JPH11316467A - Electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming method and image forming device - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To prevent image fogging or image bleeding and to form a sharp image by incorporating a dioxolan derivative having substituted or unsubstituted dioxolan nuclei into at least one coating layer. SOLUTION: A dioxolan derivative, having dioxolan nuclei is used as a solvent for the coating liquid of layers including a photoconductive photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor. The residual dioxolan derivative remaining in the coating layers including the photosensitive layer is adjusted from 20 to 50,000 ppm, preferably from 30 to 10,000 ppm with respect to the entire solid content of the coating layers. The amount of the residual dioxolan derivative in the coating layers is controlled preferably by a combination of drying temperature, drying time, drying wind speed and flow rate. When the dioxolan derivative is used as a mixed solvent with other solvents, equal to or larger than 25 wt.% of the entire solvent is preferably the dioxolan derivative Furthermore, a binder in at least one coating layer is preferably a polycarbonate resin.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member used for image formation in a copying machine, a printer, a light printing device, and the like, and an image forming method and an image forming apparatus using the same.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, many electrophotographic processes for outputting color images have been proposed, but all of them have many dissatisfactions with print speed, machine size, cost, etc. Has not been reached.

[0003] An SPC (single-type) capable of obtaining a full-color image through a series of continuous processes by exposing from the photoreceptor substrate side (usually a drum substrate is used and the inside thereof is used).
The (pass color) process has attracted attention because it can significantly improve the printing speed and the size of the machine as compared with the conventional method. However, there are many problems caused by using a transparent photosensitive drum material or the like.

In another aspect of the invention, an electrophotographic photosensitive member is basically constituted by providing a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, and various shapes such as a cylindrical shape and a belt shape are available. is there. Among them, the belt-shaped photoreceptor has an advantage that the degree of freedom of arrangement of a charging system, an exposure system, a development system, a transfer system, a cleaning system, and the like can be increased. When an electrophotographic photosensitive member having an endless belt shape is used in an electrophotographic process, the photosensitive member is driven using two or more rollers. As one of such belt-shaped photoreceptors, a photoreceptor using a seamless (seamless) belt mainly made of nickel as a support has been proposed, which is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Publication No. 52-8774. The seamless belt described in this publication is obtained by forming a nickel thin layer having a predetermined thickness on the outer surface of a cylindrical mandrel made of chromium or stainless steel, and then peeling the nickel thin layer from the mandrel.

However, in an electrophotographic photosensitive member using such a seamless belt as a support, if the copying cycle is repeated many times, cracks may occur in the photosensitive layer, which may cause a failure of the apparatus and a decrease in image quality. There was a problem.

Further, in the case of an electrophotographic photoreceptor, particularly, in the case of an organic photoreceptor, in order to form a photosensitive auxiliary layer such as a photosensitive layer, an intermediate layer, and a protective layer, a compound constituting the auxiliary layer is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution on a substrate. It is the best manufacturing method to apply to the surface, but the coating solvent for forming the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor which has been widely used in the past is a halogen-containing element such as methylene chloride, ethylene chloride, chloroform and monochlorobenzene. These solvents are moving toward the ban on use from the viewpoints of environmental problems, carcinogenicity and the like.

The organic solvent containing a halogen element acts on the transparent conductive layer and the plastic substrate of the transparent photoreceptor, thereby reducing the effect and adversely affecting deformation. Further, there is a problem that the belt-shaped photoreceptor has poor crack resistance and is susceptible to bending.

Therefore, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (T
HF), dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK),
Organic solvents that do not contain halogens, such as cyclohexane, have been used.However, lack of dissolving ability of coating materials such as charge transport substances causes viscosity increase, and coating film thickness cannot be increased due to inability to increase the concentration of coating solution. And other issues have not been resolved. In particular, in the case of a charge transporting layer, a film thickness of 12 μm or more is required. In the case where polycarbonate is used as a binder, for example, a high-concentration coating solution of at least 5% by weight or more, preferably 8% by weight or more, is 300 cp. (22
℃). However, such characteristics cannot be obtained with the above-mentioned organic solvent containing no halogen, and therefore, it may be necessary to adopt a method in which coating is performed in two or three applications.

As will be described later, polycarbonate is often used as an excellent binder in a photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member. As a good solvent that does not contain halogen of polycarbonate, there is dioxane, a cyclic ether containing two oxygen atoms in the molecule, but dioxane is highly toxic,
There is a problem that it cannot be put into the manufacturing process due to its carcinogenicity.

[0010]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the first aspect of the present invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor having an exposure device on the transparent substrate side and exposing through the transparent substrate, wherein the deformation of the transparent substrate due to residual solvent, no damage or defect of the transparent conductive layer, image fogging or blurring An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member, an image forming method, and an image forming apparatus capable of forming a clear image without adversely affecting electrophotographic performance.

A second object of the present invention is to provide a belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member which has excellent crack resistance, is resistant to bending and the like, and is capable of forming a clear image without image defects or bleeding. An object of the present invention is to provide a photoconductor, an image forming method, and an image forming apparatus.

