JPS63308118A - Braced piling method in pile foundation of construction - Google Patents
Braced piling method in pile foundation of constructionInfo
- Publication number
- JPS63308118A JPS63308118A JP14337487A JP14337487A JPS63308118A JP S63308118 A JPS63308118 A JP S63308118A JP 14337487 A JP14337487 A JP 14337487A JP 14337487 A JP14337487 A JP 14337487A JP S63308118 A JPS63308118 A JP S63308118A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- pile
- building
- foundation
- foundation structure
- brace
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 3
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Foundations (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
[産業上の利用分野]
本発明は、特に斜杭を使用した建築物の杭基礎に於ける
ブレース杭工法に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial Field of Application] The present invention particularly relates to a brace pile construction method for building pile foundations using oblique piles.
[従来技術とその間M):1.J
従来、斜杭を使用した建築物の杭基礎に於いては、斜杭
の杭頭を建築物の基礎構造体に固定して接合する工法が
採ら代でいた。[Prior art and intervening M):1. J Conventionally, in the case of pile foundations for buildings using diagonal piles, the method used was to fix and connect the pile heads of the diagonal piles to the foundation structure of the building.
その中で既製斜杭は、第9図に示すように、杭頭を建物
のフーチングに埋込むか、杭頭の鉄筋をはつり出し又は
外挿的に鉄筋カゴを根巻きし、それらの鉄筋をフーチン
グ内に固定していた。As shown in Figure 9, prefabricated diagonal piles are constructed by embedding the pile cap in the footing of the building, by protruding the reinforcing bars from the pile cap, or by extrapolating around the reinforcing bar baskets. It was fixed inside the footing.
そのため、斜杭とフーチングの固定度が施工状態に左右
されて設計通りに行なわれず、地震時に被害を受ける等
の問題、αがあった。As a result, the degree of fixation of the diagonal piles and footings was affected by the construction conditions and could not be carried out as designed, causing problems such as damage during earthquakes.
また、場所打ちコンクリート斜杭の場合は、フーチング
アンカ一部分が杭製造中は余嵌コンクリートで被われ、
そのはつり出し作業は大変な困難を伴うものであるばか
りでなく、抗体へのダメージ或いは掘削孔内に露出した
鉄筋1こより転落事故の際、致命的な危険物にもなって
いた。In addition, in the case of cast-in-place concrete diagonal piles, part of the footing anchor is covered with overfill concrete during pile manufacture.
Not only was the work of lifting it out very difficult, but it also became a dangerous item that could be fatal if it caused damage to the steel or fell from one of the reinforcing bars exposed in the borehole.
さらに、上記斜杭と鉛直杭とを組み合わせると共に、該
鉛直杭を建築物の基礎構造体とピン接合した場合に、水
平力を十分支持することができないという問題点がある
。Furthermore, when the above-mentioned diagonal pile and vertical pile are combined and the vertical pile is pin-connected to the foundation structure of a building, there is a problem that horizontal force cannot be sufficiently supported.
[発明の目的1
一般的に建築物の構造設計は、第10図に示されるよう
なモデル化で解析されており、地業が杭基礎の場合、杭
頭固定・半固定によって杭に生じる曲げモーメントを地
中梁に曲げ戻している。即ち、設計モデル化と接合部の
デイテエールが合っていないので、本発明は、杭頭接合
部の合理性を図り、場所打ち杭頭の処理が容易となり、
作業の安全性を図ることがでさるばかりでなく、ピン接
合の鉛直杭と組み合わせた場合でも、水平力を十分支持
することができる建築物の杭基礎に於けるブレース杭工
法を提供することを目的とするものである。[Objective of the Invention 1 Generally, the structural design of buildings is analyzed by modeling as shown in Figure 10, and when the ground construction is a pile foundation, the bending that occurs in the pile due to fixed or semi-fixed pile heads is The moment is bent back to the underground beam. In other words, since the design model and the date of the joint do not match, the present invention aims at the rationality of the pile head joint and facilitates the treatment of cast-in-place pile heads.
The present invention aims to provide a brace pile construction method for building pile foundations that not only improves work safety but also can sufficiently support horizontal forces even when combined with pin-jointed vertical piles. This is the purpose.
[発明の構成]
本発明の建築物の杭基礎に於けるブレース杭工法は、建
築物の杭基礎に於いて、該建築物の基礎地盤中に斜杭を
打繋し、該斜杭の杭頭と建築物の基礎構造体の下面との
接合をピン構造としたを特徴とするものであり、上記斜
杭を放射状に配置したことを特徴とするものである。[Structure of the Invention] The brace pile construction method for the pile foundation of a building according to the present invention is such that in the pile foundation of a building, a diagonal pile is driven into the foundation ground of the building, and the pile of the diagonal pile is It is characterized in that the connection between the head and the lower surface of the foundation structure of the building is a pin structure, and the diagonal piles are arranged radially.
