JPS63185855A - Manufacture of black dressing material - Google Patents
Manufacture of black dressing materialInfo
- Publication number
- JPS63185855A JPS63185855A JP62016290A JP1629087A JPS63185855A JP S63185855 A JPS63185855 A JP S63185855A JP 62016290 A JP62016290 A JP 62016290A JP 1629087 A JP1629087 A JP 1629087A JP S63185855 A JPS63185855 A JP S63185855A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- parts
- weight
- black
- carbon
- psz
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910002077 partially stabilized zirconia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- -1 2O3 Substances 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Co+2].[Co+3].[Co+3] UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(i) oxide Chemical compound [Al]O[Al] BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003796 beauty Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007723 die pressing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002932 luster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000005332 obsidian Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Abstract
(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるた
め要約のデータは記録されません。(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は部分安定ｆｌＺジルコニアを基材とした黒色装
飾材料の製造方法に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a method for producing a black decorative material based on partially stable flZ zirconia.
黒色装飾材料は天然物、合成物等ヲ゛鍾々の形状に加工
し、イヤリングやブローチとして数多く市販されている
。天然物には、たとえば黒曜石全加工したものがあるが
、装飾用に利用できる原石が少なくなり、最近では合成
物が多く用いられるようになってきた。Many black decorative materials, including natural and synthetic materials, are processed into the shape of a pagoda and sold as earrings and brooches. Natural products include, for example, completely processed obsidian, but as the number of raw stones that can be used for decoration has become scarce, synthetic materials have recently come into use.
一般的に装飾材料は美しさ、特に黒色のものについては
光沢が第一であり、次いで強度、じん性、硬０度等を適
当に有していることが必要である。Generally speaking, decorative materials must have beauty, especially gloss for black materials, and appropriate strength, toughness, 0 degree hardness, etc.
そのような条件に適した黒色の合成装飾材料として、一
つにはジルコニアにＹ２Ｏ５、ＣａＯあるいはＭｇＯｋ
固溶させた部分安定化ジルコニア磁器（以下ＰＳＺと略
称する）が開発されている。すなわち、ジルコニアにＹ
２Ｏ３、ＣａＯ、ＭｇＯ等の安定化剤およびＣｒ２Ｏ３
、Ｃｏｏ 、 ＮｉＯ、ＭｎＯ２等の顔料を混合して加
圧成形し、真空焼成してつくった焼結体全鏡面研磨して
つくるか（特開昭５９−１０５０５５）、あるいはジル
コニアに、前記安定化剤と共に、カーボン、黒鉛または
炭素を混合して成形し、非酸化雰囲気でホットプレスし
たのち研磨してつくる（特開昭５９−２３２９６７）等
いくつかのｐｓｚ系装飾材料の製造方法が開示されてい
る。One example of a black synthetic decorative material suitable for such conditions is zirconia with Y2O5, CaO or MgOk.
Solid solution partially stabilized zirconia porcelain (hereinafter abbreviated as PSZ) has been developed. In other words, Y in zirconia
Stabilizers such as 2O3, CaO, MgO and Cr2O3
, Coo, NiO, MnO2, etc. are mixed together, pressure molded, and vacuum fired to create a sintered body, which is then entirely mirror-polished (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 59-105055), or zirconia is coated with the above-mentioned stabilizer. Several methods for producing psz-based decorative materials have been disclosed, including mixing carbon, graphite, or carbon with a material, molding the material, hot-pressing it in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and then polishing it (Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 59-232967). There is.
しかし上記従来法によるＰＳＺ系装飾材料の製法は主に
強度、じん性等の物理的特性の改善を狙ったものであっ
たために、製造された装飾材料の色調は真の黒色ではな
く、黒灰色ないしは焦茶または濃紺を帯びたものであり
、市場が求める黒色装飾材料は製造されていなかった。However, since the method for manufacturing PSZ decorative materials using the above-mentioned conventional method was mainly aimed at improving physical properties such as strength and toughness, the color tone of the manufactured decorative materials was not true black, but blackish gray. However, the black decorative material required by the market was not manufactured.
しかも従来の方法は特殊な雰囲気、焼結炉を用いて製造
しなげればならないために工程も複雑になり、コストも
高いという問題点を有していた。Moreover, the conventional method has the problem that the manufacturing process is complicated and the cost is high because it requires a special atmosphere and a sintering furnace.
