JPS59205468A - High temperature corrosion resistant material - Google Patents
High temperature corrosion resistant materialInfo
- Publication number
- JPS59205468A JPS59205468A JP8006883A JP8006883A JPS59205468A JP S59205468 A JPS59205468 A JP S59205468A JP 8006883 A JP8006883 A JP 8006883A JP 8006883 A JP8006883 A JP 8006883A JP S59205468 A JPS59205468 A JP S59205468A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- high temperature
- temperature corrosion
- powder
- heat
- alloy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
- C23C10/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
- C23C10/28—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using solids, e.g. powders, pastes
- C23C10/34—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation
- C23C10/52—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation more than one element being diffused in one step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 本発明は高温耐食性材料に関する。[Detailed description of the invention] The present invention relates to high temperature corrosion resistant materials.
高温腐食性雰囲気で用いられる耐熱合金には、高温強度
と共に耐食性が要求される。耐熱合金自身は高温強度の
向上を目的として合金設計がなされている。そのため耐
食性は表面処理によって付与しなければならない。航空
機や発電機などの各ｆｆＡガスタービンエンジンや化学
工業機器などで用いられる耐熱合金は高温腐食−よって
、その寿命が決定される場合が多い。Heat-resistant alloys used in high-temperature corrosive atmospheres are required to have high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance. Heat-resistant alloys themselves are designed with the aim of improving high-temperature strength. Therefore, corrosion resistance must be imparted through surface treatment. Heat-resistant alloys used in various ffA gas turbine engines such as aircraft and generators, chemical industrial equipment, and the like are subject to high-temperature corrosion, which often determines their service life.
従来の耐熱合金に耐食性を付与する代表的な方法として
、耐熱合金の表面に、（１）ＣｒまたはＡｌを拡散浸透
処理する方法、（２）Ｃｒ −Ａｌ 、 Ｓｉ −Ｃｒ
ままは５ｉ−Ａｌの接合拡散浸透被覆層を設ける方法、
（３）ＰＬ＋Ａｌの複合被覆層を設ける方法が知られて
いる。しかしながら、前記（１）、および（２）は高温
耐食性が劣シ、また前記（３）は１０００℃附近におけ
る耐食性が良好であるが、ｐｔを使用するため製造コス
トが高くなる欠点がある。Typical methods for imparting corrosion resistance to conventional heat-resistant alloys include (1) diffusion treatment of Cr or Al on the surface of the heat-resistant alloy, and (2) Cr-Al, Si-Cr.
A method of providing a bonded diffusion permeable coating layer of Mamaha 5i-Al,
(3) A method of providing a composite coating layer of PL+Al is known. However, the above (1) and (2) have poor high temperature corrosion resistance, and the above (3) has good corrosion resistance at around 1000°C, but has the disadvantage of high manufacturing cost because it uses PT.
本発明の目的は従来の欠点をなくし、高温耐食性が優れ
、且つ製造コストが安価な高温耐食性材料を提供するに
ある。An object of the present invention is to eliminate the drawbacks of the prior art and to provide a high temperature corrosion resistant material that has excellent high temperature corrosion resistance and is inexpensive to manufacture.
本発明者らは前記目的を達成すべく研究の結果、耐熱性
合金の表面に、Ｙ−ＡＩまたはＹ−Ｃｒの複合被覆層を
設けると、密着性が優れて耐久性を有し且つ高温耐食性
の優れた材料が得られることを知見し、この知見に基い
て本発明を完成した。As a result of research to achieve the above object, the present inventors found that when a composite coating layer of Y-AI or Y-Cr is provided on the surface of a heat-resistant alloy, it has excellent adhesion, durability, and high-temperature corrosion resistance. It was discovered that an excellent material can be obtained, and the present invention was completed based on this knowledge.
従来、前記したように、尤、Ｃｒは高温耐食性に対し、
保癌性を示す酸化物被膜を形成する元素であることは知
られているが、これらの酸化物被膜が一旦剥離すると加
速的に腐食が進行する。しかし、これをＹと複合舷覆す
ると、すなわち、Ｙ−ＡｌまたはＹ−Ｃｒの複合被覆層
を形成させると、Ａ、ｌ、Ｃｒの酸化物層の密着性を改
善し得られる。Conventionally, as mentioned above, Cr has a high temperature corrosion resistance.
