JPS6328667A - Tester for thermal printing head - Google Patents
Tester for thermal printing headInfo
- Publication number
- JPS6328667A JPS6328667A JP17264986A JP17264986A JPS6328667A JP S6328667 A JPS6328667 A JP S6328667A JP 17264986 A JP17264986 A JP 17264986A JP 17264986 A JP17264986 A JP 17264986A JP S6328667 A JPS6328667 A JP S6328667A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- heating element
- print head
- thermal print
- substrate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000007651 thermal printing Methods 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000000191 radiation effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/315—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material
- B41J2/32—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material using thermal heads
- B41J2/35—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material using thermal heads providing current or voltage to the thermal head
- B41J2/355—Control circuits for heating-element selection
- B41J2/36—Print density control
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/315—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material
- B41J2/32—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material using thermal heads
- B41J2/35—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material using thermal heads providing current or voltage to the thermal head
- B41J2/355—Control circuits for heating-element selection
- B41J2/36—Print density control
- B41J2/365—Print density control by compensation for variation in temperature
Landscapes
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
- Electronic Switches (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〈産業上の利用分野〉
本発明は、熱印字ヘッドの放熱効果の均一性、不均一性
を検査する熱印字ヘッド検査装置に関す〈従来の技術〉
従来から、ラインプリンタなどに使用される熱印字ヘッ
ドとして、第２図に示すような熱印字ヘッド２０があっ
た。この熱印字ヘッド２０は放熱板２１を備え、その表
面にコンパウンド層２２を介してセラミック類の基板２
３を貼着している。[Detailed Description of the Invention] <Industrial Application Field> The present invention relates to a thermal print head inspection device for inspecting the uniformity and non-uniformity of the heat dissipation effect of a thermal print head. 2. Description of the Related Art As a thermal print head used in printers and the like, there is a thermal print head 20 as shown in FIG. This thermal printing head 20 is equipped with a heat sink 21, and a ceramic substrate 2 is coated on the surface of the heat sink 21 with a compound layer 22 interposed therebetween.
3 is attached.
この基板２３の表面には、多数のト′ット部から構成さ
れた発熱体２４が直、線状に設けられている。On the surface of this substrate 23, a heating element 24 composed of a large number of dot parts is provided in a straight line.
このような熱印字ヘッド２０においては、発熱体２４の
発熱により基板２３に蓄積した熱を、コンパウンド［２
２を介して放熱板２１から放散させている。In such a thermal print head 20, the heat accumulated on the substrate 23 due to the heat generated by the heating element 24 is transferred to the compound [2].
2 from the heat sink 21.
〈発明が解決しようとする問題点〉
前記のような熱印字ヘッド２０におけるコンパウンド［
２２は、基Ｍｉ、２３から放熱板２Ｉへの熱伝導を促進
するために、シリコンのような熱伝導性の優れたものが
使用される。しかし、放熱板２１、または、基板２３の
平面度が悪いなどの理由でコンパウンド層２２の厚みが
不均一であると、基板２３から放ｌＮ２１への熱伝導性
が部分により異なるので放熱効果が不均一となる。その
ため、発熱体２４を構成する各ドツト部で発熱温度むら
が生し、印字濃度が不均一になってしまう。<Problems to be solved by the invention> Compound [
For 22, a material with excellent thermal conductivity such as silicon is used to promote heat conduction from the base Mi and 23 to the heat sink 2I. However, if the thickness of the compound layer 22 is uneven due to poor flatness of the heat sink 21 or the substrate 23, the heat conductivity from the substrate 23 to the heat sink 21 differs depending on the part, resulting in poor heat radiation effect. It becomes uniform. As a result, heat generation temperature unevenness occurs in each dot portion constituting the heating element 24, resulting in non-uniform print density.
ところで、従来から使用されている熱印字ヘッド２０の
発熱体２４としては、ドツト部密度が比較的低いものを
使用していたため、前記のような放熱効果の不均一に起
因する印字濃度むらが目立つことはなく、そのため、以
上のような印字濃度むらが問題視されることはなかった
。By the way, since the heating element 24 of the conventionally used thermal printing head 20 has a relatively low dot density, uneven printing density due to the unevenness of the heat dissipation effect as described above is noticeable. Therefore, the unevenness of print density as described above was not considered a problem.
