JPS582851A - Wet type toner for electrophotography - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain an electrophotographic wet type toner superior in pressure transfer performance, and adhesion between the toner and a lithographic plate of aluminum or the like, by dispersing olefinic resin particles having carbonyl groups into an electrically insulating liquid. CONSTITUTION:An electrophotographic wet type toner is prepared by dispersing (B) olefinic resin particles, such as ''N-Polymer '' made by Nippon Sekiyu Kagaku KK having about <=10mum paticle diameter and carbonyl groups into (A) an electrically insulating liquid, such as an iso- or n-paraffinic hydrocarbon. Said toner image can be transferred with pressure to an insulating transfer material, such as paper, by an ordinary method, and moreover, it can be efficiently transferred even onto a conductive transferred image-receiving material made of metal or the like, thus permitting superior transfer performance to be exhibited by use of a photoreceptor provided with a layer of an easily strippable material on the surface as an electrophotographic receptor.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention-1 relates to an electrophotographic immersion toner, and more specifically, the present invention relates to an electrophotographic immersion toner, and more specifically, to an electrophotographic immersion toner having an easy-to-understand layer as a reward. 1-pressure transfer is possible to the transfer body, and the toner is heated onto the body to be transferred, and the image can be transferred to the body with excellent durability when placed horizontally. This relates to the No. 1 electrophotographic toner set.

As electrophotographic photosensitive materials are used repeatedly, it is necessary to efficiently transfer the first dye on the photosensitive pot to the transfer target, and the transfer methods can be roughly divided into electrostatic transfer methods. There is a physical transfer method □゛.

In the electrostatic transfer method, when transferring an insulating toner V to a transfer pot, an electrostatic image is collected, and the transfer object is placed on the surface of an electrophotographic photoreceptor on which the toner is attached in the form of an image. ! In many 1-zero machines, there is a method to attract and transfer the toner to the transfer object by performing a direct current corona discharge with the opposite polarity to the charge of the toner. This is the method used.

This method uses a simple device. It is necessary for the electrical resistance to be within the range of 109 to 10" am, and when the material to be transferred is paper, there is a disadvantage that it is easily affected by the effects of moisture contained in the paper.Furthermore, The electrical resistance of the transfer target is limited to the above-mentioned method.
Banjo, metal, material made by laminating metal cylinder and paper, metal g
Transfer to materials that do not have the ability to retain corona discharge charges, such as t-film, or materials that V-hold the electric field of the attached corona discharge charges cannot be performed, and even if the electrical resistance is within the above aN, the transferred material cannot be transferred. If the thickness is large, the electric field before the prona discharge from the back becomes weaker at the front, resulting in poor or impossible transfer. In addition, a toner current bias voltage is applied to the bottle stand where the electrical resistance #IIL of the transfer target is low, the conductive substrate of the photoreceptor, and the transfer target so that the transfer target side has the opposite polarity to the t- charge. There is an ink method to transfer the . However, in this method, the injection of charge to the transfer target t- occurs, resulting in a decrease in ILiIL and transfer efficiency.

The above-mentioned defects occur in both dry toners and wet toners in which the toner is transferred by electrical force.

Another method for overcoming the above drawbacks is a physical transfer method that does not use electrical force for transfer, and one example of this is the ``C1 tube transfer 2F method.'' This method uses a pressure-sensitive ring TM.
The transfer is performed by touching the transfer material coated with a toner, applying pressure with a roller, and then peeling it off. However, since it does not use electrical force, it has no relation to the electrical properties of the object to be transferred (it has the advantage of being able to perform transfer).

However, this method requires processing such as applying a pressure-sensitive adhesive to the transfer target, and is inevitably complicated.

Another example of physical transfer is an ink pressure transfer method that uses thermoplastic toner. In this method, the transfer object is attached to a toner-containing image on an electrophotographic photoreceptor, or pressure is applied to soften the toner, or the toner is soaked into the transfer object. After getting wet, that ttt
The toner is transferred by peeling and separating the i-zero object, cooling it or releasing pressure, and then peeling and separating it. This is a pressure transfer method.