そこで本発明者らは深遠な光沢を有する、真の黒色装飾
材料をつくるべく、その製造方法について鋭意研究した
結果、ＰＳＺに特定量のアルミナ、遷移元素の酸化物お
よびカーボンを配合した混合物全空気中で焼結すること
によって製造できることを見い出して下記に述べる本発
明を完成した。In order to create a truly black decorative material with profound luster, the inventors of the present invention conducted extensive research on the manufacturing method and found that a mixture of PSZ with specific amounts of alumina, transition element oxides, and carbon, total air. They discovered that it could be manufactured by sintering the material in a medium, and completed the present invention as described below.
すなわち本発明はＰＳＺ １００重量部にＡｌ２Ｏ３１
０〜４０重量部、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３０，２〜１．５重量部、Ｃ
ｏ３Ｏ４，１，０〜６．０重量部、ＮｉＯ０，５〜３．
０重量部、Ｆｅ２ｅｓ２〜１０重量部、ＭｎＯ２ｏ、
５〜３．０重量部、およびカーボン０，５〜３．０重量
部を加えて混合した粉末全成形し、大気中１３００〜１
６００℃で焼成することを特徴とする黒色装飾材料の製
造方法全要旨とす、る。That is, in the present invention, Al2O31 is added to 100 parts by weight of PSZ.
0 to 40 parts by weight, Cr2O30, 2 to 1.5 parts by weight, C
o3O4, 1.0-6.0 parts by weight, NiO0.5-3.
0 parts by weight, 2 to 10 parts by weight of Fe2es, MnO2o,
5 to 3.0 parts by weight and 0.5 to 3.0 parts by weight of carbon were added and the mixed powder was completely molded and heated to 1300 to 1
This is a complete summary of a method for producing a black decorative material, which is characterized by firing at 600°C.
本発明で使用するＰＳＺ 、 Ａｌ２Ｏ５、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３
、Ｃｏ３Ｏ４、ＮｉＯ１Ｆｅ 、０３、Ｍｎ０ｚは市販
されているものが用いられるが、平均粒径が２μｍ以下
の微粉末が必要であり、１μｍ以下であればより好まし
い。カーボンも２μｍ以下が必要であり、好ましくはコ
ロイド状に分散している、いわゆるコロイダルカーボン
を用いるのがよい。PSZ, Al2O5, Cr2O3 used in the present invention
, Co3O4, NiO1Fe, 03, and Mn0z are commercially available, but fine powders with an average particle size of 2 μm or less are required, and preferably 1 μm or less. Carbon also needs to have a diameter of 2 μm or less, and it is preferable to use so-called colloidal carbon, which is dispersed in a colloidal form.
２μｍよりも大きい粒子を用いると、焼結体中に色の濃
淡が出やすくなるので好ましくない。なお、ＰＳＺにつ
いては平均粒径２μｍ以下の粒子全スプレードライ等に
よって顆粒状として使用することは差しつかえない。If particles larger than 2 μm are used, color shading tends to appear in the sintered body, which is not preferable. Note that PSZ may be used in the form of granules by spray-drying all particles with an average particle size of 2 μm or less.
ＰＳｚにＡｌ２Ｏｓ、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３、Ｃｏ ３０４、Ｎｉ
Ｏ、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＭｎＯ２およびカーボンを混合する方
法は慣用の方法が用いられる。たとえば水やアルコール
を溶媒としてボールミルで湿式混合し、乾燥させるなど
の方法がある。PSz includes Al2Os, Cr2O3, Co304, Ni
A conventional method is used to mix O, Fe2O3, MnO2 and carbon. For example, there is a method of wet mixing in a ball mill using water or alcohol as a solvent, followed by drying.
配合の割合はＰＳＺ １００重量部（以下、すべて重量
を省略する）に対して、Ａｌ２Ｏ，１０〜４０部、好ま
しくは１５〜３０部、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３ｏ、 ２〜１．５部、
好ましくは０．５〜１．２部、Ｃｏ３Ｏ４１，Ｏ〜６．
０部、好ましくは２．５〜５．０部、ＮｉＯ０．５〜３
．０部、好ましくは１．０〜２．５部、Ｆｅ２０３２〜
１０部、好ましくは３〜６部、Ｎ恒０２０．５〜３．０
部、好ましくは１．０〜２．５部、カーボン０．５〜３
．０部、好ましくは０．８〜２．０部を加えるのがよく
、この配合からはずれると色調が黒以外の色になる。The mixing ratio is 10 to 40 parts of Al2O, preferably 15 to 30 parts, 2 to 1.5 parts of Cr2O3, to 100 parts by weight of PSZ (all weights are omitted hereinafter).
Preferably 0.5-1.2 parts, Co3O41,0-6.