しかし、最近では、従来よりも繊細な文字の印字が強く
要望されるようになってきたことから、熱印字ヘッド２
０の発熱体２４を構成するドツト部密度を高くする必要
性が増大している。ところが、当該発熱体２４のドツト
部密度を高くすると、前記のような放熱効果の不均一に
起因する印字濃度むらが目立つようになり、問題視され
るようになってきた。However, recently, there has been a strong demand for printing characters that are more delicate than before, so the thermal print head 2
There is an increasing need to increase the density of the dot portions constituting the heating element 24. However, when the density of the dot portions of the heating element 24 is increased, the unevenness of print density due to the non-uniformity of the heat dissipation effect as described above becomes noticeable and has become a problem.
本発明はかかる現状に鑑み、所要の機器に装着される前
に放熱効果の不均一な熱印字ヘッドの選別が可能な熱印
字ヘッド検査装置の提供を目的とする。In view of the current situation, it is an object of the present invention to provide a thermal print head inspection device capable of sorting out thermal print heads with uneven heat dissipation effects before being installed in a required device.
く問題点を解決するための手段〉
本発明ではこのような問題点を解決するために、熱印字
ヘッドの放熱効果の均一度を検査する検査装置であって
、前記熱印字ヘッドの発熱体を発熱させる駆動回路と、
熱印字ヘッドの基板における発熱体の近傍部分の温度を
測定する非接触型の温度検出手段と、熱印字ヘッドにお
ける前記温度検出手段の検出位置を発熱体の長手方向に
沿って移動させるスキャニング手段と、前記発熱体の発
熱およびスキャニング手段のスキャニング動作に関連し
て前記温度検出手段の検出信号を導入して温度分布デー
タを得る制御部とを備えた構成に特徴を有するものであ
る。Means for Solving the Problems> In order to solve the problems, the present invention provides an inspection device for inspecting the uniformity of the heat dissipation effect of the thermal print head, which includes a heating element of the thermal print head. A drive circuit that generates heat,
Non-contact temperature detection means for measuring the temperature of a portion of the substrate of the thermal print head near the heating element; and scanning means for moving the detection position of the temperature detection means in the thermal print head along the longitudinal direction of the heating element. The present invention is characterized in that it includes a control section that obtains temperature distribution data by introducing a detection signal from the temperature detection means in connection with the heat generation of the heating element and the scanning operation of the scanning means.
〈作用〉
上記構成によると、セットされた熱印字ヘッドの発熱体
を駆動回路の動作で発熱させ、この発熱により加熱され
た発熱体の近傍部分の基板温度を非接触型の温度検出手
段で測定する。このとき、基板温度は当該近傍部分の放
熱量に応じた温度となるので、温度検出手段の検出位置
を発熱体の長手方向に沿ってスキャニング手段で移動さ
せることにより前記基板の当該近傍部分における温度分
布データを得ることができ、この温度分布データにより
放熱効果の不均一性、ばらつき度合が分かる。放熱効果
の不均一性が基準値よりも大きいものを除去すればよい
。<Operation> According to the above configuration, the heating element of the set thermal print head is made to generate heat by the operation of the drive circuit, and the temperature of the substrate in the vicinity of the heating element heated by this heat generation is measured by the non-contact temperature detection means. do. At this time, the substrate temperature is a temperature corresponding to the amount of heat dissipation in the vicinity of the substrate, so by moving the detection position of the temperature detection means along the longitudinal direction of the heating element by the scanning means, the temperature at the vicinity of the substrate is increased. Distribution data can be obtained, and the non-uniformity and degree of dispersion of the heat radiation effect can be determined from this temperature distribution data. It is sufficient to remove those whose heat dissipation effect is non-uniform than a reference value.
〈実施例〉
以下、本発明の一実施例を、第１図に示すブロック図に
基づき詳細に説明する。<Embodiment> Hereinafter, one embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail based on the block diagram shown in FIG.
