
A conductive paste was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the thermosetting resin (A) was changed to a thermoplastic resin (acrylic resin, PMMA, manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd.) and the curing agent was omitted.

<Example 4>
A conductive paste was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the high melting point metal powder of component (B) was changed to one having an average particle size of 10 μm.

<Example 5>
Example 1 except that the low melting point metal powder of component (B) was changed to Sn-37Pb (average particle size 10 μm, melting point: 184 ° C., Mitsui Kinzoku Mining Co., Ltd. product) and the blending amount was 4000 parts by mass. Similarly, a conductive paste was prepared.

<Example 6>
A conductive paste was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the cellulose derivative of the component (E) was changed to nitrocellulose (product of Sakai Kogyo Co., Ltd.).

<Example 7>
A conductive paste was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the cellulose derivative of the component (E) was changed to acetyl cellulose (product of Sakai Industry Co., Ltd.).

<Comparative Example 1>
A conductive paste was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the cellulose derivative as the component (E) was omitted.

<Comparative example 2>
A conductive paste was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the low melting point metal powder was omitted from the component (B).

  The results are shown in Table 1. In Examples 1 to 7, the connection resistance was small, and the blur was “slight” or “small”. In Example 2, the solvent was replaced with butyl carbitol having a surface tension at 25 ° C. of less than 35 mN / m. In Examples 6 and 7, the cellulose derivative was other than hydroxyalkyl cellulose (nitrocellulose). It was confirmed that the blur was slightly increased by substituting acetylcellulose. This may be a problem when used for a fine wiring pattern.

  On the other hand, in Comparative Example 1, by omitting the cellulose derivative, the connection resistance was greatly increased and a lot of bleeding was observed. In Comparative Example 2, the connection resistance was greatly increased by omitting the low melting point metal powder. Furthermore, when the volume resistance was measured in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment (85 ° C. × 85% RH), the change was within 15% even after 100 hours in other examples. 2 increased by 100% after 2 hours.

Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
In addition, this application is based on the Japanese patent application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-209089) for which it applied on October 4, 2013, The whole is used by reference.

  As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a conductive paste that has a low volume resistance, can be applied to a fine pattern, and has a low connection resistance to a transparent conductive oxide thin film such as ITO.

Claims (9)

(A) a binder comprising a thermoplastic resin and / or a thermosetting resin;
(B) a conductive filler comprising a high melting point metal powder and a low melting point metal powder;
(C) an organic solvent;
(D) a flux and (E) a cellulose derivative,
The conductive paste whose property change temperature of the binder is not lower than the melting point of the low melting point metal powder and not higher than the melting point of the high melting point metal powder.   2. The conductive paste according to claim 1, wherein the high melting point metal powder in the component (B) has a melting point of 400 ° C. or higher and the low melting point metal powder has a melting point of 350 ° C. or lower.   The high melting point metal powder in the component (B) is made of at least one metal selected from copper, silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, germanium and zinc and / or an alloy containing these metals, and the low melting point metal powder is The conductive paste according to claim 1 or 2, comprising at least one metal selected from tin, bismuth, lead and indium and / or an alloy containing these metals. For 100 parts by mass of the component (A),
The component (B) 6000-30000 parts by mass;
100 to 8000 parts by mass of the component (C),
100 to 1000 parts by mass of the component (D),
The conductive paste according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein 1 to 100 parts by mass of the component (E) are blended.   The conductive paste according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the component (E) is at least one selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkylcellulose, acetylcellulose, and nitrocellulose.   The said (E) component is at least 1 sort (s) of hydroxyalkyl cellulose chosen from the group which consists of hydroxymethylcellulose ether, hydroxyethyl cellulose ether, and hydroxypropyl cellulose ether, The any one of Claims 1-5 characterized by the above-mentioned. Conductive paste.   The conductive paste according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the component (A) comprises a phenoxy resin.   The conductive paste according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the component (C) has a surface tension of 35 mN / m or more at 25 ° C.   The component (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol monophenyl ether, diethylene glycol monophenyl ether, propylene glycol monophenyl ether, and ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether. The conductive paste according to any one of 8.