また、上記斜杭のピン接合において、基礎構造体がフー
チング、柱の下端部または地中梁であることを特徴とし
、上記ピン構造が、杭頭に凸状球面を形成し、基礎構造
体の下面に凹状球面を形成して、相互に面接触せしめた
ものであり、或いは、杭頭に門状球面を形成し、基vI
!構造体の下面に凸状球面を形成しで相互に面接触せし
めたらのであることを特徴とするものである。Further, in the pin connection of the diagonal pile, the foundation structure is a footing, the lower end of a column, or an underground beam, and the pin structure forms a convex spherical surface on the pile head, and the foundation structure A concave spherical surface is formed on the lower surface so that they are in surface contact with each other, or a portal-shaped spherical surface is formed on the pile cap, and the base vI
! The structure is characterized in that a convex spherical surface is formed on the lower surface of the structure so that they are in surface contact with each other.
また、本WI第2の発明のブレース杭工法は、斜杭の杭
頭と建築物の基礎構造体の下面との接合を球面接触のピ
ン構造としたものに於いて、接触球面にカバーを被設し
たことを特徴とし、上記基礎構造体の下面に形成した接
触球面にカバーを被設するか、又は、上記斜杭の杭頭に
形成した接触球面にカバーを被設するか、或いは、上記
斜杭の杭頭および基礎構造体の下面に形成した接触球面
の双方にカバーを被設したことを特徴とするものである
。In addition, the brace pile construction method of the second invention of this WI uses a pin structure with spherical contact between the pile head of the slanted pile and the lower surface of the foundation structure of the building, and the contact spherical surface is covered with a cover. A cover is provided on the contact spherical surface formed on the lower surface of the foundation structure, or a cover is provided on the contact spherical surface formed on the pile cap of the slanted pile, or the above-mentioned This is characterized in that a cover is provided on both the pile cap of the slanted pile and the contact spherical surface formed on the lower surface of the foundation structure.
さらに、本II!83の発明のブレース杭工法は、斜杭
の杭頭と建築物の基礎構造体の下面との接合を球面接′
触のピン構造としたものに於いて、その中心に浮上り抵
抗体を配筋して上記基礎構造体および杭頭部に定着せし
めたことを特徴とするものである。Furthermore, Book II! The brace pile construction method of the invention of No. 83 connects the pile cap of the slanted pile and the lower surface of the foundation structure of the building with a spherical surface.
The present invention is characterized in that a floating resistor is reinforced at the center of the pin structure and is fixed to the foundation structure and the pile head.
[実施例1
以下、本発明の一実施例について図面を参照しながら説
明する。[Embodiment 1] Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
tIS1図に於いて、1は建築物であって、その基礎構
造物1′は斜杭2および鉛直杭3に接合支持されている
。該基礎構造物1′はフーチング、柱の下端部あるいは
地中梁のいずれであってもよく、また、杭2,3は工場
生産による既製杭でも現場打ちコンクリート杭のいずれ
でもよい。In the tIS1 diagram, 1 is a building, and its foundation structure 1' is connected and supported by diagonal piles 2 and vertical piles 3. The foundation structure 1' may be a footing, the lower end of a column, or an underground beam, and the piles 2 and 3 may be ready-made piles produced in a factory or concrete piles cast in place.
第2図に示すように、上記斜杭2は建築物1の基礎構造
体1′のほぼ中央部に放射状に配置されている。これに
より、建築物1にいずれの方向の水平力が働いても、い
ずれかの斜杭2により、その水平力を支持することがで
きる。尚、斜杭2の放射状の配置は、建築物1の基礎構
造体1′の中央部にかならずしも配置する必要はなく、
建築物1の構造および水平力のかかり方に応じて、適宜
位置に配置することができる。*た、放射状の斜杭2群
を配置する箇所は、基礎構造体1′の1箇所に限定する
ものではなく、複数箇所でもよく、或いは全体として総
ての方向のを向いていれば、かならずしも1烹で放射状
に配置する必要はない。As shown in FIG. 2, the diagonal piles 2 are arranged radially approximately at the center of the foundation structure 1' of the building 1. Thereby, even if a horizontal force is applied to the building 1 in any direction, the horizontal force can be supported by any of the diagonal piles 2. Note that the radial arrangement of the inclined piles 2 does not necessarily have to be arranged in the center of the foundation structure 1' of the building 1;
It can be placed at an appropriate position depending on the structure of the building 1 and how horizontal force is applied. *In addition, the location where the two groups of radial diagonal piles are placed is not limited to one location on the foundation structure 1', but may be multiple locations, or as long as they face in all directions as a whole, it is not necessary. It is not necessary to arrange each flame radially.
