JPS60123825A - Liquid crystal display element - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To actualize a multidivision display having a range which can not be realized with biaxial TN liquid crystal by utilizing smectic liquid crystal which is ferroelectric and performing time-division drive. CONSTITUTION:The gap of a panel is reduced to about 2mum. One of two polarizing plates have the direction of polarization coincident with the molecular axis direction of molecules in either of states + or -theta wherein molecules can be oriented. When this panel is applied with a sufficiently high DC voltage to place molecules in either of states + or -theta and then an alternating current is applied, variation in optical transmittivity converges into an intermediate state while oscillating as shown in a figure. When the alternating current has a high frequency and the voltage is low, the variation in transmittivity becomes less. Consequently, an excellent display is obtained by PVA rubbing orientation. Molecules on a selected scanning electrode move almost to (a) and (a') when a high voltage is applied or to positions (b) and (b') when an AC voltage is applied.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display element using chiral smectic liquid crystal.

Liquid crystals are used in a variety of displays, and due to their excellent characteristics such as thin panels and low power consumption, they are often used to display clocks and calculators. The liquid crystals used in these displays are thermotropic liquid crystals, which take on various liquid crystal phases in a certain temperature range.

Depending on the presence or absence of a partial structure in this liquid crystal phase, it can be broadly classified into nematic (abbreviated as Htm), which does not have a layer, and smectic (hereinafter, referred to as Sm), which has a layer. Rm [further -axial smectic A (smA) and biaxial smectic C (s m O
,)are categorized.

FIG. 1 schematically shows the molecular arrangements of N, 8mA, and SmG. PLf'': JN, bIasmA, cuBmc
shows.

Furthermore, if the liquid crystal molecules have an asymmetric carbon and are not racemic, the liquid crystal phase will have a twisted structure.

N is T, chiral nematic (N') is Q, 8111
0 and chiral smectic n (F3InC*).

In general, Fl m , ('! *l'ff 1 twisted structure'
It has a dipole moment in the direction perpendicular to the molecular axis and exhibits ferroelectricity.

existence has been proven. The liquid crystal synthesized at that time is commonly known as DC.
) BAMBC (2-methylbutyl p-1” (p-n-f
It is called siloxybenzylidene)amino] and is still actively used in research on ferroelectric liquid crystals.

The molecular arrangement of SmO* can be schematically shown as shown in FIG.

The molecular axis is inclined at an angle θ with respect to the normal direction of the layer, and this angle is constant in all layers.

However, the azimuth angle ψ changes little by little depending on the layer, and the molecular orientation has a helical structure.

The pitch of this helix varies depending on the liquid crystal, but is usually several μ.
There are many levels of interest. ' Rm C! When injected into a cell about 1 μm thin,
F3 where the helical structure has disappeared and the layer is perpendicular to the cell substrate
It takes on the structure of mC.

Since smo* liquid crystals have an electric dipole moment perpendicular to the molecular axis, the dipole moments are aligned parallel to the layers in a thin cell. When an electric field is applied upward and downward, the molecules assume a position inclined by 10 degrees with respect to the normal to the layer.

By utilizing birefringence, the two states of 10 can be made to correspond to light and dark, and can be used as a display.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a conventional display tube using two polarizing plates.

This display principle U, ('31 or- La+year w
all(A, npl.

Phys TI etl, , 56.899, 1980
) was published by.

They further claimed that this display principle has the following characteristics.

In other words, 1+l Fast response of the order of µm r2+ Memory property - +31 Desired threshold characteristics Of these characteristics, our observations show a response of the order of µm ◇ Also, when applying an electric field, As they claim, it exists in memory that maintains that state even if the electric field is turned off after it is brought to one of the 10 states.

However, the desired threshold properties were not obtained in our observations.

According to our data, Vth, Vsat and vth
=, 500 (mV) vPat=5(v).

A voltage of rrVsat = 5 V is applied to the selected point by driving using the voltage averaging method, etc., and a voltage of 5 G O, (m
It is impossible to perform time-division driving so that voltages below V) are applied.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to present a new display principle and type movement method for time-division driving using H18ff11"!", and to enable multi-segment display in a range that cannot be achieved with TN liquid crystals.

1-J, the following examples are shown to explain the details of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a cross-sectional view of a nozzle using Rmρ'.

Compared to normal panel construction, the gear width is approximately 2 μm, which is extremely thin.