It is known that it is an element that forms oxide films that exhibit cancer retention properties, but once these oxide films are peeled off, corrosion progresses at an accelerated pace. However, if this is combined with Y, that is, if a composite coating layer of Y-Al or Y-Cr is formed, the adhesion of the oxide layers of A, l, and Cr can be improved.
Ｙ−ＡＩ、 Ｙ−Ｃｒの複合’ｔ ｆｆｌ 層の形成方
法は次の方法によって行うことができろう
耐熱性合金、例えば、Ｎｉ基耐熱合金、ＣＯ基耐品合金
の表面に、Ｙを蒸Ｘｒする一蒸着法としては真空蒋府法
、化学蒸着法のいずれの方法でもよいが、イオンブレー
ティング法によると、側熱合金にＹが打ち込まシ１、密
〃、゛性のよい鼓膜が形成し代らね、る点で好ましい。A method for forming a composite layer of Y-AI and Y-Cr can be carried out by the following method. As a vapor deposition method, either the vacuum Chiangfu method or the chemical vapor deposition method may be used, but according to the ion blating method, Y is implanted into the side-heated alloy, forming a dense and elastic eardrum. It is preferable in that it does not change.
Ｙの蒸着後、ＡＩ、またはＣｒの拡散浸透処理を行う。After the vapor deposition of Y, a diffusion infiltration treatment of AI or Cr is performed.
その拡散浸透処Ｕは、Ａｌ合金４粉末またはＣｒ金属粉
末にＡｌ２Ｏ３粉末とＮＷＡＣＩ粉末を混合し、前記試
別を該混合粉末中に埋め込み、水素気流中で加熱処理す
ることにより行う。その処理温度は８００℃未満では拡
ｉｉケ浸透被ダ層の生成速度が著しく遅く、かつＹの核
農層への拡散速度も遅くなる。１１５０℃を超えると、
拡散浸透被覆層が不均一になシ、かつＹの基材合金への
拡散速度が大きくなり、良好な高温耐食性材料が得難い
ので、８００〜１１５０℃の加熱であることが好ましい
。この場合、Ｙ−ＡＩのときは、雰囲気を水素気流に代
え、アルゴンガスを使用しても同様に拡散浸透を行うこ
とができる。Ｙ−Ｃｒのときはアルゴン中では良好な高
温耐食性材料は得難い。The diffusion infiltration treatment U is performed by mixing Al2O3 powder and NWACI powder with Al alloy 4 powder or Cr metal powder, embedding the sample into the mixed powder, and heat-treating in a hydrogen stream. If the treatment temperature is lower than 800° C., the rate of formation of the permeable layer will be extremely slow, and the rate of diffusion of Y into the layer will also be slow. When the temperature exceeds 1150℃,
Heating at 800 to 1150°C is preferable because the diffusion coating layer becomes non-uniform and the rate of diffusion of Y into the base alloy increases, making it difficult to obtain a material with good high temperature corrosion resistance. In this case, in the case of Y-AI, diffusion and infiltration can be similarly performed even if argon gas is used instead of the hydrogen gas atmosphere. When using Y-Cr, it is difficult to obtain a material with good high temperature corrosion resistance in argon.