第3図からも明らかなように、斜杭2の上端部、即ち杭
頭には凸状球面2aが形成されている。As is clear from FIG. 3, a convex spherical surface 2a is formed at the upper end of the oblique pile 2, that is, at the pile head.
また、基l!!構造物1′の下面には、凹状球面1aが
形成されている。上記凸状球面2aと凹状球面1aは、
共に同一ないし多少異なる曲率半径を有し、相互に球面
接触している。Also, base! ! A concave spherical surface 1a is formed on the lower surface of the structure 1'. The convex spherical surface 2a and the concave spherical surface 1a are
Both have the same or slightly different radius of curvature, and are in spherical contact with each other.
また、上記鉛直杭3も同様に、その抗頭が凸状球面とな
っており、基礎構造物1′の凹状球面と相互に球面接触
している。Similarly, the vertical pile 3 has a convex spherical head and is in spherical contact with the concave spherical surface of the foundation structure 1'.
本実施例は以上のように構成されているので、上記斜杭
2は建築物1の垂直荷重のP、の杭軸方向分力Il+と
、建築物1にかかる水平荷重Qの杭軸方向分力qを負担
し、上記鉛直杭3は、垂直荷重P2をそのまま負担する
。しかしながら、上記斜杭2の杭頭と建築物1の基礎構
造物1′とは球面接触となっているので、上記荷重P、
、Qに基づく剪断力は働(が、斜杭2には杭頭部を拘束
する曲げ応力が働くことはない。Since the present embodiment is configured as described above, the slanted pile 2 receives the pile axial direction component of the vertical load P of the building 1, Il+, and the pile axial direction component of the horizontal load Q applied to the building 1. The vertical pile 3 bears the force q, and the vertical pile 3 bears the vertical load P2 as it is. However, since the pile head of the slanted pile 2 and the foundation structure 1' of the building 1 are in spherical contact, the load P,
, Q acts (However, bending stress that restrains the pile head does not act on the slanted pile 2.
また、鉛直杭3も同様に、剪断力は働くが、杭頭部を拘
束する曲げ応力が働くことはない。Similarly, shearing force acts on the vertical pile 3, but bending stress that restrains the pile head does not act on it.
尚、第4図に示すように、杭頭の凸状球面2a内に剪断
リング鉄筋4を配筋し、膨張繊維モルタル5のグラウト
注入を行なって強化しておくと共に、上記基礎構造体1
′の凹状球面1aには鋼製のカバー6を被設して、ピン
接合状態を強化しておくとよい。As shown in FIG. 4, shear ring reinforcing bars 4 are arranged within the convex spherical surface 2a of the pile head, and expanded fiber mortar 5 is injected into the grout to strengthen the foundation structure 1.
It is preferable to cover the concave spherical surface 1a with a steel cover 6 to strengthen the pin joint state.
上記実施例では、基礎構造体1′の凹状球面1aにカバ
ー6を被設したが、第5図に示すように、杭頭の凸状球
面2aにカバー7を被設してもよい。In the above embodiment, the cover 6 is provided on the concave spherical surface 1a of the foundation structure 1', but as shown in FIG. 5, the cover 7 may be provided on the convex spherical surface 2a of the pile cap.
この場合、基i!構造体1′の凹状球面1a内には剪断
リング鉄筋8を配筋すると共に膨張繊維モルタル9のグ
ラウト注入を行なって、強化しておくとよい。In this case, the base i! The concave spherical surface 1a of the structure 1' is preferably reinforced by arranging shear ring reinforcing bars 8 and injecting expanded fiber mortar 9 into the grout.
第6図は、基礎構造体1′の凹状球面1aと杭頭の凸状
球面2aの双方にカバーi o、i tを被設した別の
実施例を示すものである。FIG. 6 shows another embodiment in which covers i o, it are provided on both the concave spherical surface 1a of the foundation structure 1' and the convex spherical surface 2a of the pile head.
また、第7図に示すように、基礎構造体1′の下面に下
向きの凸状球面1bを形成し、これに凹状球面2bの杭
頭を接合させてもよい。Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 7, a downward convex spherical surface 1b may be formed on the lower surface of the foundation structure 1', and a pile cap of a concave spherical surface 2b may be joined to this.