Electric paper law to be transferred because it does not support electric force, l
1lt, it is possible to perform good transfer regardless of the thickness, etc., and it is especially effective for bottle stands using electrophotographic rigid beam light material with easy-to-understand properties on the surface□ Furthermore, the toner can be transferred to the metal surface, and since no electrical force is applied, there is minimal blurring of the image.
It has the advantage of being able to reduce the amount of φ missing even in the transferability of the printer, and has excellent transfer efficiency, and can be used for applications such as one copy of electrophotography. Of course, Hayamaro Incho l[
＃One layer can also be formed on the substrate, and the printing plate can be quickly printed.
It is useful to use it for a.

However, as advances have been made in pressure transfer methods, especially toners with reduced drying type ← toners, 1ljc) toners that have the characteristics of aluminum 1 [& any flat*tma sentry plate as a flat printing armpit. It is a shame that we should not overlook this.

For example, one example of dry toner is dry heat setting 11ml)
The toner is made by Ichishima, and the toner electrons are placed in a pot of transfer material. -4
Since it is sufficient that the material is softened by the 11 islands and adapted to the object to be transferred, a relatively hard material can be selected as the material for the first time, and therefore the drawbacks of caking due to stirring, conveyance, and IP coating are unlikely to occur.

However, dry-type Shima Soso Crab toner is hard when left on a permanent basis, so
Pressure transfer tends to damage the surface of the photoreceptor, and dry heat setting (1 ml) materials tend to crack and peel off during printing from materials such as aluminum, which are fragile and have poor flexibility. The printing durability is insufficient when used for horizontal printing.

In addition, dry pressure toner, which is another example of dry toner, is easily deformed even at high temperatures as long as pressure is applied.
It is necessary to select a suitable material for J611, which tends to crystallize due to transportation and storage, such as agglomeration, lumpy pH images, and caking.

Furthermore, dry toners using both dry heat setting** and dry pressure chamber*m have large toner particles, and because the electronic surface of the toner is constantly in contact with the atmosphere, there is a large humidity effect, which makes them popular in commercial printing. The drawback is that it is difficult to stably maintain a good resolution in order to create a suitable image.

On the other hand, wet toner, in contrast to dry toner, consists mostly of pigments and is heated.

When pressed, it does not melt or deform, and is mainly due to its constant position and addition to the transferred material.

I will do my best! Qin's dark type toner has pressure transferability, but since the toner particles are in an electrically insulating liquid, it is not affected by the change. Since there is no need for dry pressure I!, there is an advantage that uneven thickness due to cake formation does not occur when toner is used.

Also, if we compare each of the above toners from the point of view of eW characteristics with the transferred pot, the conversion heat-stable l1l) toner is aIw-4, so the 11m distance with the transfer target is relatively good, but Since a brittle resin is used in consideration of ease of crushing and difficulty in forming a cake, the cooled toner is easily broken and easily removed from the transfer target due to breakage or the like. This tendency is particularly prevalent on metal plates.

On the other hand, dry pressure *tW)ner retains a certain degree of flexibility and mold, so it will not peel off when folded, etc., but it is a somewhat brittle resin to suppress cake formation and make it easier to crush in *a process. Since it is added, II compatibility with the transfer target is good (not good).

Plastics that cannot be penetrated by conventional type ■ type toner,
It can be said that there is almost no adhesion to metal etc.1
In this paper, Meiharu researched the grain yield and found that if olefin resin particles having a carbonyl group are used as the resin for forming toner particles, pressure transferability and flat stamps such as aluminum 11111Fa & plate. They have also discovered that by dispersing the toner particles in a highly insulating liquid, even if the toner particles are fine particles of 10 P or less, cake formation can be prevented. It happened.

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic toner comprising particles dispersed in an electrically insulating liquid, in which the particles are made of an olefin resin having a carbonyl group.

The present invention will be explained in detail below.