0 parts, preferably 2.5-5.0 parts, NiO 0.5-3
．． 0 parts, preferably 1.0 to 2.5 parts, Fe2032 to
10 parts, preferably 3 to 6 parts, N constant 020.5 to 3.0
parts, preferably 1.0 to 2.5 parts, carbon 0.5 to 3 parts
．． It is advisable to add 0 parts, preferably 0.8 to 2.0 parts; deviations from this formulation result in colors other than black.
この粉末を所望の形状に成形する場合、金型プレス、射
出成形、鋳込み成形など慣用の方法が用いられる。この
際分散剤、バインダーなどを加えることは差し支えない
。When molding this powder into a desired shape, conventional methods such as die pressing, injection molding, and cast molding are used. At this time, there is no problem in adding a dispersant, a binder, etc.
成形体の焼成は電気炉、ガス炉など通常の炉を用い、大
気中で行う。この場合、同一配合の粉末中に埋めて焼成
するのが好ましい。The compact is fired in the atmosphere using a conventional furnace such as an electric furnace or a gas furnace. In this case, it is preferable to bury it in powder of the same composition and fire it.
本発明において顔料ではないＡｌ２Ｏ３粉末を添加する
理由は、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３など遷移金属酸化物の高温における
蒸発抑制剤としての効果のほかに、ＰＳＺ基体を強靭化
し、顔料の多量添加による機械的特性の劣化を防止する
ためである。In the present invention, the reason for adding Al2O3 powder, which is not a pigment, is that in addition to its effect as an evaporation inhibitor at high temperatures of transition metal oxides such as Cr2O3, it also strengthens the PSZ substrate and prevents deterioration of mechanical properties due to the addition of a large amount of pigment. This is to prevent this.
以下に１本発明を実施例によって説明する。The present invention will be explained below by way of examples.
市販の平均粒径０．０２２μｍのＹ、０，５重量係含有
部分安定化ジルコニアと平均粒径０．３μｍのＡ４０゜
粉末、平均粒径１ａｍのＣｒ２Ｏ３、Ｃｏ３Ｏ４、Ｎｉ
Ｏ１Ｆｅ、Ｏｓ、ＭｎＯ２各粉末と平均粒径１μｍのコ
ロイダルカーボン（水溶媒懸濁液）を表１に示すように
配合した混合物とエタノールとを、樹脂製の媒体を有す
るボールミルに投入し、２４時間混混合たのち、泥漿物
を取り出し乾燥して原料粉末とした。Commercially available partially stabilized zirconia containing Y, 0.5 weight coefficient with an average particle size of 0.022 μm, A40° powder with an average particle size of 0.3 μm, Cr2O3, Co3O4, Ni with an average particle size of 1 am.
A mixture of O1Fe, Os, and MnO2 powders and colloidal carbon (aqueous suspension) with an average particle size of 1 μm as shown in Table 1 and ethanol were placed in a ball mill with a resin medium and heated for 24 hours. After mixing, the slurry was taken out and dried to obtain a raw material powder.
これを２０簡φのベレット状に成形し、１ ｔ／ｍで静
水圧プレスしたのち、電気炉中で１５００℃、２時間焼
成した。この焼結体表面を３μｍダイヤモンドペースト
ヲ用いて鏡面研磨し、色と光沢を判定した。結果を表１
に示した。This was formed into a pellet shape with a diameter of 20 mm, wasostatically pressed at 1 t/m, and then fired at 1500° C. for 2 hours in an electric furnace. The surface of this sintered body was mirror polished using 3 μm diamond paste, and the color and gloss were evaluated. Table 1 shows the results.
It was shown to.
本発明は部分安定化ジルコニアを基材とする黒色装飾材
料をつくるにあたり、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｃｒ２Ｏ５、Ｃｏ３
Ｏ４、ＮｉＯＳＦｅ２０３、ＭｎＯ２およびカーボンを
添加することにより、大気中での焼成を可能にしたもの
であり、従来の方法では必要であったホットプレスや特
殊雰囲気炉を用いることなしに、容易に真の黒色でかつ
光沢のある装飾材料を製造することができる。The present invention uses Al2O3, Cr2O5, Co3 in producing a black decorative material based on partially stabilized zirconia.
By adding O4, NiOSFe203, MnO2, and carbon, it is possible to sinter in the atmosphere, and it is easy to achieve true firing without using a hot press or special atmosphere furnace, which is necessary with conventional methods. A black and glossy decorative material can be produced.