As shown in Figure 3, one of the two polarizing plates is ±
θ is made to match the molecular axis direction of the molecule in shape W with the polarization direction, and placed on the other sheet in the same way in the molecular axis direction or at an angle of 90°.

When a sufficiently high DC voltage is applied to this panel to bring the molecules into one of the 10 states, and then AC is applied to the liquid crystal, the optical transmittance changes as shown in the diagrams vx and w6.

As is clear from the figure, when alternating current is applied, the optical transmittance oscillates and converges to an intermediate state. As shown in FIG. 7, when the same wave number of alternating current is high and the voltage is low, there is a tendency for the optical transmittance to change less. In other words, the relaxation time becomes longer.

In the present invention, the display state can be changed by DC voltage, and then by AC voltage, the relaxation time of the optical change is long, as if it had entered a ±θ state and stopped at a certain point. This is what we are trying to display using this.

In other words, it is considered that the molecules to which an alternating current voltage is applied do not vibrate around h or rLb' in FIG. 5 but remain at rest. The display principle of the present invention is to perform display using this state.

Due to this characteristic, the alignment force is strong for panels subjected to -axis alignment treatment, and they quickly return to the initial alignment state, but exceptionally, P
VA rubbing (pvA and H, refers to Bo II vinyl alcohol) The orientation force was relatively weak, and the display state was maintained by alternating current voltage, resulting in a good display.

In actual driving, an example of the driving waveform applied to the liquid crystal is shown in 8 in Fig. fl*18. It will look like b.

Of these waveforms, the pixel on the scanning electrode selected is lit (unlit or lit, depending on the deflection direction of the deflection plate, but here we assume that the lit state is obtained by the a and R shapes in Figure 18). ) to 1Ifi-IJj.
The waveform a in Figure 8 is applied. When a high voltage (18p) is applied to the movement of the liquid crystal molecules, they move in the #T trench at the position a or 8' in Figure 5, or close to that position, and then the positive and negative are equal. It is thought that the AC voltage vibrates at the position of h-4 tick b'.

In this case, to select the frequency of the drive waveform, a high voltage λ7n
At p, the liquid crystal molecules are 8. It must be set so that a sufficient distance t1 can be placed at the position a'.

In fact, since the relationship between response time and voltage shown in FIG. 8 is linear, the frequency can be increased by increasing the voltage.

Depending on the type of drive element and the type of display (for example, fixed display or moving image display), an appropriate drive frequency and drive voltage Vrip may be set within a range that does not cause poor display conditions.

The drive circuit we used in the experiment (G(!M'08) was driven at a drive voltage Vnp of 2'OV.

('!In addition to MOS, it can be driven by circuit elements such as FKT, bipolar transistor, TTIll VMOFI, etc.

FIG. 9 shows the response time as a function of temperature.

The response time decreases as the temperature increases.

When the temperature rises and the response time becomes short, if the drive voltage or drive frequency is up to 1 at a low temperature, a display state with many flickers will occur.

Therefore, to prevent this, ■ Lower the voltage as the temperature rises.

■ Increase the frequency as the temperature rises.

G) Set both voltage and frequency appropriately.

There are three methods mentioned above.

Conventionally, temperature compensation has been performed in a TN Lully liquid crystal display device by providing a zero volt region in the drive waveform applied to the liquid crystal, and controlling the time width of the zero volt region, and controlling the voltage (2).

On the other hand, Sm, f7! In the driving method according to the present invention using *, the driving voltage and driving frequency are set so that the display is sufficiently performed at low temperatures, and the temperature rises ((Thus, temperature compensation can be achieved by controlling the frequency.

Of course, control by voltage is also possible. However, it is easier to select the driving clock signal in the switching circuit when the sensor is installed in the circuit and automatically compensates for WA2.

This method is considered to be simpler and more practical than conventional methods.

Next, examples of actual drive waveforms will be shown and the present invention will be explained in more detail.

10 to 13 show an example of drive waveforms of the present invention.

It is considered that a voltage of ±μVap is applied when not selected.

Also, in the figure! and d suffix indicates lighting and non-lighting (either negative or positive is possible depending on the orientation of the polarizing plate)
This symbol corresponds to

During actual driving, scanning of lighting and scanning of non-lighting are repeated and displayed alternately, and which g of Fig. 10 to Fig.
It is also possible to use the waveform of the current waveform.

Therefore, the 15th drive signal including lighting and non-lighting scanning is
Shown in the figure.

φY...Common selection signal 7Y...Common non-selection signal φX...Segment selection signal Not be.

