JPS6337848B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPS6337848B2 JPS6337848B2 JP58176809A JP17680983A JPS6337848B2 JP S6337848 B2 JPS6337848 B2 JP S6337848B2 JP 58176809 A JP58176809 A JP 58176809A JP 17680983 A JP17680983 A JP 17680983A JP S6337848 B2 JPS6337848 B2 JP S6337848B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- ceramic
- outer cylinder
- metal outer
- metal
- ceramic heater
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 16
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 8
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017112 Fe—C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001080 W alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000833 kovar Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
- F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
- F23Q7/001—Glowing plugs for internal-combustion engines
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
この発明は主としてデイーゼルエンジンに装着
されるセラミツクグロープラグに関し、更に詳し
くはセラミツクヒーターと金属の接合を改良して
成るセラミツクグロープラグに関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates primarily to a ceramic glow plug installed in a diesel engine, and more particularly to a ceramic glow plug with improved bonding between a ceramic heater and metal.
一般にデイーゼルエンジンは低温時における始
動性が悪いためにエンジンヘツドの副燃焼室、主
燃焼室等にグロープラグを装着し、これら室内に
噴射される燃料を一部燃焼させてエンジンの始動
性を向上させる方法がとられており、近年グロー
プラグはその始動性を容易にするために急速な昇
温特性をもつことが要求される。 Diesel engines generally have poor startability at low temperatures, so glow plugs are installed in the auxiliary combustion chamber, main combustion chamber, etc. of the engine head, and part of the fuel injected into these chambers is combusted to improve engine startability. In recent years, glow plugs have been required to have rapid temperature rise characteristics in order to facilitate starting.
この目的を達成するグロープラグとしては、発
熱線に高融点金属のタングステン（Ｗ）、モリブ
デン（Mo）等を用い、これを窒化珪素（Si3N4）
等を主成分とするセラミツク焼結体中に埋設して
成るセラミツクヒーターを発熱体としたセラミツ
クグロープラグが知られているが、この種のグロ
ープラグは従来のメタル型グロープラグのように
発熱体が金属シーズで覆われていないため昇温効
率が良く、発熱線に高融点金属線材を用いている
ため高温時においても溶断するおそれは少ない利
点がある。 Glow plugs that achieve this purpose use high-melting point metals such as tungsten (W) and molybdenum (Mo) for the heating wire, and use silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ).
Ceramic glow plugs are known in which the heating element is a ceramic heater embedded in a ceramic sintered body mainly composed of Since the wire is not covered with metal seeds, the heating efficiency is good, and since the heating wire is made of a high-melting point metal wire, there is less risk of melting even at high temperatures.
ところで上記発熱体のセラミツクヒーターは渦
流室等の燃焼室内に直接曝されて急速昇温および
セラミツクヒータ表面が噴射燃料や渦流気によつ
て冷却作用を受け熱衝撃によりセラミツク割れを
生じるおそれがあること、又グロープラグのエン
ジンヘツド取付時の接触をはじめ外力で折損し易
い問題があるため、かかるセラミツクヒーターは
金属外筒でその基部分が銀鑞付けされて覆われ、
機関取付ねじを備えた取付金具の内腔に前記金属
外筒が挿嵌されて同様に鑞接された構成となつて
いる。しかしセラミツクヒーターと金属外筒の銀
鑞付けの場合には次のような問題が生じた。(イ)銀
鑞付けされる金属の材質が限定され、耐熱性の低
いものしか使用できない。即ち前記両者の銀鑞付
けの通常温度は約850℃で、その雰囲気として純
水素又は水素、窒素の分解ガスが使用される。か
かる雰囲気において第１図の如き加熱温度サイク
ルを経過するが、その際低温域で雰囲気ガス中の
微量の水分により金属が酸化され、鑞付け温度に
達するまでのガスによる還元が生じて金属表面が
清浄になつて鑞付けされる。従つて前記鑞付け温
度までに酸化物が還元される必要があるが、ステ
ンレス鋼、インコネルのような耐熱金属はCr、
Mn等が添加されていてこれら金属の酸化物の還
元温度が900〜1000℃であるため銀鑞付けには使
用できない。このためかかる銀鑞付けの際の金属
外筒の材質としては炭素鋼（Fe−Ｃ）、コバール
に限定されて耐酸化性が劣り上述の如き金属外筒
からのセラミツクヒーターの突出寸法を可及的に
短縮し、セラミツクヒーターの折損を防止して耐
久性の優れたものとすることができなかつた。 By the way, the above-mentioned ceramic heater as a heating element is exposed directly to a combustion chamber such as a vortex chamber, and the temperature rises rapidly, and the surface of the ceramic heater is cooled by the injected fuel and vortex air, which may cause cracks in the ceramic due to thermal shock. Also, since there is a problem that the glow plug is easily broken due to external force such as contact when installing the glow plug to the engine head, such ceramic heaters are covered with a metal outer cylinder with the base part covered with silver brazing.