Claims (2)
＿２Ｏ＿３１０〜４０重量部、Ｃｒ＿２Ｏ＿３０．２〜
１．５重量部、Ｃｏ＿３Ｏ＿４１．０〜６．０重量部、
ＮｉＯ０．５〜３．０重量部、Ｆｅ＿２Ｏ＿３２〜１０
重量部、ＭｎＯ＿２０．５〜３．０重量部およびカーボ
ン０．５〜３．０重量部を加えて混合した粉末を成形し
、大気中１３００〜１６００℃で焼成することを特徴と
する黒色装飾材料の製造方法。(1) Al based on 100 parts by weight of partially stabilized zirconia
_2O_310~40 parts by weight, Cr_2O_30.2~
1.5 parts by weight, Co_3O_41.0 to 6.0 parts by weight,
NiO0.5-3.0 parts by weight, Fe_2O_32-10
A black decorative material characterized by molding a powder obtained by adding 20.5 to 3.0 parts by weight of MnO_20.5 to 3.0 parts by weight and 0.5 to 3.0 parts by weight of carbon, and firing the mixture at 1300 to 1600°C in the atmosphere. manufacturing method.
４、ＮｉＯ、Ｆｅ＿２Ｏ＿３、ＭｎＯ＿２およびカーボ
ンが平均粒径２μｍ以下である特許請求の範囲第（１）
項記載の製造方法。(2) Al_2O_3, Cr_2O_3, Co_3O_
4. Claim No. 1 in which NiO, Fe_2O_3, MnO_2 and carbon have an average particle size of 2 μm or less
Manufacturing method described in section.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62016290A JP2535161B2 (en) | 1987-01-28 | 1987-01-28 | Method for producing black decorative material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62016290A JP2535161B2 (en) | 1987-01-28 | 1987-01-28 | Method for producing black decorative material |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS63185855A true JPS63185855A (en) | 1988-08-01 |
| JP2535161B2 JP2535161B2 (en) | 1996-09-18 |
Family
ID=11912413
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62016290A Expired - Lifetime JP2535161B2 (en) | 1987-01-28 | 1987-01-28 | Method for producing black decorative material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2535161B2 (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS63185857A (en) * | 1987-01-29 | 1988-08-01 | 日本碍子株式会社 | Zirconia-base black sintered body and manufacture |
| EP0678490A1 (en) * | 1994-04-19 | 1995-10-25 | Asulab S.A. | Process of manufacture of a zirconia-based black article and a decorative black zirconia-based article obtained by this process |
| JP2014501692A (en) * | 2010-12-22 | 2014-01-23 | サン−ゴバン サントル ド レシェルシュ エ デテュド ユーロペアン | Decorative articles containing pre-assembled, colored and sintered zirconia parts |
| JP2017105685A (en) * | 2015-12-11 | 2017-06-15 | 京セラ株式会社 | Color ceramic |
| WO2018021492A1 (en) * | 2016-07-28 | 2018-02-01 | 京セラ株式会社 | Color ceramics |
| JP2019182740A (en) * | 2018-03-30 | 2019-10-24 | 東ソー株式会社 | Zirconia sintered body and manufacturing method therefor |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4853103B2 (en) | 2006-05-18 | 2012-01-11 | 東ソー株式会社 | Powder for black zirconia sintered body, sintered body thereof, and colorant |
-
1987
- 1987-01-28 JP JP62016290A patent/JP2535161B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS63185857A (en) * | 1987-01-29 | 1988-08-01 | 日本碍子株式会社 | Zirconia-base black sintered body and manufacture |
| JPH039062B2 (en) * | 1987-01-29 | 1991-02-07 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | |
| EP0678490A1 (en) * | 1994-04-19 | 1995-10-25 | Asulab S.A. | Process of manufacture of a zirconia-based black article and a decorative black zirconia-based article obtained by this process |
| JP2014501692A (en) * | 2010-12-22 | 2014-01-23 | サン−ゴバン サントル ド レシェルシュ エ デテュド ユーロペアン | Decorative articles containing pre-assembled, colored and sintered zirconia parts |
| JP2017105685A (en) * | 2015-12-11 | 2017-06-15 | 京セラ株式会社 | Color ceramic |
| WO2018021492A1 (en) * | 2016-07-28 | 2018-02-01 | 京セラ株式会社 | Color ceramics |
| JPWO2018021492A1 (en) * | 2016-07-28 | 2019-06-13 | 京セラ株式会社 | Color ceramics |
| JP2019182740A (en) * | 2018-03-30 | 2019-10-24 | 東ソー株式会社 | Zirconia sintered body and manufacturing method therefor |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2535161B2 (en) | 1996-09-18 |
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