JPS5811980B2 - Semi-moist feed for livestock poultry - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a semi-moist feed used for raising livestock such as pigs, cows and goats, and poultry such as chickens, ducks, quail and turkeys.

Semi-moist feed (semi-moist food) is a granular feed that is moist and moist, so it is hygienic as it does not generate dust from fine feed powder, is easy to feed, and has a good taste and taste.
The flavor, etc. is suitable for the animal's taste, and the amount of feed intake increases,
It has the advantage of increasing the growth rate of animals.

Conventional semi-moist feed is a pet food for raising dogs and cats that mainly contains animal meat or by-products of homemade products, and there is no food for raising livestock and poultry such as pigs, cows, and poultry. The above-mentioned pig, epiphyte, and poultry feeds were dry feeds such as powder, granules, or pellets.

These air-dried feeds could not be stored for long periods unless the moisture content was lower than 15% by weight.

The present inventors have accomplished the present invention as a result of various studies on semi-humid feed for raising livestock and poultry that takes advantage of its semi-humid characteristics.

The present invention is a semi-humid feed comprising a heated and gelatinized starch source, saccharide and propylene glycol in combination within predetermined ranges, which is suitable for the taste of livestock and poultry and which reduces the weight gain of farmed animals. The purpose of the present invention is to provide a semi-moist feed for raising livestock and poultry that is suitable for dogs, has an intestinal regulation effect, promotes the growth of animals, and has an excellent preservability.

Another object of the present invention is to maintain appropriate plasticity by mixing propylene glycol, a liquid such as water, and an i-formed starch source in a predetermined manner, thereby improving granulation properties and facilitating the breeding of livestock and poultry that can be easily molded. The aim is to provide a semi-moist feed for the animals.

The present invention contains 5 to 55% by weight of gelatinized starch source, 5% of sugars,
~80% by weight, propylene glycol 2-8% by weight, a moisture content of 15-30% by weight, and a water activity of 0.60-0.92. It is feed.

The livestock poultry in the present invention means livestock such as pigs, cows, and goats, and poultry such as chickens, ducks, quail, and turkeys.

In the present invention, the moisture content is set to 15 to 30% by weight because if it is less than 15% by weight, a semi-humid feed suitable for the animal's taste cannot be obtained, and if it exceeds 30% by weight, sugars and α Even if moderate amounts of chemically processed starch sources and propylene glycol are incorporated, the water activity value of the final product can be reduced to 0.
．． This is because it is difficult to make it 92 or less.

That is, under normal climatic conditions, it is difficult to suppress the proliferation of bacteria and the germination of mold (fungi) over a long period of time when the water activity exceeds 0.92. It is necessary to do the following.

Also, the upper limit of water content is 30% by weight, preferably 27% by weight.
By setting the amount to approximately % by weight, long-term storage stability (for one month or more) can be ensured and molding operations during production can be facilitated.

In the present invention, the pregelatinized starch sources include rice, wheat, such as rice, wheat, barley, corn, koriyan, sago palm, banana, and potatoes such as sweet potato, potato, mackerel, A starchy substance containing one or more types selected from other starchy grains, starch industrial products such as wheat/potato starch, challah mackerel chips, and cornstarch, and starch industrial by-products such as kansho/potato starch meal. , means heat-processed and gelatinized material.

The blending ratio of starch sources that have been heated and pregelatinized not only improves the palatability and digestibility of the product, but also adjusts the amount of water added, water content and water activity, and provides desirable viscosity and plasticity for molding. In order to obtain physical properties, the content is 5 to 55
The reason why the content is limited to 5% by weight is that a minimum content of 5% by weight is essential for manufacturing and processing semi-humid feed having favorable physical properties and water activity, and is also necessary to achieve the purpose of the present invention. Various raw materials such as sugars, water, propylene glycol, and various nutrients required for animal breeding,
That is, the upper limit of about 60% is required because it is determined in correlation with the content of various raw materials such as proteins, amino acids, fats, vitamins, and various minerals.