The metal outer cylinder is inserted into the inner cavity of a mounting bracket provided with engine mounting screws and similarly brazed. However, in the case of silver brazing the ceramic heater and the metal outer cylinder, the following problems arose. (a) The metal material to be silver-brazed is limited, and only those with low heat resistance can be used. That is, the normal temperature for both silver brazing is about 850° C., and the atmosphere is pure hydrogen or a decomposed gas of hydrogen or nitrogen. In such an atmosphere, a heating temperature cycle as shown in Fig. 1 is passed, during which the metal is oxidized by a small amount of moisture in the atmospheric gas in the low temperature range, and reduction by the gas occurs until the brazing temperature is reached, causing the metal surface to deteriorate. Cleaned and brazed. Therefore, the oxide needs to be reduced by the brazing temperature, but heat-resistant metals such as stainless steel and Inconel are
It cannot be used for silver brazing because Mn etc. are added and the reduction temperature of the oxides of these metals is 900 to 1000°C. For this reason, the material for the metal outer cylinder during silver brazing is limited to carbon steel (Fe-C) and Kovar, which have poor oxidation resistance, and the protrusion size of the ceramic heater from the metal outer cylinder as described above cannot be achieved. However, it was not possible to shorten the length of the ceramic heater, prevent breakage of the ceramic heater, and make it highly durable.
本発明は上記点に鑑みてなされたものであつて
金属外筒にステンレス鋼、インコネル等の耐熱金
属を用いると共に表面にニツケルメツキ層を形成
しセラミツクヒーターとの銀鑞付け接合を可能に
して耐久性の優れたセラミツクグロープラグを提
供しようとするものである。 The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and uses a heat-resistant metal such as stainless steel or Inconel for the metal outer cylinder, and forms a nickel plating layer on the surface to enable silver brazing bonding with a ceramic heater and improve durability. The aim is to provide an excellent ceramic glow plug.
以上本発明を図面の実施例によつて説明する。 The present invention will be described above with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings.
第２図は本発明の一実施例を示すセラミツクグ
ロープラグの縦断面図であり、図中１は発熱体と
なるセラミツクヒーターであり、例えばＷ、Mo
又はＷとRe、Co、Mo、Zr、Th等とのＷ合金線
材を用い、中央部でＵ字状に折曲げられて成る発
熱線２にはその両端にリード線３，３′が溶接さ
れ、これを例えばSi3N4を主成分としたセラミツ
ク焼結体に埋設して成るものであつて、好ましく
はこのヒーターは真円を有する棒状に形成されま
たその製造方法としては本出願人の出願した特願
昭57−194768号が好適に用いることができる。こ
のセラミツクヒーター１はステンレス鋼、インコ
ネル等の耐熱金属で形成された金属外筒４の内壁
に嵌合され、その先端を該金属外筒４の先端より
適宜（好ましくはヒーター外径の３倍以下）突出
させて保持されている。発熱線２の一端に溶接さ
れたリード線３はセラミツクヒーター表面に露出
して該セラミツクヒーターの一部分と共に銀鑞材
５により前記金属外筒４に鑞接されて電気的に接
続され、この金属外筒４は機関取付ねじを設けた
取付金具６の内腔に挿嵌され銀鑞材７によつて鑞
接されて−電極を構成し、一方発熱線２の他端に
溶接されたリード線３′はセラミツクヒーター１
の後端部でリード棒８を備えた金属キヤツプ９と
電気的に接続され、リード棒８の他方が中軸１０
と溶接されて絶縁体１１を取付金具６との間に介
設してナツト１２で締付け固定され＋電極となる
構造をもつものである。 FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a ceramic glow plug showing an embodiment of the present invention. In the figure, 1 is a ceramic heater serving as a heating element, such as W, Mo, etc.