実施例１
樅横１４−厚さ２嗣の板状のＮｊ基耐熱合金に、まず最
初にイオンブレーティング装置（でよシ蒸着した。その
方法は真空チャンバーの中で′電子ビーム溶解によって
Ｙを溶解し蒸発させ、そのすぐ上に設置されたグローブ
電極に約５０Ｖの正の電圧をかけるとＹの蒸気はイオン
化する。さらに基材試料に２ｋＶ程度の負の電圧をかけ
るとＹイオンは基材に打ち込捷れ密着性の良いＹの金属
被膜が形成された。その厚さは約３１Ｌｍであった。そ
の試料にＣｒの拡散浸透処理を行った。その方法はＣｒ
金属粉末８０襲、Ａ１□０３粉末１７チそしてＩ”ＪＨ
４Ｃ１粉末３条を均一混合し、ステンレス容器に入れそ
の中に上記試料を埋め込み、水素気流中で１１００℃７
時間の加熱処理を行った。これらの処理を行った結果、
表面処理層として少々、のＹが均一に固溶した約３０μ
ｍｎのＣｒのむ、縮へ町が得られた。Example 1 First, Y was deposited on a plate-shaped Nj-based heat-resistant alloy with a thickness of 14 mm and 2 mm thick using an ion-blating device. When the Y vapor is melted and evaporated and a positive voltage of about 50V is applied to the globe electrode placed directly above it, the Y vapor is ionized.Furthermore, when a negative voltage of about 2kV is applied to the base material sample, the Y ions are released from the base material. A metal film of Y with good adhesion was formed by hammering and wrinkling.The thickness was about 31 Lm.The sample was subjected to Cr diffusion infiltration treatment.
80 pieces of metal powder, 17 pieces of A1□03 powder, and I”JH
Three strips of 4C1 powder were uniformly mixed, placed in a stainless steel container, the above sample was embedded in it, and heated at 1100°C in a hydrogen stream.
Heat treatment was performed for an hour. As a result of these processes,
Approximately 30μ of Y is uniformly dissolved as a surface treatment layer.
A shrinkage of mn of Cr was obtained.
このＹ−Ｃｒ複合彼預試料の高温耐食性を他の従来技術
妬よってイ’Ｊられだ表面処理試料と比較した。The high-temperature corrosion resistance of this Y--Cr composite sample was compared with that of other prior art surface-treated samples.
高温ＪｒＳ食試鉄の方法は、ガラ・スタービンの燃焼ガ
スによる腐食を想定し、燃焼灰を模擬した溶融塩（７５
９ＳＮａ２ＳＯ４，２５％ Ｎａ Ｃｌ ）中シて試料
を全浸漬させ、１１００ Ｃテ２ ｏ ｎ！ｊ、ｎｉｊ
ｆ ツ５１”Ｊ ノ繰り返Ｌ ７ＪＤ ｆ、４−を行
うものである。この繰り返し高温腐食試験は連続して行
う−ｅ＜的な試駆に比較して非常に過酷な試験である１
、
本発明によるＹ−Ｃｒ複合被、浚試料の高温ｌ１ｉＩＩ
′０１ｔを、６幻ミ被彷試料−Ｊ＝・よび従来技術での
Ｃｒ拡散浸透処５）八＃：Ｆ、 Ｐｔ −Ｃｒ対合律：
頓試料と高温腐食試験ての＞′Ｉｌ上Ｃａ化によって比
；ニジτした結果を図１に示す。The high-temperature JrS test iron method assumes corrosion caused by combustion gas from a gala turbine, and uses molten salt (75
The sample was completely immersed in 9SNa2SO4, 25% NaCl) and heated at 1100 C on! j, nij
This repeated high temperature corrosion test is a much harsher test compared to the continuous trial driving.
, Y-Cr composite coating according to the present invention, high temperature l1iII of the dredged sample
'01t, 6 phantom wandering sample - J = and Cr diffusion infiltration treatment with conventional technology 5) 8#: F, Pt - Cr pair rule:
Figure 1 shows the results of the comparison between the untreated sample and the high-temperature corrosion test.
この結果で示されているように、Ｙ−Ｃｒ複合被Ｏ試旧
（づ−イ１りのバト・Ｆに比較して重デ４；−変化が非
常に少く、耐食性が良好であることが示されている。光
学顕微鏡による腐食試料断面の観察からも、Ｙ−Ｃｒお
よびＰｔ −Ｃｒ複合被覆試料は、他の試料が激しく腐
食されているのに対して、被覆層が健全に試料表面を覆
って残されている。As shown in this result, there is very little change in the Y-Cr composite O test (compared to the BAT-F), which indicates that the corrosion resistance is good. Observation of the cross section of the corroded sample using an optical microscope also shows that the Y-Cr and Pt-Cr composite coated samples have a healthy coating layer covering the sample surface, whereas other samples are severely corroded. It is left covered.