Regarding the gelatinization method of the starch source, there are two cases: the starch source before mixing is heated and pregelatinized alone, and the starch source is mixed with other raw materials and then heated and pregelatinized, that is, during the process of obtaining the final product. Pregelatinization may be carried out at any time during the process, and the methods for pregelatinization include direct heating in an air-dried state, heating by adding steam, moisture, etc., or general heating methods. In addition, any method that generally pregelatinizes starch in its raw state, such as heating with infrared rays or microwaves, etc. can be used.

In any case, all or part of the starch source in the final product is pregelatinized, and the final product contains 5 to 50% pregelatinized starch.
The content should be 55% by weight.

When gelatinizing a starch source alone, the degree of gelatinization of starch is not necessarily 100%, for example,
A processed state with a degree of gelatinization of 80% or more is sufficient to obtain the final product targeted by the present invention.

In addition, the blending ratio of the pregelatinized starch source should be determined based on the physical properties required for the intended use of the final product, the types of other raw materials used in the blend, the blending ratio of the raw materials, the moisture content of the final product, and the moisture content of the final product. The rheological properties vary depending on the activity and the type of pregelatinized starch source used, so the blending ratio also varies greatly depending on the type of starch source used and its properties.

In addition, if the degree of gelatinization of starch is sufficiently gelatinized to 100% or a value close to 100% when the starch source is gelatinized alone, and if a starch source with high stickiness is used, the blending ratio should be adjusted. Even if the content is about 10% by weight, the desired final product can be obtained.

However, in this case, there are considerable restrictions on the types and amounts of other raw materials to be blended, and it is necessary to mix materials with appropriate physical properties at an appropriate ratio, and furthermore, it is necessary to reduce the moisture content of the final product. Therefore, it is preferable to use feed materials with water retention properties such as gelatin and agar.

For example, 10% by weight of corn powder with a degree of gelatinization of 90%
In mixed production example 4, gelatin is used as a feed ingredient in order to obtain the final product of the invention with favorable physical properties.

When blending a starch source that has been processed to at least 30% a, as described above, the type and properties of the starch source used, as well as the types of other feed materials used for mixing and the feed. The mixing ratio of raw materials, that is, in addition to various raw materials such as sugars, water, and propylene glycol necessary to achieve the purpose of the present invention, fish meal, whey powder, gelatin and other protein sources necessary for animal breeding, amino acids, oils and fats, It was determined in relation to the blending ratio of minerals, vitamins, etc.

In addition, after mixing the starch source and other feed ingredients, heating α
This can be carried out at any time during the manufacturing process of the final product, for example, during cross-wire processing, expansion processing, or at any other time.

For example, in Production Example 1, after mixing raw yellow corn powder, protein source feed, oil, and mineral mixture, gelatinization treatment is performed using a dry expander.

In any case, the blending ratio of the heated and gelatinized starch source in the final product is selected within a wide range of 5 to 55% by weight.

The reason why the proportion of propylene glycol is set at 2 to 8% in the present invention is that if it is less than 2%, the plasticity of the final product will be significantly reduced, or it will be necessary to lower the moisture content to maintain shelf life. It will significantly lack the physical properties desirable as a wet feed, and if it exceeds 8%, the livestock and poultry that are the subject of the present invention will begin to lose their preference for the feed, their feed intake will begin to decrease, and their digestion and absorption will begin to decline. This is because the degree of metabolic utilization of propylene glycol in the animal body also begins to decline.

Propylene glycol has come to be used in place of glycerin, and is used as a preservative for foods, etc. - as a growth inhibitor for molds, etc.
It is used as a humectant and is likely to be used as a solubilizer for food additives that are difficult to dissolve in water, such as pigments, essential oils, and antioxidants.