Alternatively, a heating wire 2 made of a W alloy wire of W and Re, Co, Mo, Zr, Th, etc. is bent into a U-shape at the center, and lead wires 3, 3' are welded to both ends of the heating wire 2. For example, this heater is embedded in a ceramic sintered body mainly composed of Si 3 N 4. Preferably, this heater is formed in the shape of a rod having a perfect circle, and its manufacturing method is described by the present applicant. The filed Japanese Patent Application No. 194768/1988 can be suitably used. This ceramic heater 1 is fitted into the inner wall of a metal outer cylinder 4 made of a heat-resistant metal such as stainless steel or Inconel, and its tip is inserted at an appropriate distance from the tip of the metal outer cylinder 4 (preferably not more than 3 times the outside diameter of the heater). ) held in a protruding manner. A lead wire 3 welded to one end of the heating wire 2 is exposed on the surface of the ceramic heater and is electrically connected to the metal outer cylinder 4 with a silver solder material 5 together with a part of the ceramic heater. The cylinder 4 is inserted into the inner cavity of a mounting bracket 6 provided with an engine mounting screw and is soldered with a silver solder material 7 to form an electrode, while a lead wire 3 is welded to the other end of the heating wire 2. ' is ceramic heater 1
The rear end is electrically connected to a metal cap 9 with a lead rod 8, and the other end of the lead rod 8 is connected to a central shaft 10.
The insulator 11 is interposed between the mounting bracket 6 and the mounting bracket 6, and the insulator 11 is tightened and fixed with a nut 12 to form a positive electrode.
本発明の上記金属外筒４は第３図に一部切截し
て図示するように少なくともセラミツクヒーター
１と鑞接部分の内壁又は全表面に予めニツケルメ
ツキ層１３を形成する。このNiメツキ層を形成
することで表面から内部への酸素の拡散が阻止で
き、鑞付けに有害なCr、Mnの酸化物が形成され
ないため強固な接合が得られる。またNiメツキ
層の厚みは実験によれば酸素の拡散が防止できる
5μ以上が必要であり、又40μ以上の膜厚は加熱時
又は冷却時に亀裂が発生して鑞付け性の改善がで
きない。更にNiメツキは電解、無電解とも鑞付
け性には差はないが生産性の面から無電解Niメ
ツキが得策である。又セラミツクヒーター１の鑞
接部分には予め金属粉末とセラミツク粉末から成
る金属化処理、濡れ性の良いガラス材を主体とす
る被覆焼付け層および金属蒸着層等の被膜層１４
が形成されて銀鑞材５を介して上記Niメツキ１
３を施した金属外筒４内に挿嵌し、水素ガス雰囲
気中約850℃で銀鑞付けを行なう。なおこの鑞付
けの際にはリード棒８を配した金属キヤツプ９を
も同時に銀鑞付けする。この時の金属キヤツプは
特に耐熱性を必要としないため炭素鋼（Fe−Ｃ）
が使用でき、又金属外筒と同質材を用いる場合に
は同様に鑞接部分にはNiメツキを施したものを
用いて銀鑞付けされる。 As shown in a partially cutaway view of FIG. 3, the metal outer cylinder 4 of the present invention has a nickel plating layer 13 formed in advance on at least the inner wall or the entire surface of the part to be soldered to the ceramic heater 1. Forming this Ni plating layer prevents oxygen from diffusing from the surface to the inside, and prevents the formation of Cr and Mn oxides that are harmful to brazing, resulting in a strong bond. Experiments have also shown that the thickness of the Ni plating layer can prevent oxygen diffusion.
A film thickness of 5μ or more is required, and a film thickness of 40μ or more will cause cracks to occur during heating or cooling, making it impossible to improve brazing properties. Furthermore, there is no difference in brazing performance between electrolytic and electroless Ni plating, but electroless Ni plating is better from the viewpoint of productivity. Further, the brazed portion of the ceramic heater 1 is preliminarily coated with a metallization treatment consisting of metal powder and ceramic powder, a coating layer 14 such as a coating baking layer mainly made of a glass material with good wettability, and a metal vapor deposition layer.
is formed and the above Ni plating 1 is applied via the silver solder material 5.
It is inserted into the metal outer cylinder 4 which has been subjected to step 3, and silver brazed at about 850°C in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. Incidentally, during this brazing, the metal cap 9 on which the lead rod 8 is arranged is also silver-brazed at the same time. The metal cap at this time is made of carbon steel (Fe-C) because it does not require particular heat resistance.
Also, if the same material as the metal outer cylinder is used, the soldered parts are similarly plated with Ni and silver soldered.
かかる方法で製作された金属外筒組立体は取付
金具との鑞接部分に公知のフラツクスを塗布して
該取付金具６の内腔に挿嵌し、低融点銀鑞材（前
記銀鑞材５より約200℃融点が低い）を用いて大
気中で鑞付けされて製作される。 The metal outer cylinder assembly manufactured by this method is coated with a known flux on the soldered portion with the mounting fitting 6, is inserted into the inner cavity of the mounting fitting 6, and is coated with a low melting point silver brazing material (the silver brazing material 5 described above). The melting point is approximately 200°C lower than that of 300°C.