この図において、符号１０は熱印字へラド検査装置であ
る。この熱印字ヘッド検査装置１０は、駆動回路１１と
、温度検出手段１２と、スキャニング手段１３と、制御
部１４とから構成されている。なお、この図における符
号２０は熱印字ヘッドであって、その構成は第２図に示
す従来例と同一である。In this figure, reference numeral 10 is a thermal printing radar inspection device. The thermal print head inspection device 10 is composed of a drive circuit 11, a temperature detection means 12, a scanning means 13, and a control section 14. Note that the reference numeral 20 in this figure is a thermal printing head, and its configuration is the same as that of the conventional example shown in FIG.
駆動回路１１は熱印字へラド２０の発熱体２４を発熱さ
せるものであって、その動作は後述する制御部１４によ
り制御される。また、温度検出手段１２は非接触型とさ
れ、本実施例では赤外線温度計が使用される。この赤外
線温度計１２は、熱印字ヘッド２０の基板２３における
発熱体２４の近傍部分と対向して配置されて、発熱体２
４近傍の基板温度を測定するとともに、セットされた熱
印字へラド２０の発熱体２４の長手方向に沿う方向（図
中、矢印Ａで示す）にスキャニング手段１３により移動
させられる。なお、このスキャニング手段１３は、固定
された赤外線温度計１２に対して熱印字ヘッド２０を移
動さセるものでもよ（、例えばランク、ビニオン機構の
ように、赤外線温度計１２、もしくは、熱印字ヘッド２
０を直線移動させることが可能な機構であればどのよう
なものであってもよい。このスキャニング手段１３のス
キャニング動作は、制御ｎ部１４により制御される。The drive circuit 11 causes the heating element 24 of the thermal printing pad 20 to generate heat, and its operation is controlled by a control section 14, which will be described later. Furthermore, the temperature detection means 12 is of a non-contact type, and in this embodiment an infrared thermometer is used. The infrared thermometer 12 is disposed facing a portion of the substrate 23 of the thermal print head 20 near the heating element 24, and
While measuring the substrate temperature near 4, the scanning means 13 moves the RAD 20 in the longitudinal direction of the heating element 24 (indicated by arrow A in the figure) to the set thermal printing mark. Note that this scanning means 13 may be one that moves the thermal print head 20 relative to the fixed infrared thermometer 12 (for example, a rank or pinion mechanism, the infrared thermometer 12 or the thermal print head head 2
Any mechanism that can move 0 in a straight line may be used. The scanning operation of this scanning means 13 is controlled by a control unit 14.
さらに、温度検出手段として、受光素子のりニアアレイ
を備えたものを使用し、この温度検出手段に対してスキ
ャニング手段により電子的なスキャニングを行い、リニ
アアレイの各受光素子の信号を順次取り出すようにして
もよい。Furthermore, as the temperature detection means, one equipped with a linear array of light receiving elements is used, and the temperature detection means is electronically scanned by the scanning means to sequentially extract signals from each light receiving element of the linear array. Good too.
制′４！１部１４は、例えばマイクロコンビエータで構
成され、駆動回路１１およびスキャニング手段１３の動
作を制御するとともに、発熱体２４の発熱およびスキャ
ニング手段のスキャニング動作に関連して赤外線温度計
１２の検出信号を導入して当該検出信号から温度分布デ
ータを得る機能を備えている。また、この制御部１４は
温度分布データから放熱効果の不均一性をチェックする
機能を備えるが、制御部１４の前段に比較器を設け、こ
の比較器で検出信号と基準値とを比較したのち、その比
較出力を制御部１４に人力するようにしてもよい、この
制御部１４にはＣＲＴディスプレイなどの表示手段１５
が接続され、得られた温度分布データを表示するように
なっている。The control '4!1 section 14 is composed of, for example, a micro combinator, and controls the operation of the drive circuit 11 and the scanning means 13, and also controls the infrared thermometer 12 in connection with the heat generation of the heating element 24 and the scanning operation of the scanning means. It has a function of introducing a detection signal and obtaining temperature distribution data from the detection signal. Furthermore, this control section 14 has a function of checking the non-uniformity of the heat radiation effect from temperature distribution data. , the comparison output may be manually inputted to the control unit 14. This control unit 14 may include a display means 15 such as a CRT display.
is connected to display the obtained temperature distribution data.