Furthermore, propylene glycol is known to have extremely low toxicity to dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, etc., and is also used in some pet foods.

Propylene glycol is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a therapeutic agent for ketosis in cattle.

Furthermore, it is known to have antispasmodic effects and suppressive effects on saliva and gastric juice secretion.

The present inventors have demonstrated that by combining propylene glycol with saccharides and pregelatinized starch sources, and mixing each within a certain blending ratio, propylene glycol exhibits its various properties to an extremely desirable degree. I found out.

In other words, it not only provides the final product with various physical properties desired as a semi-humid feed, such as appropriate wettability, water retention, and plasticity, but also imparts preservability such as prevention of mold growth, and adjusts water activity. After being ingested by domestic animals, i.e. livestock such as pigs and poultry other than pet animals, it is used as an energy source after being vomited into the digestive tract and digested and absorbed. They discovered that it helps improve the digestion, absorption, and utilization of other nutrients.

These favorable effects of propylene glycol cannot be achieved by using propylene glycol alone, but the coexistence of sugars and pregelatinized starch sources is an essential condition. Even if one of them is missing, the purpose of the present invention cannot be achieved.

The blending ratio of propylene glycol in order to better exhibit the above-mentioned favorable properties possessed by propylene glycol is determined by the types of saccharides, their blending ratio, the type of heat-pregelatinized starch source, and their blending ratio. It is determined by the mixing ratio with.

The blending ratio of propylene glycol is relatively low due to the moisture content of the final product, and has strong physical properties such as plasticity and water retention (in cases where it is not required, glycerin, sorbitol,
Amino acids such as salt and glycine =, gelatinized starchy substances,
If feed with low water activity such as skim milk powder or whey powder is used, or if antibiotics or anti-fungal additives (
If a large amount of preservative/antifungal additives (such as propynate, sorbate, etc.) are used, a small proportion is sufficient, that is, a lower limit is set, and an upper limit of the proportion is set. ,
It was determined based on various conditions such as the animal's preference, physical properties during manufacturing, and the amount fed to the animal.

In the present invention, saccharides refer to one or a combination of two or more selected from sucrose, glucose, degistrin, maltose (star syrup), high fructose sugar, invert sugar, lactose, molasses, etc. .

The blending ratio of sugars in the present invention depends on the required physical properties of the product,
It changes depending on the type of starch source that has been heated and gelatinized, its blending ratio, the blending ratio of propylene glycol, and the water content of the product.

In the present invention, the blending ratio of sugars is 5 to 30% by weight, which is used for other raw materials with relatively low water content such as starch sources and other feed materials (see Production Example 1).
Furthermore, when sugars are not uniformly present in the final product and are unevenly distributed, such as when coated with skim milk powder, etc., even a concentration of about 5% by weight is sufficient to be effective as the semi-humid feed of the present invention. The reason for setting the upper limit at 30% by weight is that it is sufficient to maintain the water activity of the final product at 0°92 or less.

In addition, when using water-containing sugars such as starch syrup, 30
It is preferable to make it less than % by weight.

These sugars maintain the water activity of the product within an appropriate range, prevent spoilage and mold growth, improve the properties of the product, and maintain appropriate water retention, viscosity, and plasticity, making it easier to mold the product. It is used to provide energy as a nutritional source and to improve palatability, and its blending ratio is determined by the physical properties required for the product, the water content of the product, raw materials other than sugars, i.e. α It was determined by the type of starch source and its blending ratio or the type of sugar.

In addition, if the water retention properties of other raw materials are high, if a large amount of raw materials that reduce water activity are used, or if the moisture content of the final product is determined to be low, the amount of sugars should be reduced. When using sucrose as a saccharide, it has better effects than glucose, dextrin, lactose, etc. in terms of properties such as water retention, viscosity, water activity reduction effect, and mold retention ability. Maltose, which usually contains water,
When using high-fructose sugar, molasses, etc., the blending ratio should naturally be limited to a small amount, and when these hydrous sugars are used in combination with other sugars, the blending ratio should be about 5 to 15% by weight. is preferred.