実施例２
実施例１と同様な試料に同じ方法でＹを３μｍイオンブ
レーティングしたＮｉ基耐熱合金にＡＩの拡散浸透処理
を飾した。その方法はＡ１の金属粉末３０％Ａ１２０３
粉末６７ｑ６とＮＨ４Ｃｌ３％を均一に混合し、ステン
レス容器に入れ、その中に被グ試料を埋め込み、水素気
流中で４時間の加熱処理を行うものである。これらの処
理を行った結果、表面処理層として少景のＹが均一に固
溶した約６０μｍのん濃ｍ層を得た。Example 2 A Ni-based heat-resistant alloy, which had been ion-blated with Y to a thickness of 3 μm using the same method as in Example 1, was decorated with an AI diffusion infiltration treatment. The method is A1 metal powder 30% A1203
Powder 67q6 and 3% NH4Cl are uniformly mixed, placed in a stainless steel container, the sample to be tested is embedded in the container, and heat treatment is performed for 4 hours in a hydrogen stream. As a result of these treatments, a thick layer of about 60 μm in which a small amount of Y was uniformly dissolved was obtained as a surface treatment layer.
このＹ−ＡＩ複合被棲試料の高温耐食性を、実施例１と
同じ高温腐食試験法で、無被覆試料および従来技術での
ＡＩ拡散浸透処理試料、Ｐｔ −ＡＩ ’ｔＭ合被覆試
料と高温腐食試験での重量変化によって比較した結果を
図２に示す。この無被晋試料に対して、ＡＩ単独、Ｐｔ
−ＡｌとＹ−Ａｌ複合被覆試料は重量変化が少なく耐食
性が良好に見られるが、光学顕微鏡観察例よるとＡＩ単
独被覆試料は局部的に激しく腐食しており、Ｐｔ −Ａ
Ｉ 、 Ｙ−Ａｌ複合被覆試料は過酷な腐食試験の後で
も被グ層が試料表面に健全に保たれ、両者共に良好な耐
食性を示している。に単独被覆試料の重量変化が小さか
ったのは、スケールの生成による重量増加と剥離による
重量減少が相殺されたためである。The high-temperature corrosion resistance of this Y-AI composite coated sample was tested using the same high-temperature corrosion test method as in Example 1 with an uncoated sample, an AI diffusion-infiltration treated sample using the conventional technology, and a Pt-AI 'tM composite coated sample. Figure 2 shows the results of a comparison based on weight changes. For this unexposed sample, AI alone, Pt
-Al and Y-Al composite coated samples show good corrosion resistance with little change in weight, but according to optical microscope observations, samples coated with AI alone are locally severely corroded, and Pt-A
In the I and Y-Al composite coated samples, the coated layer remained intact on the sample surface even after severe corrosion tests, and both exhibited good corrosion resistance. The reason why the weight change of the single coated sample was small was that the weight increase due to scale formation and the weight loss due to peeling were offset.
Ｐｔ−Ａｌに対してＹ−ＡＩ複合被覆は、Ｙの価格がｐ
ｔの約犀０であるために、その製造コストは著るしく軽
減された。Compared to Pt-Al, the Y-AI composite coating has a Y price of p
Since the manufacturing cost is approximately 0, the manufacturing cost is significantly reduced.
以上のように、本発明の高温耐食材料は従来のＡＩある
いはＣｒの拡散浸透被覆したものに比べて、高温耐食性
が顕著に優れ、Ｐｔ −Ａｌに比適し、ｐｔ−ＡＩに比
べて極めて安価に製造し得られる優れた効果を有する。As described above, the high temperature corrosion resistant material of the present invention has significantly superior high temperature corrosion resistance compared to conventional AI or Cr diffusion coatings, is more suitable for Pt-Al, and is extremely inexpensive compared to pt-AI. It has excellent effects when manufactured.