つぎに、このような熱印字ヘッド検査装置１０の動作に
ついて、説明する。Next, the operation of such a thermal print head inspection apparatus 10 will be explained.
被検査用の熱印字ヘッド２０を熱印字ヘッド検査袋２１
０にセットし、駆動回路１１の動作により当該熱印字ヘ
ッド２０の発熱体２４を発熱させる。この発熱によって
、熱印字ヘッド２０の基板２３における発熱体２４の近
傍部分が加熱され、その放熱量に応じた基板温度となる
。The thermal print head 20 to be inspected is placed in the thermal print head inspection bag 21.
0, and the operation of the drive circuit 11 causes the heating element 24 of the thermal print head 20 to generate heat. Due to this heat generation, a portion of the substrate 23 of the thermal print head 20 near the heating element 24 is heated, and the substrate temperature corresponds to the amount of heat released.
非接触型の赤外線温度計１２で基板温度を測定しつつ、
当該赤外線温度計１２をスキャニング手段１３で発熱体
２４の長手方向（図中、矢印Ａで示す）に沿って移動さ
せることにより基板温度が連続的に検出される。このよ
うにして得られた基板温度は、赤外線温度計１２の検出
信号として制御部１４に送出され、制御７３部１４で温
度分布データとして処理されたのち、ＣＲＴディスプレ
イ１５上に表示される。While measuring the substrate temperature with a non-contact infrared thermometer 12,
The substrate temperature is continuously detected by moving the infrared thermometer 12 along the longitudinal direction of the heating element 24 (indicated by arrow A in the figure) using the scanning means 13. The substrate temperature thus obtained is sent to the control section 14 as a detection signal from the infrared thermometer 12, processed by the control section 14 as temperature distribution data, and then displayed on the CRT display 15.
表示された温度分布データにより、熱印字ヘッド２０に
おける発熱体２４近傍部分の基板温度の分布が明らかと
なる。そして、基板温度が高い個所は放熱性が悪い個所
であることから、当該熱印字ヘッド２０における放熱効
果が均一であるか、もしくは、不均一であるかが分かる
。そして、放熱効果の不均一性が基準値を越えるものは
、除去する。なお、放熱効果の不均一性、ばらつきは主
としてコンパウンド層２２の厚みの不均一に起因するか
ら、除去した熱印字ヘッド２０については、放熱板２１
と基板２３とを分離してコンパウンド層２２の厚みが均
一になるように修正すればよい。The displayed temperature distribution data clarifies the substrate temperature distribution in the vicinity of the heating element 24 in the thermal print head 20. Since locations where the substrate temperature is high are locations where heat dissipation is poor, it can be seen whether the heat dissipation effect in the thermal print head 20 is uniform or non-uniform. If the non-uniformity of the heat dissipation effect exceeds the standard value, it is removed. Incidentally, since the non-uniformity and dispersion of the heat dissipation effect is mainly caused by the non-uniformity of the thickness of the compound layer 22, regarding the removed thermal print head 20, the heat dissipation plate 21
The compound layer 22 may be separated from the substrate 23 and corrected so that the thickness of the compound layer 22 becomes uniform.
〈発明の効果〉
以上のように本発明によれば、熱印字ヘッドの基板にお
ける温度分布データを測定、検出することによって、当
該熱印字ヘッドの放熱性の特徴を知ることができる。こ
の結果、放熱性の不均一な熱印字ヘッドについては、所
要の機器に装着する前に除去することができるので、熱
印字ヘッドの放熱性の不均一に起因する印字ｌ４度むら
の発生を未然に防止することができる。<Effects of the Invention> As described above, according to the present invention, by measuring and detecting the temperature distribution data on the substrate of the thermal printing head, it is possible to know the heat dissipation characteristics of the thermal printing head. As a result, thermal print heads with uneven heat dissipation properties can be removed before being installed in the required equipment, thereby preventing the occurrence of uneven printing due to uneven heat dissipation properties of thermal print heads. can be prevented.