Further, FIG. 15 a1 shows an actual drive signal for alternately performing lighting scanning and non-lighting scanning.

FIGS. 16 and 17 show an embodiment in which the common next to the selected common is lit up, and when the selected common is lit, it is displayed depending on whether a signal of the opposite polarity is input.

In the example of FIG. 16, when the common next to the selected common is not lit, the pixels to which the 'l' A voltage is applied to each of them to turn them off.

The voltage sufficient to maintain the non-lighting state is at least Va
It is necessary to set it so that it is less than or equal to p.

Similarly, the embodiment shown in FIG. 17 is an example devised such that, contrary to the above, voltages Vap and %Vap are applied in the non-lighting direction for φX and 71X at the time of astigmatism 1.

FIG. 18 is a diagram showing the potential between the two city poles of the pixel in the case of the driving method in which lighting and non-lighting are alternately performed. Lighting and non-lighting are controlled by do1I2h and TJOW of the chest signals shown in FIG. 19, and the common is selected by a common electrode selection signal such as a second signal.

When the second signal in FIG. 19 is at H1gh level, dim lighting and non-lighting are selected.

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing a change in the potential applied to a pixel in a driving method in which the common electrode one ahead of the selected common is turned off.

The previous scan electrode and the scan electrode are selected by the signals shown in FIG. 21. In addition, a driving method in which all pixels on the next scanning electrode are turned on is also conceivable, which is the opposite of this method.

FIGS. 22 to 27 are diagrams showing waveforms when the applied voltage VapOA at the time of selection is applied in the non-selected state, respectively.

The suffixes ``51'' and ``rza'' are added to the lighting and non-lighting respectively.In actual driving, it can be driven with any combination of lighting and non-lighting signal sequences.However, in this drive, the pixel on the common selected by Norichi, 1 for lit pixels
In the case of non-lighting pixels, “AVa” is displayed when the skin light is on.
A voltage of p is applied.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 10 to 27, ± of Vap when not selected is shown.
Among the driving methods in which 14 positive and negative voltages are applied, a=3.
This is an example in which a==4, and a driving method in which positive and negative voltages of 1/a are generally applied can be similarly considered. (However, ai) any positive number).

Further, regarding the driving method of erasing the one ahead of the selected common electrode, a driving method in which positive and negative voltages of '/a of Vap are applied when not selected can be considered in the same way.

FIG. 28 shows an example of a driving method in which positive and negative voltages of Vap are applied when not selected, and the pixel on the next scanning electrode is not lit.

Such a driving method makes it possible to perform multiple divisions, which could not be achieved with a QTN type LCD. According to the present invention, a large-capacity liquid crystal display can be realized with a simple 11x display at low cost and with high image quality.

When SmC'' is driven with the driving waveform described above, the optical transmittance is as shown in FIG. 29.

A positive and negative V is applied to the pixel on the selected electrode among the scanning electrodes.
When H2,p is applied, the liquid crystal molecules rotate to the position L3 or 8' in Figure 5, or to a position close to that position,
Optically, both brightness and darkness reach the highest level.

The optical transmittance is then attenuated by the applied alternating current pulses, which oscillate equally in positive and negative directions, but the attenuation is greatest immediately after the alternating current pulses, which are equal in positive and negative directions, are applied, and after that, 11 There is almost no change.

When the number of divisions is large, the time during which scanning electrodes are selected becomes short, and the non-selection time occupies most of the time.

For example, if the number of divisions is n, -scanning time is t.

Then, the time t for selecting one scanning line is t+ =
”/n.

In addition, the time t2 that is not selected is (N-1')tn 2 It is.

The optical transmittance when an AC pulse is applied in the non-selected state oscillates as described above, but there is almost no change in thickness.

Since this state occupies most of the scanning time, the optical transmittance of this state is perceived by the human eye as pixel contrast.

Therefore, whether the number of divisions is large or small, the contrast remains constant.

According to our measurements, 2560% of the panels are currently driveable, and the contrast is 8 to 256.
There was no change.

This phenomenon of S[l]C*1: I, compared to the fact that as the number of divisions of a TN-type liquid crystal display panel increases, there is no difference in effective voltage between selected points and non-selected points, and the contrast decreases. It can be said that it is suitable for multi-split display.

If the response of "SmO" becomes possible up to 10μ(8), the number of divisions becomes 19.