The olefinic resin particles having a carbonyl group used in this invention include those obtained by modifying Botolefin resin and introducing carboxyl properties. Examples of product names include 1 Nippon Petrochemical - IlkI Polymer, Tonen Petrochemical Made by TO II BOMP-H & Release, MODI made by Sanshi Yuka
O, Iron and Steel Engineering *mw Deixen, Mitsui Toatsu Chemical ■-
Lonply, Atmar Misaki manufactured by Mitsui Petrochemical Industries ■ Copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid, product names include Dactam copolymer manufactured by Dakugemiriruru Co., Ltd. Copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, Alternatively, so-called ionomers made by cross-linking them (product names such as DuPont Co., Ltd. @-f-lan, manufactured by Mitsui Polychemical Co., Ltd.)
Tameimilan, Corpolene latex manufactured by Asahi Dacu, etc.; Copolymer of ethylene and ##vinyl; product names include Ultracene manufactured by Toyo Ichita Kogyo ■.

Sumitate manufactured by Sumikagaku Kogyo @11, Yucalon Epa manufactured by Sanbin Yuka, Evaflex manufactured by Mitsui Pola Chemical ■, U.S.
DuPont Co., Ltd.'s Elbarakzu, etc.; Partially saponified copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate, product names include Dumilan, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; copolymers of etereno and acrylic acid ester, product names include Made by Nippon Unicar D
Those made of an olefin resin having a carbonyl group or a carboxyl carbonyl group such as PD-6169i and having a particle size of 10.1 uaa or less, preferably 0.1 to 5 P can be used; #1 or 2
You can use a mixture of more than one species.

In addition, in order to make the toner image after development easier, the resin may be coated with a pigment and/or a dye. In particular, it is necessary to select a dye that is insoluble in the electrically insulating liquid described later. There is a figure.

In the liquid developer of the present invention, the electrically insulating casing includes:
Known ones can be used, for example, n-paraffinic hydrocarbons, 18o-paraffinic hydrocarbons,
or mixtures thereof, fat hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons,
Heσ-genated aliphatic hydrocarbons, V-rokitin oil, etc. are V! However, in the present invention, consideration is given to not dissolving dissimilar substances as much as possible, consideration is given to maintaining electrical insulation properties and preventing deterioration of the developer, and so on. It is preferable to use a relatively small electrically insulating liquid, especially a Chiho group hydrocarbon, especially a 1so- or n-paraffinic hydrocarbon.

The olefinic resin having a carbonyl group as described above may be made into particles by any method, but for example, it may be finely pulverized using a pulverizer such as a ball mill, a bottle mill, or a jet mill. , the resin is cooled to a temperature lower than the temperature and crushed, and the S crusher is placed into an electrically insulating liquid as soon as possible.Also, it is very good to melt the resin by heating or melting it with a soluble solvent and making it into a wavy shape. It may be cooled and solidified or dried and solidified.

Another method is to use the temperature dependence of the dissolved substance of the resin, and heat the resin in a solvent and then rapidly cool it while stirring to coagulate it into a mold-like form. The solvent used for dissolving this bottle base resin is not resistant to heat.
It is necessary to exchange the solvent at the IA meeting.

The particle size of the resin granulated by the above method depends on the requirements of the guests regarding the resolvability of the image obtained after the towing, but the average particle size is preferably 10 μm or less, more preferably 5 μm.凰〜(11 voices l should have an average grain i.

Furthermore, in the electrically insulating liquid, a dispersant, a constant lI agent, and an electrically insulating liquid are added.
For example, transition metal-compatible fatty acid hydrochloric acid or organic complex salts can be used as charge control agents, and various resins soluble in the above-mentioned j11i1m stunning liquid, such as modified acids, can be used as fixatives. or unmodified alkyd resin, ordinary acrylic resin, synthetic rubber, polyalkylene oxide,
Bois vinyl acetal (including butyral), vinyl acetate resin, etc. can be used, and as a dispersant, many anionic, cationic, amphoteric, or nonionic compounds can be used.
In addition to the activator, among the above-mentioned power supply control agents, for example, a fatty acid salt, and among the 11M, for example, a suitable aphrodisiac can be used.

The resin particles in the liquid developer thus obtained are positively charged, and are used in electrophotographic photoreceptors that are used with negative charges, for example! Zinc oxide/*Gives a positive image on a fat photoreceptor.

The wet toner of the present invention can of course be applied to an insulating transfer target such as paper by a normal transfer method, that is, electric field transfer such as corona transfer, but it is also applicable to an electrically conductive transfer target such as metal. The feature of carp is that it can be efficiently transferred from the surface of the sensory body for electrophotography using the pressure transfer method [
have

111 for this purpose! As the sensor for electrophotography, generally known ones can be used, but it is more preferable to use a photoreceptor for electrophotography V whose surface is sealed with an easily peelable material I11 as described below. This is achieved by achieving even better transferability.