第１図は本発明に係る熱印字ヘッド検査装置のブロック
図であり、第２図は熱印字ヘッドの斜視図である。
ｌＯ・・・熱印字ヘッド検査装置、
１１・・・駆動回路、
１２・・・温度検出手段（赤外ｙＡＡ度計）、１３・・
・スキャニング手段、
１４・・・制御部、
２０・・・熱印字ヘッド、
２３・・・熱印字ヘッドの基板、
２４・・・熱印字ヘッドの発熱体。FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a thermal print head inspection apparatus according to the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the thermal print head. lO...Thermal print head inspection device, 11...Drive circuit, 12...Temperature detection means (infrared yAA temperature meter), 13...
- Scanning means, 14... Control unit, 20... Thermal print head, 23... Substrate of the thermal print head, 24... Heat generating element of the thermal print head.
Claims (1)
装置であって、 前記熱印字ヘッドの発熱体を発熱させる駆動回路と、熱
印字ヘッドの基板における発熱体の近傍部分の温度を測
定する非接触型の温度検出手段と、熱印字ヘッドにおけ
る前記温度検出手段の検出位置を発熱体の長手方向に沿
って移動させるスキャニング手段と、前記発熱体の発熱
およびスキャニング手段のスキャニング動作に関連して
前記温度検出手段の検出信号を導入して温度分布データ
を得る制御部とを備えたことを特徴とする熱印字ヘッド
検査装置。(1) An inspection device for inspecting the uniformity of the heat dissipation effect of a thermal print head, which measures the temperature of a drive circuit that generates heat for a heat generating element of the thermal print head and a portion of a substrate of the thermal print head near the heat generating element. a non-contact temperature detecting means for detecting the temperature, a scanning means for moving the detection position of the temperature detecting means in the thermal print head along the longitudinal direction of the heating element, and a scanning means related to the heating of the heating element and the scanning operation of the scanning means. 1. A thermal print head inspection apparatus, comprising: a control section that obtains temperature distribution data by introducing a detection signal from the temperature detection means.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP61172649A JP2632310B2 (en) | 1986-07-22 | 1986-07-22 | Thermal printing head inspection device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP61172649A JP2632310B2 (en) | 1986-07-22 | 1986-07-22 | Thermal printing head inspection device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS6328667A true JPS6328667A (en) | 1988-02-06 |
| JP2632310B2 JP2632310B2 (en) | 1997-07-23 |
Family
ID=15945801
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP61172649A Expired - Lifetime JP2632310B2 (en) | 1986-07-22 | 1986-07-22 | Thermal printing head inspection device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2632310B2 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH02212165A (en) * | 1989-02-14 | 1990-08-23 | Canon Inc | Image forming apparatus |
| JPH02212166A (en) * | 1989-02-14 | 1990-08-23 | Canon Inc | Image forming apparatus |
| JPH02214667A (en) * | 1989-02-14 | 1990-08-27 | Canon Inc | Image forming device |
| EP0835760A1 (en) * | 1996-10-09 | 1998-04-15 | Agfa-Gevaert N.V. | Correction of band-like print non-uniformities in a thermal printing system |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5992334A (en) * | 1982-11-19 | 1984-05-28 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Detecting method of defective part of construction |
| JPS59159065A (en) * | 1983-03-01 | 1984-09-08 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Detection of weld position |
| JPS61149369A (en) * | 1984-12-25 | 1986-07-08 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | Thermal head driving unit |
-
1986
- 1986-07-22 JP JP61172649A patent/JP2632310B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5992334A (en) * | 1982-11-19 | 1984-05-28 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Detecting method of defective part of construction |
| JPS59159065A (en) * | 1983-03-01 | 1984-09-08 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Detection of weld position |
| JPS61149369A (en) * | 1984-12-25 | 1986-07-08 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | Thermal head driving unit |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH02212165A (en) * | 1989-02-14 | 1990-08-23 | Canon Inc | Image forming apparatus |
| JPH02212166A (en) * | 1989-02-14 | 1990-08-23 | Canon Inc | Image forming apparatus |
| JPH02214667A (en) * | 1989-02-14 | 1990-08-27 | Canon Inc | Image forming device |
| EP0835760A1 (en) * | 1996-10-09 | 1998-04-15 | Agfa-Gevaert N.V. | Correction of band-like print non-uniformities in a thermal printing system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2632310B2 (en) | 1997-07-23 |
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