更に、第8図に示すように、上記杭頭の中心部には例え
ば鉄筋・PC@線・炭素繊維線・鎖等の浮上り抵抗体1
2の下半分が定着されており、その上半分が基i!構造
体1′に定着されている。Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 8, a floating resistor 1 such as reinforcing steel, PC@ wire, carbon fiber wire, chain, etc. is placed in the center of the pile cap.
The lower half of 2 is fixed, and the upper half is the base i! It is fixed to the structure 1'.
該浮上り抵抗体12にはプレート13が付設されている
。A plate 13 is attached to the floating resistor 12 .
尚、杭頭部の凸状球面部分と浮上り抵抗体12との11
11にはわずかな間隙Sが形成されている。11 between the convex spherical portion of the pile head and the floating resistor 12.
A slight gap S is formed in 11.
従って、基礎構造体1′と斜杭2との間に引っ張り力が
働いても、浮上り抵抗体12により引っ張り力が斜杭2
に伝達され、基t!構造体1′が浮上るようなことはな
い。Therefore, even if a tensile force acts between the foundation structure 1' and the diagonal pile 2, the floating resistor 12 will reduce the tensile force to the diagonal pile.
transmitted to base t! There is no possibility that the structure 1' will float up.
[発明の効果]
(1)斜杭を基礎構造体にピン接合したので、水平力を
支持することができると共に、斜杭に回転モーメンビが
働かないので、斜杭の力学的安全性が明確となる。[Effects of the invention] (1) Since the diagonal pile is pin-connected to the foundation structure, horizontal force can be supported, and rotational moment does not act on the diagonal pile, so the mechanical safety of the diagonal pile is clearly ensured. Become.
(2)ピン接合の鉛直杭と組み合わせると共に、斜杭を
放射状に配置することにより、あらゆる方向の水平力を
支持し、鉛直杭の弱点を補強することができる。(2) By combining with pin-jointed vertical piles and radially arranging diagonal piles, it is possible to support horizontal forces in all directions and reinforce the weak points of vertical piles.
(3)安全管理がやり易くなる。(3) Safety management becomes easier.
(4)杭頭処理が容易となる。(4) Pile head treatment becomes easier.
(5)場合によってはフーチングが不要となり、敷地の
根切り量や無駄が少なくなって、コストダウンとなる。(5) In some cases, footings are no longer necessary, reducing the amount of root cutting and waste on the site, resulting in cost reduction.
第1図は本発明の一実施例を示す断面図、第2図はその
平面図、第3図は要部の拡大断面図、第4図〜第8図は
各々ピン接合構造の別の実施例を示す断面、#49図は
従来工法を示す断面図、第10図は建物構造のモデル図
である。
1・・・建築物、1′・・・基礎構造体、1a・・・凹
状球面、1b・・・凸状球面、2・・・斜杭、2a・・
・凸状球面、2b・・・凹状球面、3・・・鉛直杭、4
・・・剪断リング鉄筋、5・・・膨張繊維モルタル、6
.7・・・カバー、8・・・剪断リング鉄筋、9・・・
膨張繊維モルタル、10゜11・・・カバー、12・・
・浮上り抵抗体、13・・・プレート、P、、P2・・
・垂直荷重、p醪・分力、Q・・・水平荷重、q・・・
分力。Fig. 1 is a sectional view showing one embodiment of the present invention, Fig. 2 is a plan view thereof, Fig. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of the main part, and Figs. 4 to 8 are respectively different embodiments of the pin joint structure. A cross-sectional view showing an example, Figure #49, is a cross-sectional view showing the conventional construction method, and Figure 10 is a model diagram of the building structure. 1... Building, 1'... Foundation structure, 1a... Concave spherical surface, 1b... Convex spherical surface, 2... Oblique pile, 2a...
・Convex spherical surface, 2b... Concave spherical surface, 3... Vertical pile, 4
... Shear ring reinforcing bar, 5 ... Expanded fiber mortar, 6
.. 7...Cover, 8...Shear ring reinforcing bar, 9...
Expanded fiber mortar, 10° 11...Cover, 12...
・Floating resistor, 13... plate, P,, P2...
・Vertical load, p-component force, Q...Horizontal load, q...
Part of power.
Claims (12)
に斜杭を打設し、該斜杭の杭頭と建築物の基礎構造体の
下面との接合をピン構造としたを特徴とするブレース杭
工法。(1) In the pile foundation of a building, a diagonal pile is driven into the foundation ground of the building, and the connection between the pile head of the diagonal pile and the lower surface of the foundation structure of the building is a pin structure. A brace pile construction method characterized by:
記特許請求の範囲第1項に記載のブレース杭工法。(2) The brace pile construction method according to claim 1, wherein the oblique piles are arranged radially.