Note that water activity (Aw) is defined by the formula Aw=P/Po, and is one index for understanding the relationship between water and microorganisms.

Here, P is the water vapor pressure of the solution at a certain temperature, and Po is the water vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature.

Therefore, pure water Aw=1. OO, and when a solute is added to water, the value of P decreases according to the concentration of the solute, so the value of Aw also decreases.

When 1.75% salt is added to water, 1. Aw is 0.99, and it is known that in a 7% saline solution, Aw is 0.96.

The water activity (Aw) of feed ingredients under normal air-dried conditions is 0.
．． It is 4-0.6.

For example, refined glucose is 0.48, wheat flour is 0.53,
Yellow corn flour had a value of 0.59, and refined white sugar had a value of 0.51.

When water is added to these feed ingredients, the water activity (Aw) increases rapidly.

According to what microbiology teaches, the minimum water activity (Aw) required for the growth of various microorganisms is 0.9 for general bacteria.
0, common yeast is 0.88, and common mold is 0.80.

Furthermore, the growth of Durham-negative bacilli, some spore-forming bacteria, and certain yeasts is inhibited at a water activity (Aw) of 0.95 or less, while for most cocci, lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and some types of molds, the growth is inhibited at 0.91. known to inhibit proliferation.

The semi-humid feed of the present invention contains 10 to 20% of normal feed ingredients.
The water activity (Aw) increases due to the addition of water, making it easier for microorganisms to proliferate. Therefore, the proportions of sugars, heat-gelatinized starch sources, and propylene glycol are determined in accordance with the purpose of the present invention. In combination, these feeds exhibit their own characteristics, lower water activity (Aw), and inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

Furthermore, suitable microbial growth-inhibiting substances such as sodium propionate, potassium propionate, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, nrubitol, glycerin, and others may be added in an appropriate amount.

In the present invention, if the water activity (Aw) is 0.92 or less, it is possible to obtain a semi-humid feed that is sufficiently suitable for the purpose of the present invention for practical purposes, so the upper limit is set as 0.92, and the lower limit is determined by microbiology. Although there is no problem, it is preferable to set the water content to 0.6 or more in the present invention where the water content is 15% or more.

Next, a production example of the semi-humid feed of the present invention and the results of a breeding test using the same will be described.

Production Example 1 50.0% by weight of yellow corn powder, 5.0% by weight of defatted soybean protein powder, 5.0% by weight of fish meal, 3.0% by weight of soybean oil, and 2.0% by weight of a mixture of salt and other minerals were mixed. Thereafter, this was subjected to pressurization, heating, and expansion processing using a dry expander to obtain a semi-finished product containing porous granules with a particle size of 5 to 10 mm and containing 8 to 10% moisture.

In this first step, more than 80% of the starch in the yellow corn was gelatinized.

On the other hand, 15.0% by weight of sucrose and 2.0% by weight of propylene glycol.
Prepare a mixed solution of 0% by weight, 8.0% by weight of vitamin mixture, water io type weight, antifungal agent, etc., and spray this prepared solution onto the surface of the semi-finished granules obtained in the first step to adsorb it. After that, this product was mixed and stirred with 4.5% by weight of skim milk powder and 0.5% by weight of fragrances and other feed additives to obtain a product.

The obtained product contained 15 to 18% moisture, had skim milk powder etc. attached to its surface, and was a flexible semi-moist feed with granules maintaining an independent form and having fluidity.

When this product was fed to piglets aged 5 to 8 weeks after birth, it had a high preference for piglets and excellent breeding results were obtained.

Next, the breeding test results are shown in Table 1.

In this piglet rearing test, piglets aged 35 days were used.

In addition, the following conventional powdered feed was used in the control group of this breeding test.