10×2 (μ formula) However, 1. ．． This is the time required for 30 rn crowns Ll'X, - scans. It shows that the denominator 2 takes positive and negative voltages during the selected time.

If the liquid crystal responds at the highest speed ever achieved in the world, it will be possible to drive 7 channels that vary by about 1,500 divisions, and as mentioned above, it is important to ensure that there is no difference in contrast between 1,500 divisions and 8 divisions. This is possible with the invented method.

Here, another advantage of the present invention regarding contrast will be described.

If Sergiyatsubu is made thinner by about 1μm, BmC"
The helical structure disappears and the layers are aligned perpendicular to the flannel substrate, as previously mentioned.

The fact that the layers are perpendicular to the substrate means that the liquid crystal molecules are horizontal to the substrate.

When the molecule in this state is driven by the driving method according to the present invention, 8. in the f4c5 diagram. Since it is in the state of p', which is close to a', it can be considered that the molecule is approximately parallel to the substrate.

Even when looking at the state from various viewing angles, there is almost no change in contrast because the molecules are horizontal to the substrate.

This is because in a TN type liquid crystal display panel, when the liquid crystal is not lit (in the case of positive display), the liquid crystal is not completely horizontal to the substrate, and depending on the viewing angle, it can be considered to be standing, resulting in crosstalk.

This is known as so-called visual angle dependence.

The display according to the present invention using 8111 ('!*) has no viewing angle dependence.Just as multi-segmentation has completely changed the conventional wisdom, the contrast also has no viewing angle dependence and the contrast changes depending on the number of partitions. It can be said that the display element using BmC" according to the present invention has groundbreaking characteristics such as:

Furthermore, one embodiment of the drive waveform according to the present invention is shown in FIG.

When this drive waveform is scanned once or a limited number of times and displayed, such as the 1 drive @ waveform shown in Figures i1!10 to Figure 28, the display is maintained in a high impedance state This is the voltage change applied to the liquid crystal.

In Figure 30, l'r and a indicate the scanning portion, and %bi indicates a high impedance state.

It is clear that the optical transmittance remains almost unchanged even when the impedance is set to high impedance.

This memory property is long enough, and only when the display changes
All you have to do is scan.

It consumes zero power in a high impedance state and is an energy-saving type of drive, and is most suitable for image display where the display content does not change much, such as a fixed display.

An example of a drive waveform similar to this drive is shown in FIG. 31.

Similar to the driving method using high impedance shown in FIG. 430, after scanning is performed once or a limited number of times, the driving frequency is increased to maintain the display.

Memory by high impedance i30 In contrast to the drive shown in Figure 30, where the molecular position becomes high impedance and gradually returns to the initial orientation state from the point at which the external regulating force is applied, Memo 1 It gets even better in terms of needs.

The phenomenon of returning to the initial orientation state at high impedance has a strong orientation force of 11, and the higher the eddy current, the greater it is. “Since the influence of warm temperatures is especially large, it is more reliable to maintain the display by increasing the driving frequency as shown in FIG. 31.

In the case of one drive as shown in FIG. 31, it is sufficient to carry out scanning as usual and simply increase the drive frequency. Also, on the display electrode side, whether the display data is output one time or whether it is turned on or off.
It is best to set it clearly.

Next, FIG. 32 shows an embodiment of a drive similar to that shown in FIG. 31.

What is different from the drive shown in Fig. 31 described above is that after one or a finite number of scans, the positive and negative voltages applied during non-selection are the same as the AC pulse, or the positive and negative voltages are different. The point is that the display state is maintained by applying an alternating current pulse with equal values.

In the 32nd garden, a drive waveform to which an AC pulse of ±IAVan is applied is shown.

In this embodiment, the driving waveforms applied to the scanning electrodes and the display electrodes after the scanning is completed have waveforms of equal amplitude and different phases as shown in FIG. 33.

In this case, the scan electrode is scanned, regardless of the table data, one waveform of FIG. 33 is applied to the scan electrode and the other waveform is applied to the display electrode. An embodiment of the driving method according to the present invention for obtaining a tone display will be described.

The basic method for grayscale display is to create halftones by modulating the pulse width of ±v8p applied to pixels on selected scanning electrodes.

Paying attention to the change in optical transmittance during driving shown in FIG. 29, when the selection voltage ±Vap is applied, the lowest level of brightness and darkness is reached. After that, it attenuates, but after a sufficient period of time has elapsed, when the attenuation is almost gone, the optical transmission is proportional to the steepness of the optical transmittance when the selected voltages Va and T are added. A law was observed.