図１は、Ｙ、 −Ｃｒ複合被覆試料と他の試料の高温腐
食試験における重量変化の比較、図２は、Ｙ−ＡＩ複合
被櫃試料と他の試料の高温腐食試験釦おける重量変化の
比較を示す。
特許出願人 科学技術庁金属材料技術研究所長図 １
１プ ２Figure 1 shows a comparison of the weight change in the high temperature corrosion test between the Y, -Cr composite coated sample and other samples. Figure 2 shows the comparison of the weight change in the high temperature corrosion test button between the Y-AI composite coated sample and other samples. shows. Patent applicant Director of the Institute of Metals and Materials Technology, Science and Technology Agency Figure 1 1 2
Claims (1)
被覆層を設けたものからなる高温耐食性材料1 High temperature corrosion resistant material consisting of a heat resistant alloy with a composite coating layer of Y-AI or Y-Cr provided on the surface
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8006883A JPS59205468A (en) | 1983-05-10 | 1983-05-10 | High temperature corrosion resistant material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8006883A JPS59205468A (en) | 1983-05-10 | 1983-05-10 | High temperature corrosion resistant material |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS59205468A true JPS59205468A (en) | 1984-11-21 |
Family
ID=13707906
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8006883A Pending JPS59205468A (en) | 1983-05-10 | 1983-05-10 | High temperature corrosion resistant material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS59205468A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2003060187A1 (en) * | 2002-01-08 | 2003-07-24 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Process chamber having component with yttrium-aluminum coating |
| US7371467B2 (en) | 2002-01-08 | 2008-05-13 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Process chamber component having electroplated yttrium containing coating |
| CN102485934A (en) * | 2010-12-01 | 2012-06-06 | 沈阳黎明航空发动机(集团)有限责任公司 | Method for preparing hollow blade inner chamber diffusion layer with high temperature resistance, oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance |
| CN103060747A (en) * | 2012-12-13 | 2013-04-24 | 北京航空航天大学 | Method for preparing Y modified CoAlNi coating on Ni-based high temperature alloy by embedding infiltration process |
| CN106521405A (en) * | 2016-10-25 | 2017-03-22 | 北方民族大学 | Impregnation agent for surface modification of nickel base alloy and utilization method of impregnation agent |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS4982545A (en) * | 1972-12-18 | 1974-08-08 | ||
| JPS501932A (en) * | 1973-04-23 | 1975-01-10 | ||
| JPS5120449A (en) * | 1974-08-12 | 1976-02-18 | Fujita Corp | Kozobutsuniokeru taishinkako |
| JPS5687661A (en) * | 1979-12-19 | 1981-07-16 | Hitachi Ltd | Metal article coating method |
-
1983
- 1983-05-10 JP JP8006883A patent/JPS59205468A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS4982545A (en) * | 1972-12-18 | 1974-08-08 | ||
| JPS501932A (en) * | 1973-04-23 | 1975-01-10 | ||
| JPS5120449A (en) * | 1974-08-12 | 1976-02-18 | Fujita Corp | Kozobutsuniokeru taishinkako |
| JPS5687661A (en) * | 1979-12-19 | 1981-07-16 | Hitachi Ltd | Metal article coating method |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2003060187A1 (en) * | 2002-01-08 | 2003-07-24 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Process chamber having component with yttrium-aluminum coating |
| US6942929B2 (en) | 2002-01-08 | 2005-09-13 | Nianci Han | Process chamber having component with yttrium-aluminum coating |
| US7371467B2 (en) | 2002-01-08 | 2008-05-13 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Process chamber component having electroplated yttrium containing coating |
| US9012030B2 (en) | 2002-01-08 | 2015-04-21 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Process chamber component having yttrium—aluminum coating |
| CN102485934A (en) * | 2010-12-01 | 2012-06-06 | 沈阳黎明航空发动机(集团)有限责任公司 | Method for preparing hollow blade inner chamber diffusion layer with high temperature resistance, oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance |
| CN103060747A (en) * | 2012-12-13 | 2013-04-24 | 北京航空航天大学 | Method for preparing Y modified CoAlNi coating on Ni-based high temperature alloy by embedding infiltration process |
| CN106521405A (en) * | 2016-10-25 | 2017-03-22 | 北方民族大学 | Impregnation agent for surface modification of nickel base alloy and utilization method of impregnation agent |
| CN106521405B (en) * | 2016-10-25 | 2018-08-24 | 北方民族大学 | A kind of penetration enhancer and its application method of the modification of nickel-base alloy surface |
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