Yellow corn powder 50.0% by weight, defatted soybean protein powder 10.0% by weight, fish meal 5.0% by weight, soybean oil 3.0%
Weight%, salt and other mineral mixture 2.0% by weight, sucrose 560% by weight, wheat flour 17.0% by weight, vitamin mixture 3.0% by weight, skim milk powder 4.5% by weight, flavoring and other feed additives 0 A powdered feed made by finely pulverizing and uniformly mixing raw materials in a proportion of .5% by weight and a total of 100% by weight,
The crude protein content was 18% and the water content was 13.6%.

In this production example, the average moisture content of the final product is between 16 and 1
Although it was 8%, since sugars and water were unevenly distributed, it had sufficient value as a semi-humid feed for the purpose of the present invention.

Production example 2 15% by weight of expanded corn made by heating and gelatinizing yellow corn flour, 20% by weight of sucrose, 1% of whey powder
0% by weight, 20% by weight of soybean oil meal powder (45), 10% by weight of alfalfa meal, and 5% by weight of vitamins, minerals, and other feed additives were uniformly mixed in a batch mixer to obtain a powdery mixture.

On the other hand, 5% by weight of precision, 5% by weight of propylene glycol, and 10% by weight of water were mixed to obtain a mixed solution.

Using an appropriate feeder, the powdery mixture is fed in a fixed amount to a solid-liquid mixer, and the mixed solution is force-fed and sprayed,
・The mixture obtained by mixing and stirring the powder mixture and the mixed solution is immediately sent to a granulator, and is pressurized, mixed, extruded, and cut to form particles with a diameter of 8 to 10 m1n and a length of 10 to 15 m. Cylindrical granules were obtained.

The resulting product was a semi-moist feed with a moisture content of 18-20% and a crude protein content of approximately 14%.

Next, Table 2 shows the test results of raising calves on the semi-humid feed obtained in Production Example 2.

The semi-moist feed in the test area has good palatability, so the intake amount is approximately 2.
2% more, resulting in an average daily weight gain of about 18% more.

In this feeding test, calves were weaned from calf milk replacer at the age of 42 days.

Separately, they were given free access to Jirun's hay.

In addition, the following conventional pelleted feed was used in the control group of this calf rearing test.

Yellow corn powder 30.0% by weight, wheat flour 20.0%
Weight%, whey powder 10.0% by weight, soybean oil cake powder (
45) 20.0% by weight, alfalfa meal 10.0
After finely pulverizing and uniformly mixing the raw materials in a proportion of 100% by weight, 5.0% by weight of vitamins, minerals, and other feed additives, and 5.0% by weight of molasses, the raw materials were mixed uniformly using an ordinary extrusion type pellet mill. The pelleted feed was processed into 3/16" pellets while adding steam, and had a moisture content of 13.8% and a crude protein content of 17.9%.

Production Example 3 53% by weight of expanded corn obtained by preheating yellow corn powder, 15% by weight of sucrose, fish meal (65% by weight)
) 4% by weight, soybean oil cake (5.0) 4% by weight, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, etc. 3% by weight, propylene glycol 6% by weight, and water 15% by weight Production Example 2
A semi-moist feed was obtained in the same manner as above.

The resulting product had a water content of 21-23% and a crude protein content of about 9.4%.

Next, with the semi-moist feed obtained in Production Example 3, the weight was 70.
Table 3 shows the test results of feeding pigs weighing 100 kg.

The following conventional powdered feed was used in the control group of this pig breeding test.

Yellow corn powder 53.0% by weight, molasses 5.0% by weight, fish meal (65) 4.0% by weight, soybean oil meal (50) 4.
0% by weight, soybean oil cake (50) 4.0% by weight, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, etc. 3.0% by weight, wheat flour 2
1.0% by weight, wheat bran 10.0% by weight, total 100
A powdered feed uniformly mixed with raw materials in proportions of % by weight, with a moisture content of 13.5% and a crude protein content of 14.5%.
Met.