Utilizing this phenomenon, gradation display is possible by selectively adjusting the optical transmittance.

Since an optical transmittance proportional to the pulse width of the selected voltage regulators Va and p can be obtained, a gradation display can be realized by this method.

Examples of drive waveforms are shown in FIGS. 34 to 47.

Each will be explained below.

FIG. 34 is an example of the waveform attached with the suffix E in FIG. 10, that is, the waveform used for lighting scanning, which has been modified for gradation display.

The only difference between FIG. 34 and FIG. 10 is the segment selection signal, and the other signals may be the same.
is modulating.

The pulse width τap to which the selection voltage Vap is applied is, where f is the drive frequency, ``F'p'''T1 (1). Gradation is performed by adjusting τm according to the intermediate [four levels].

FIG. 36 shows an example of the voltage actually applied to the liquid crystal from the signal shown in FIG. 35.

In Figure 36, a shows the waveform applied to the liquid crystal when the scanning electrode is selected and a selection signal is applied to the display electrode, and h shows the waveform when the scanning electrode is not selected and a non-selection signal is applied to the display electrode. It is a waveform. Contrary to cib, this is a waveform when the scanning electrode is not selected and a selection signal is applied to the display electrode.

The time required for both b and Q is considered to be equal between b and c.

Figure 37 is the same as Figure 35, and the non-lit run 1T in Figure 11 is also similar to Figure 35.
: This is the waveform of the signal that was modified for gradation display.

The difference from FIG. 35 is that the segment selection signal has a stepped waveform. Selection voltage applied to liquid crystal -V
ap, the pulse width is narrowed by τm, and gradation display is performed by adjusting τm in accordance with the intermediate tone level.

In addition, Fig. 38 shows 1. Similar to FIG. 36, it shows the waveform applied to the liquid crystal. In the figure, a, b, and O show the same state as in FIG. 36, and the waveform has a polarity inverted from that of the waveform in FIG. 36.

FIGS. 39 to 41 show examples in which the drive waveform to which an AC pulse with the amplitude of JVap is applied when not selected is changed for gradation display.

To change the segment selection signal, just the segment selection signal is required as described above.

The pattern to be changed is divided into two.

There are two traces: a stepwise pattern as shown in FIGS. 39 and 41, and a phase change as shown in FIG. 40.

Next, an example in which the alternating current driving waveform with an amplitude of 1/1 vap is changed to a gradation display when not selected is shown in FIGS. 421 to 4.
It is shown in Figure 7.

Similar to the gradation display described above, there are two ways to change the waveform: a step-like waveform and a waveform with different phases.
Vap can be modulated by τm.

It was previously shown that there are generally two ways to change the segment selection signal to obtain a grayscale display.

That is, (1) the phase is shifted, and (2) the waveform is made into a stepwise waveform. An example of the stepwise waveform in (2) is shown in FIG. 48 in a general case.

The top two are staircase waveforms when the lights are on, and the bottom two are when the lights are off.

"+ *vt" are the following voltages.

V, : (1-(Vn, )Vap)Vt=(')
/yu) Vap aa Any number, ±('/s,)Vap when not selected
An alternating current pulse of is applied.

As shown above, the display element according to the present invention using Sm('!* is an epoch-making liquid crystal display element that breaks the limitations of conventional X-Y matrix type liquid crystal display elements that do not use active elements. By using this element, a multi-segment display can be driven by a simple matrix, and the number of driver TCO can be greatly reduced.Also, since it is a simple panel that does not use active elements, it is possible to realize an inexpensive large-capacity liquid crystal panel. can.

[Brief explanation of the drawing]