An example of the structure of an electrophotographic photoreceptor having an easily peelable material layer is shown in III.

11N@l indicates the vIkijl of the electrophotographic sensor having an easily peelable material layer on the surface, the substrate 1 has at least 1I
iiQ is a conductive substrate, and in addition to entirely conductive materials such as metals, conductive treatment is applied to the surface of insulating materials such as paper, glass, and plastics, or conductive materials are coated with conductive materials.
III materials can be used.

In either case, it is desirable that the structure is such that the ground electrode can be easily detached from the photoconductive photosensitive layer, and any shape such as a plate or a cylinder may be used.

The materials of the photoconductive photosensitive layer 2 are amorphous cerium, a composition of sulfurizing domium and a resin binder, a composition of zinc oxide and a resin binder, amorphous silicon, cadmium sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium carbonate, and a resin binder. 1ml 1l
In addition to inorganic materials such as C-type materials, any known electrophotographic sensing material exhibiting photoconductivity such as organic photoreceptors such as positive vinylcarbazole, functionally separated photoreceptors with multilayer structure, etc. You can also use the #1 method,
The thickness etc. may be determined according to known conditions.

The material of the easily peelable material 115 may be any material as long as it has peelability, such as silicone resin, fluorine resin, aminoalkyd resin, casein, etc. Examples of silicone resins include addition-type or Shukai-kei release paper cured with Rewacone rubber with a curing catalyst, silicone-y oil that grows -81B, and cured with an addition-type curing catalyst such as VW-formed Platinum Shun. In addition to things like
V silicone raw rubber, peroxide vulcanized materials such as Shitsuko/rubber for feeding paper, etc. 1i&! j corn tree FiI
can be used by curing it by a known method. V9 above
V when mourning corn resin! The I-cone resin stock solution V can be diluted to a level that is easy to apply, and after adding curing Mv, it can be applied on the front light distribution conductive 5-sensitive layer and cured, and it can be applied by any method as long as it can be applied uniformly. Other easily removable materials include fluororesins, especially die versions of polytetrafluoroethylene. Alternatively, an enamel material can be used. The controllability of the easily peelable material layer is also influenced by the smoothness of the surface of the photoconductive sensory layer. It is necessary to make the removable material layer clear.However, making the removable material layer thicker than necessary will cause deterioration in resolution.
The thickness of the hole is preferably (LO1 to 5P).

From the above point of view, it is particularly preferable that the surface of the binder-containing dispersed photoreceptor is smooth.
A primer treatment Mk may be applied to improve the photoconductivity (■) and the easily peelable material layer.

Brimers for this bottle stand include vinyltrichlorosilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, vinyltris(β-methoxyethoxy)silane, T-glycidoxyprobyltrimethoxysilane, T-methac90-kilepropyltrimethoxysilane, y-β( (aminoethyl)T-aminobrobiltumethoxyleran, N-β(aminoethyl)T-
V-ran alone or these such as aminopropyl methyl dimethoxylene ν-ran, r-chloropropyltrimethoxyresilane, T-mercaptopropyltrimethoxy-VV-ran, T-aminopropyl triethquin silane, vinyl tris(t-pudelperoxy) silane, etc. and further 1-minute hydrolysates or partial co-hydrolysates thereof; tethanthoorthoesters such as te1-lysoprobyl titanate, tetrapter detanate, and tetra-2-ethelhexyldetanate; Butane chelates such as titanium acetylacetonate and triethanolamine titanate, titanium acylates such as polyhydro-V detane stearate and polyisoproboxy titanium sdialate, the above organic titanated silanes alone or their ae aluminum diisopropylate, aluminum diisopropylate, monoaluminum alcoholate, ethyl acetoacetate aluminum diisopropylate, and other unpleasant organic aluminium compounds. Examples thereof include the above-mentioned silanes and their warm combinations; other organic metallized admixtures; and combinations of the above silanes and W metallized compounds.