In addition, the crude protein content of the semi-humid feed in the test area was
Crude protein content is 10.7 when converted to 3% air-dried condition.
%.

According to Table 3, the amount of feed crude protein intake during the breeding period for pigs weighing from 70 kg to 100 kg was 11.7 kg in test plots.
kg in the control group, and 16.5 kg in the control group, and the semi-moist feed in the test group had a crude protein content of approximately 2 kg compared to the normal type and powdered feed in the control group.
．． We can calculate that we saved 8%.

Production example 4 Yellow corn powder is heat-processed in advance to obtain a gelatinization rate of 90.
% or more expanded corn 10.0% by weight, raw yellow corn powder 45.0% by weight, fish meal (65)5.
0% by weight, sucrose 6.0% by weight, soybean oil cake (50) 10.
0% by weight, powdered gelatin 3.0% by weight, feed oil and fat 44
0% by weight, vitamins, minerals, and other feed additives 3
．． 0% by weight is properly ground in advance, measured in predetermined amounts, mixed uniformly in a batch mixer, and then fed in fixed amounts to a pressure extrusion type granulator with φ at a ratio of 4:10. A mixed solution of propylene glycol and water, which had been mixed and heated to about 70° C., was pumped in fixed quantities and mixed, extruded, and molded in the granulator.

The obtained product was in the form of cylindrical granules with a diameter of 3 to 4 mm and a length of 5 to 8 mm, with a moisture content of 19 to 21% and a crude protein content of 16 to 1.
It was 7%.

The granular semi-moist feed obtained in Production Example 4 has a high granulation effect, maintains a granule state of 95% or more, and has a pulverization rate of 5% or less, making it extremely easy for broilers to feed. It was highly palatable.

Next, the semi-humid feed obtained in Production Example 4 was fed to 4-week-old broilers, and the animals were raised for 5 weeks. Table 4 shows the results of the rearing.

The following conventional pelleted feed was used for the control group in this late-stage broiler rearing test.

Yellow corn 55.0% by weight, fishmeal (62) 5.0
Weight%, soybean oil cake (45) 10.0% by weight, 3.0% by weight of feed sorbent feed, 2.0% by weight of feed fats and oils, 3.9% by weight of vitamins, minerals and other feed additives. , Alfalfa meal 2.0% by weight, Milo 20
．． The feed was mixed and ground at a ratio of 0% by weight and 100% by weight in total, and processed into dry pellets with a diameter of 3 to 4 mm using a CPM pellet mill while adding steam.
Cylindrical pellets with a length of 5 to 8 m and a water content of 1
The crude protein content was 16.3%.

According to Table 4, 1
The average daily growth rate was about 19% faster than that of the pellet-fed control group, and there was almost no difference in the apparent feed conversion rate.

According to the present invention, 5 to 30% by weight of saccharides, 5 to 55% by weight of heat-gelatinized starch source, 2% of propylene glycol,
Since it contains ~8% by weight as a main component, the water activity of semi-humid feed containing 15% to 30% by weight of water can be maintained at 0.60 to 0.92.
Not only can it withstand long-term storage (one month or more), but it also improves palatability and digestibility, can promote animal growth, and retains water retention, plasticity, and viscosity, making it easier to mold. At the same time, it is possible to obtain a semi-humid feed suitable for raising livestock and poultry, which retains moisture and flexibility in the final product, making it easy to feed, and effective as a nutritional source. This provides a semi-humid feed for livestock and poultry that has good intestinal regulation and metabolic effects in the post-digestive tract and is effective as an energy source.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1 Pregelatinized starch source 5-55% by weight, sugar 5-80%
% by weight, propylene glycol as a main component, the water content is in the range of 15-30% by weight, and the water activity is 0.60-0.92. semi-moist feed for livestock and poultry.