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the molecular arrangement of the first southern μ, N, SmA, and SmC. FIG. 2B is a diagram schematically showing the molecular arrangement called the helical axis of BmC* and the state of the middle molecule. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the molecular state and the conventional display principle viewed from the base direction. FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a display element panel according to the present invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the molecular state in the display element according to the present invention. FIGS. 6 and 7 show changes in optical transmittance when an AC pulse voltage is applied immediately after applying a DC voltage. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the relationship between response time and applied voltage. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the relationship between response time and thermal fatigue. Figures 10-13 show the selected army and pressure Vap when not selected.
This is an example in which positive and negative alternating current pulses are applied. 14 shows an example in which the signal is composed of alternating current pulses, whereas FIGS. 10 to 13 have waveforms with the same polarity. i'@:j5 Figures 10 and 1 show the actual φY, Oka Y, φx, and cbx signals that summarize lighting scans and non-lighting scans.
1 and the case of FIG. 14; FIG. Figures 16 and 17 show an example of a driving method in which positive and negative alternating current pulses of s'A Vap are applied when not selected, in a driving method that erases all pixels on the scanning electrode one ahead of the selected scanning electrode. . FIG. 18 shows the voltage that is actually applied between the liquid crystals when FIGS. 10 to 14 are used. FIG. 19 shows the control signal. When the embodiments shown in Figures to Figure 17 are used, the voltage actually applied between the liquid crystals is shown. Figure 21 shows the control signal. Figures 2 to Wg2; Time K 1/1Vap
(D) This is an example of a case where a positive love pulse is a force. FIG. 28 shows 'A Va' of the driving method for erasing all pixels on the scanning electrodes ahead of the selected scanning 'Ri pole.
The positive and negative alternating current pulses of p are distorted when not selected. It is on the flow side. FIG. 29 shows changes in optical transmittance when driven. FIGS. 30 to 32 show examples of the voltage applied to the liquid crystal when using the driving method of floating after a finite number of scans, increasing the frequency, and applying a complete alternating current pulse. FIG. 33 shows the waveforms applied to the common and segment electrodes after the finite number of scans of FIG. 32. FIG. 34 shows an example of the voltage applied to the liquid crystal when a driving method with a finite number of scans and zero volts is used. FIG. 35 to FIG. 41 are examples of driving waveforms of Batani, which perform gradation by modulating selection voltages Va and p, and apply positive and negative alternating current pulses of 1 and 4 Vap when not selected. 42 to 47 show examples of drive waveforms in which positive and negative alternating current pulses of 1/4 Va, p are applied when non-selected, and selection voltages Va, p are modulated to display gradation. FIG. 48 shows a pattern of segment selection signals that is changed for gradation display. 1...Dipole moment 2...Liquid crystal molecules 3, d, 5...Polarization direction 6...Electrode 7...Alignment film 8...Liquid crystal 9...Sealing agent 10...Polarized light Plate 11...Liquid crystal molecules and above Applicant Seiko Electronic Industries Co., Ltd. Agent Patent Attorney Mogami Affairs Figure 1 α Figure 1 b Figure 1 C Figure 2 a Figure 3 Figure 6 Figure 7 8 Diagram lU ID A/ vaVv Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 121
. -Strong Figure 15 <a> Figure 15 (b) Figure 16 ■ Figure 7 Figure 18 Figure 20 Figure 22 %vQp fYlr ------
-----0dpXp2-1--------0 Figure 24 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 2S Figure 5 Figure 311 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 360 Figure 37 ゛＋Electric←− fig. Figure 45 菟 'hVap Tomari vaρ Figure 46 111----------------0
1st tier S map ■p

Claims (1)

[Claims] In a liquid crystal display element composed of two polarizing plates, in which a ferroelectric liquid crystal is sandwiched between two substrates having electrodes and at least one of which is transparent, A liquid crystal display element characterized by displaying images using non-parallel molecular states. (2) Lighting or non-lighting is selected by a selected voltage regulator Vap having a desired pulse width, and a molecular attack that is not parallel to the substrate is detected by an alternating current current whose positive and negative amplitudes are equal and less than that of the Vap. A liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, characterized in that the driving method is used. (3) A driving method characterized by using a driving method in which the selection voltage alternates scanning in which a polarity corresponding to lighting or non-lighting is applied and scanning in which a selection voltage with a polarity opposite to the previous selection voltage is applied. Liquid crystal display element in range 1. (4) Select lighting or non-lighting Apply a desired voltage corresponding to lighting or non-lighting to the pixels on the scanning electrodes H ahead of the scanning line, and then select the opposite polarity of the voltage by selective scanning. A liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, characterized in that a driving method is used in which display is performed depending on whether or not a voltage is applied. (5) The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, characterized in that warm compensation is performed by a driving frequency. (6) Scanning to realize lighting or non-lighting is performed a finite number of times, and then the floating or driving frequency is increased. Alternatively, the first claim is characterized in that a driving method is used in which alternating current pulses of equal positive and negative polarity are applied.
Liquid crystal display element. (7) The liquid crystal display element according to claim 11, characterized in that a driving method is used to display gradation by modulating the pulse width of the selection voltage. (8) The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, wherein temperature compensation is performed using a selection voltage Vap.