The coating method may be any method capable of uniform coating such as dilution, wire coating, rotating cloth, roll coating, spray coating, dip coating, etc., as appropriate.

The electrophotographic photoreceptor having an easily peelable material layer on its surface obtained by the above method is then used to form a toner image using the wet toner of the present invention, and then physically transferred - #l! t-11
For the purpose of explanation, the plasterboard shown in Figures 2 to 15 is 1EIIj!
Although shown as negative, it goes without saying that the chargeability is determined by the type of photoconductive photosensitive layer containing llI.

For example, as shown in the second WJ, a corona discharger 11 is moved in the direction of the arrow by a corona discharge device 4 to an electrophotographic photoreceptor having aJ separation column material IIIv on its surface, and a corona discharger I [Il 营] is applied to the electrophotographic photoreceptor. , as shown in FIG. 5, an electrostatic latent image is formed by exposing it to light in a pattern Y shape. The electrostatic latent image shown in Figure 183 [The formed electrophotographic photoreceptor is developed using the wet toner of the present invention to obtain an electrophotographic photoreceptor coated with the toner as shown in Figure @4. After that, a pressure roll 8 is used to apply the toner on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor developed with the above-mentioned toner to the transfer object shown by 9 in FIG. After that, the transferred object is peeled off. Heating the roll, heater v! It may be heated by any suitable means such as heating. Any material can be selected as the transfer target 9 as long as the surface of the photoreceptor for electrophotography is a surface that can be used for secret writing with the toner above, and the shape can also be a sheet F shape, a plate shape, a thick plate shape, etc. It can be cylindrical. Examples of physical materials include metals such as iron, aluminum, copper, and zinc; inorganic materials such as glass; wood, leather, natural materials such as rA, a, cloth, polystyrene, polystyrene, etc. Polar vinyl-based plastics such as hydrogenated Plasdex and MuB8 resin, monolithic Plasdex such as polyamide, formaldehyde-based plastics such as phenol resin, cross-linked plastics such as unsaturated polyester, and cellulose-based plastics such as cellulose acetate. There are polymeric Ir materials such as plastics and materials generally called rubber, and there are also 11 units of the above materials lol! Can be used. In addition to the pressure roll shown at 8 in Figure 185, a flat pressure type press machine can also be used, and when the sI toner of the present invention is used, the pressure is 1st floor - ~ 200 -, and the placing conditions -
may be 60°C to 250°C.

Furthermore, by transferring the toner to the substrate of the lithographic printing plate 11 using the wet toner v#l of the present invention, it is possible to form Wm1llllLv with a strong printing durability of a flat aSS shoe. The reason for this is that the presence of carbonyl groups contained in the resin used in the liquid toner of the present invention improves the adhesion with paper, plastics, lifelines, etc., and the presence of olefin resin. The flexibility of hot water is the mark of the 4 o'clock balance v'I! This is thought to be to accommodate the

Next, the advantages of the present invention are as follows: The liquid developer of the present invention has an electrically insulating liquid between the resin particles, which eliminates the agglomeration and bridging phenomenon of each particle, which was a problem with the conventional dry pressure foot type 1 toner. It has the great advantage of not causing caking and has excellent stirring, transportation, and storage properties.

Furthermore, since the liquid developer of the present invention does not cause bridging or caking, it has the great advantage that it is possible to reduce the average particle Ilv compared to dry pressure stationary toner, and it is possible to easily obtain high resolution. .

Moreover, the resin particles in the liquid developer of the present invention are made of a resin that has excellent pressure transfer properties and do not contain brittle wood gIiIv unlike dry pressure fixed size toners.

It has the advantage of being kudzu with excellent pressure transferability.

In addition, the resin particles in the present invention have flexibility even at room temperature, and do not damage the photoreceptor surface during pressure transfer.
Furthermore, when it was made into a part of M41i for planography, m
1lli itself has appropriate elasticity, and Il[
When the 1iII mark Ilv is used, it has great advantages such as being able to print with a constant printing pressure and obtaining very smooth printed matter because it absorbs the unevenness V caused by the wire cone of the paper that is the material to be covered.

In addition, since the resin has good adhesion to the flat wrinkled printing plate base plate, sufficient printing durability 1 can be obtained as 11M1 for planographic plates for commercial printing.