する前記特許請求の範囲第1項または第2項に記載のブ
レース杭工法。(3) The brace pile construction method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the foundation structure is a footing.
する前記特許請求の範囲第1項または第2項に記載のブ
レース杭工法。(4) The brace pile construction method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the foundation structure is a lower end portion of a column.
前記特許請求の範囲第1項または第2項に記載のブレー
ス杭工法。(5) The brace pile construction method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the foundation structure is an underground beam.
構造体の下面に凹状球面を形成して、相互に面接触せし
めたものであることを特徴とする前記特許請求の範囲第
1項ないし第5項のいずれか1項に記載のブレース杭工
法。(6) The above-mentioned claim is characterized in that the pin structure is such that a convex spherical surface is formed on the pile head and a concave spherical surface is formed on the lower surface of the foundation structure so that they are in surface contact with each other. The brace pile construction method according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 5.
構造体の下面に凸状球面を形成して相互に面接触せしめ
たものであることを特徴とする前記特許請求の範囲第1
項ないし第5項のいずれか1項に記載のブレース杭工法
。(7) The pin structure is characterized in that a concave spherical surface is formed on the pile cap and a convex spherical surface is formed on the lower surface of the foundation structure so that they are in surface contact with each other. 1
The brace pile construction method according to any one of Items 1 to 5.
を球面接触のピン構造としたものに於いて、接触球面に
カバーを被設したことを特徴とする建築物の杭基礎に於
けるブレース杭工法。(8) A building pile characterized by having a pin structure in which the pile head of the slanted pile and the lower surface of the foundation structure of the building are connected to each other in spherical contact, and a cover is provided on the spherical contact surface. Brace pile method for foundations.
ーを被設したこと特徴とする前記特許請求第8項に記載
の建築物の杭基礎に於けるブレース杭工法。(9) The brace pile construction method for a pile foundation of a building according to claim 8, characterized in that a cover is provided on the contact spherical surface formed on the lower surface of the foundation structure.
被設したことを特徴とする前記特許請求の範囲第8項に
記載の建築物の杭基礎に於けるブレース杭工法。(10) The brace pile construction method for a pile foundation of a building as set forth in claim 8, wherein a cover is provided on the contact spherical surface formed on the pile cap of the slanted pile.
した接触球面の双方にカバーを被設したことを特徴とす
る特許請求の範囲第8項に記載の建築物の杭基礎に於け
るブレース杭工法。(11) In the pile foundation for a building according to claim 8, wherein a cover is provided on both the pile cap of the slanted pile and the contact spherical surface formed on the lower surface of the foundation structure. Brace pile construction method.
合を球面接触のピン構造としたものに於いて、その中心
に浮上り抵抗体を配筋して上記基礎構造体および杭頭部
に定着せしめたことを特徴とする建築物の杭基礎に於け
るブレース杭工法。(12) In the case where the pile head of the slanted pile and the lower surface of the foundation structure of the building are connected to a pin structure with spherical contact, a floating resistor is placed in the center of the connection between the foundation structure and the foundation structure. A brace pile construction method for building pile foundations characterized by anchoring the pile to the head of the pile.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP14337487A JPS63308118A (en) | 1987-06-10 | 1987-06-10 | Braced piling method in pile foundation of construction |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP14337487A JPS63308118A (en) | 1987-06-10 | 1987-06-10 | Braced piling method in pile foundation of construction |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS63308118A true JPS63308118A (en) | 1988-12-15 |
Family
ID=15337300
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP14337487A Pending JPS63308118A (en) | 1987-06-10 | 1987-06-10 | Braced piling method in pile foundation of construction |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS63308118A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008184775A (en) * | 2007-01-29 | 2008-08-14 | Railway Technical Res Inst | Structure of joint between batter pile and foundation |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5190707A (en) * | 1975-02-08 | 1976-08-09 | ||
JPS5938429A (en) * | 1982-07-26 | 1984-03-02 | Hasegawa Komuten Co Ltd | Treatment work of head of buried concrete pile |
-
1987
- 1987-06-10 JP JP14337487A patent/JPS63308118A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5190707A (en) * | 1975-02-08 | 1976-08-09 | ||
JPS5938429A (en) * | 1982-07-26 | 1984-03-02 | Hasegawa Komuten Co Ltd | Treatment work of head of buried concrete pile |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008184775A (en) * | 2007-01-29 | 2008-08-14 | Railway Technical Res Inst | Structure of joint between batter pile and foundation |
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