以上述べた如く、本発明のセラミツクグロープ
ラグは金属外筒にステンレス鋼、インコネル等の
耐熱金属を用いると共に内壁表面にNiメツキ層
を形成したことにより酸化が防止されて強固な銀
鑞付接合が得られ、セラミツクヒーターの突出寸
法が前記金属外筒を延長することで短縮でき、セ
ラミツクヒーターの折損および使用中の熱サイク
ルによるセラミツク割れを有効に防止し、耐久性
を著しく向上することができる。 As described above, the ceramic glow plug of the present invention uses a heat-resistant metal such as stainless steel or Inconel for the metal outer cylinder, and forms a Ni plating layer on the inner wall surface to prevent oxidation and provide a strong silver-brazed joint. As a result, the protruding dimension of the ceramic heater can be shortened by extending the metal outer cylinder, and breakage of the ceramic heater and cracking of the ceramic due to thermal cycles during use can be effectively prevented, and durability can be significantly improved.
第１図は銀鑞付けの加熱温度サイクルを示す状
態図、第２図は本発明の一実施例を示すセラミツ
クグロープラグの縦断面図、第３図は第１図のセ
ラミツクヒーターと金属外筒との鑞接を示す要部
断面図である。
１……セラミツクヒーター、２……発熱線、４
……金属外筒、５……銀鑞材、６……取付金具、
１３……ニツケルメツキ層。
Fig. 1 is a state diagram showing a heating temperature cycle for silver brazing, Fig. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of a ceramic glow plug showing an embodiment of the present invention, and Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the ceramic heater and metal outer cylinder of Fig. 1. FIG. 1...Ceramic heater, 2...Heating wire, 4
...Metal outer cylinder, 5...Silver brazing material, 6...Mounting bracket,
13...Nitskelmetsuki layer.
Claims (1)
設し焼結して成るセラミツクヒーターが、金属外
筒の先端面から突出してその内壁に鑞接され、こ
の金属外筒が取付金具の先端部内腔に接合されて
成るセラミツクグロープラグにおいて、前記金属
外筒を耐熱合金で形成すると共に少くとも前記セ
ラミツクヒーターとの鑞接部分の前記内壁に形成
されたニツケルメツキ層を介して銀鑞付けされ、
かつそのニツケルメツキ層の厚みが５〜40μとし
て成るセラミツクグロープラグ。1 A ceramic heater made by embedding and sintering a high-melting-point metal heating wire in ceramic powder protrudes from the tip of a metal outer cylinder and is brazed to the inner wall of the metal outer cylinder. In the ceramic glow plug, the metal outer cylinder is formed of a heat-resistant alloy, and is silver-brazed through a nickel plating layer formed on the inner wall at least in the brazed portion with the ceramic heater,
A ceramic glow plug whose nickel plating layer has a thickness of 5 to 40μ.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17680983A JPS6069434A (en) | 1983-09-24 | 1983-09-24 | Ceramic glow plug |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17680983A JPS6069434A (en) | 1983-09-24 | 1983-09-24 | Ceramic glow plug |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS6069434A JPS6069434A (en) | 1985-04-20 |
| JPS6337848B2 true JPS6337848B2 (en) | 1988-07-27 |
Family
ID=16020214
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17680983A Granted JPS6069434A (en) | 1983-09-24 | 1983-09-24 | Ceramic glow plug |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS6069434A (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3646249B2 (en) * | 2000-07-25 | 2005-05-11 | 株式会社ボッシュオートモーティブシステム | Ceramic heater type glow plug and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP4677140B2 (en) * | 2001-08-13 | 2011-04-27 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | Glow plug |
| JP2005315447A (en) * | 2004-04-27 | 2005-11-10 | Kyocera Corp | Ceramic heater and glow plug |
| JP5829879B2 (en) * | 2011-09-30 | 2015-12-09 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | Ceramic glow plug and its assembly structure |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58206090A (en) * | 1982-05-25 | 1983-12-01 | 株式会社デンソー | Ceramic heater |
-
1983
- 1983-09-24 JP JP17680983A patent/JPS6069434A/en active Granted
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58206090A (en) * | 1982-05-25 | 1983-12-01 | 株式会社デンソー | Ceramic heater |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS6069434A (en) | 1985-04-20 |
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