Examples of the present invention are shown below. The following parts are shown in parts by weight.

Example 1 Carbon black was kneaded into the resin by upper distribution 1
After heating and dissolving n-hequinane in 300 parts of toluene, the mixture was rapidly cooled to 10°C while stirring, solidifying into a translucent worm-like shape. When the particles were put into the container, they became opaque and when stirring was stopped, they were deposited at the bottom of the container.
Repeat removing the filtrate and adding n-hequinane*
*The amount of toluene inside was lowered once.

The wet toner thus obtained had an average particle size of about 1P and a narrow particle size distribution. The tL lees toner could be easily redispersed by stirring, and even after 41 months of manufacture, there was no change in particle size and no agglomeration and cake formation occurred.

On the other hand, a photoreceptor having easily peelable jIIv was prepared as follows.

Zinc oxide/resin ILV having the above composition was spin coated on a degreased aluminum plate and dried for 5 minutes at 150°C.

As a brimer on this photosensitive plate 11 rolls and dried at 100°C for 50 minutes.

Further, a release agent was applied by spin coating, dried at 100°C for 30 minutes, and then removed.
I created photosensitive & to make it 4.

This photosensitive plate is charged with a negative corona, and the transparent original is
751ax with a vacuum firing frame of a tungsten lamp.
It was exposed for 10 seconds at iit#f.

When this sensor plate VM was developed with a hot wet toner, a positive image was obtained, and a 4-halftone dot was reproduced with a screen frequency of 300 V inches.

Next is Fuji Photo Film Ward, 11. @Plate stamp-l obtained by removing the photosensitive layer on PIjI plate 8 [middle substrate and this sense IF
vllF嘗141.1llF40℃, pressure 12411i
After a sudden burst of pressure was applied with #, the toner on the photosensitive plate E was completely transferred to the lithographic printing plate substrate when both were separated for one minute.

After heating this base at 1100℃ for 10 minutes and applying toner, attach it to the printing press, supply dampening water and ink, and print the stamp Mt4*.
When this process was carried out, more than 1,000 beautiful prints were obtained.

Example 2 Ionomer resin was used as a resin for liquid toner.
The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that Rin 1855 (manufactured by DuPont) V was used, and results similar to V4 were obtained.

Example 5 The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out, except that modified polyedelene (N Polymer R^1050, manufactured by Nippon Petrochemicals) was used as the resin for the wet toner, and the same results were obtained.

Example 4 Ethylene-acrylic copolymer (
The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that Dow E^m #435 (manufactured by Daku Co., Ltd.) was used, and the same results were obtained.

Example 5 Etele/vinyl acetate 1m body (UI634゜manufactured by Toyo Soda Kogyo, embrittlement temperature -70°C) vII pot nitrogen (-195°C
), cooled sufficiently, and immediately after taking it out, it was finely pulverized with a hammer.

The resin particles thus obtained had a particle size of 10 μm. This material was weighed at 5F, and 1scj-paraffin i hydrocarbonized water volume (Isopar B, Esso Standard Petroleum-111
110-paraffinic hydrocarbon) 500 was dispersed therein to prepare a liquid toner.

When this wet toner V was used and developed in the same manner as in Example 1, 4-halftone dots of 100@A7f were reproduced.

Thereafter, transfer and printing were carried out in the same manner as in Actual Woven 1'11, and the same results were obtained.

[Brief explanation of drawings]

11!1 Kasumi is a schematic diagram showing a cross-section of an electrophotographic rigid beam light body having a layer of day-peelable material. I! 2 Kasumi Naishi ss
G+ uses the wet toner according to the present invention [patterned and pressure transferred] on the SL photoreceptor. 1... Substrate 2... Conductive sensitive layer 3...
......Easily peelable material layer 4...
・・・Corona discharge device 5・・・・・・・・・Corona discharge I [IK load 6・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ Press roll 9 ・・・・・・・・・・・・ Transferred body 1 figure 'Jr 2 figure 8 figure 4 figure 6 figure

Claims (1)

[Claims] In the electronic theory system (formula) in which electrons are separated in the body, we assume that the electrons are made of an oretsu y-based resin □electron that has a carbonyl group. 11ffi)? −.