A third object of the present invention is to reduce or eliminate the use of a halogen-containing organic solvent which has been conventionally used as a coating solvent for forming an electrophotographic photosensitive layer, thereby reducing environmental and toxicological effects. An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor, an image forming method, and an image forming apparatus which are excellent in ecology-friendly coating properties and have no problems such as carcinogenicity.

Further, a fourth object of the present invention is to solve the problems such as insufficient ability to dissolve a charge transporting substance or the like in a coating material and insufficient coating film thickness by using a specific organic solvent other than the organic solvent containing a halogen-containing element. An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor, an image forming method, and an image forming apparatus which have been solved.

[0014]

The above object of the present invention is attained by adopting one of the following constitutions.

(1) In an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer is provided on a transparent substrate, and at least one of the coating layers is substituted or unsubstituted, the coating layer is exposed through the transparent substrate. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a dioxolane derivative having a dioxolane nucleus.

(2) Uniform charging, image exposure, and image formation on an electrophotographic photosensitive member provided with a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer on a transparent substrate.
In a method of forming an image through each of development, transfer, separation, fixing and cleaning steps, at least one of the coating layers
An image forming method, wherein the layer contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus.

(3) Uniform charging, image exposure, and image formation on an electrophotographic photosensitive member provided with a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer on a transparent substrate.
An image forming apparatus having respective units for developing, transferring, separating, fixing and cleaning, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. .

(4) An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer provided on a belt-like substrate, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. An electrophotographic photoreceptor characterized in that:

(5) An image is formed on an electrophotographic photosensitive member provided with a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer on a belt-like substrate through steps of uniform charging, image exposure, development, transfer, separation, fixing and cleaning. An image forming method, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus.

(6) Each means for uniformly charging, image exposing, developing, transferring, separating, fixing and cleaning on an electrophotographic photosensitive member provided with a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer on a belt-like substrate. An image forming apparatus, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus.

(7) In an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer is provided on a belt-shaped transparent substrate, at least one of the coating layers comprises a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. An electrophotographic photoreceptor characterized by containing.

(8) Uniform charging on an electrophotographic photosensitive member provided with a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer on a belt-shaped transparent substrate,
A method of forming an image through image exposure, development, transfer, separation, fixing and cleaning steps, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. Forming method.

(9) Uniform charging on an electrophotographic photosensitive member provided with a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer on a belt-shaped transparent substrate,
An image forming apparatus having means for performing image exposure, development, transfer, separation, fixing and cleaning, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. Image forming device.

(10) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to (1), (4) or (7), wherein the binder of at least one of the coating layers is a polycarbonate resin.

(11) The image forming method according to (2), (5) or (8), wherein the transfer is a batch transfer.

(12) The image forming apparatus according to (3), (6) or (9), wherein the transfer is batch transfer.

(13) The above (1) to (3), (7) to (7), wherein the transparent substrate is a plastic material.
The electrophotographic photosensitive member, the image forming method, or the image forming apparatus according to any one of (9).

(14) The belt-shaped substrate is an endless belt-shaped metal substrate.
7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming method, or image forming apparatus according to any one of items 6 to 6.

The present invention is characterized in that a dioxolane derivative having a dioxolane nucleus (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the compound of the present invention) is used as a solvent for a coating solution containing a photoconductive photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member. I do. Specifically, such a compound of the present invention is preferably a compound represented by the following general formula (1).

[0030]

Embedded image General formula (1)

(Wherein, R _{1 to} R ₆ represent a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
R ₅ and R ₆ or at least two groups of R ₁ to R ₄ may combine to form a ring. In the present invention, the dioxolane nucleus is a cyclic 5-membered ether compound having two non-adjacent oxygen atoms in its molecule.

The substituents of the alkyl groups represented by R _{1 to} R ₆ may be any substituents, preferably each having 1 carbon atom.
To 4 alkoxy groups, acyl groups, acyloxy groups or hydroxyl groups. R ₅ and R ₆ are R _{1 to} R ₄
The ring formed by combining at least two of the above is arbitrary, but preferably a 5- to 6-membered aromatic ring (for example, a benzene ring) or a non-aromatic ring (for example, a cyclohexane ring).

Of these, those in which at least one of R ₅ and R ₆ is a hydrogen atom or those in which R ₁ and R ₃ are hydrogen atoms, and those in which all of R _{1 to} R ₆ are hydrogen atoms Is particularly preferred.

The compound of the present invention preferably has a boiling point of 200 ° C. or less at normal pressure, more preferably 15 ° C.
The boiling point is 0 ° C or lower, particularly preferably 74 to 130 ° C. When the boiling point of the compound of the present invention exceeds 200 ° C., the drying time in the drying step becomes longer, which is disadvantageous in cost.

Next, specific examples of the dioxolane derivative of the present invention which is preferably used are shown below.

[0036]

Embedded image

[0037]

Embedded image

The residual dioxolane derivative contained in the coating layer including the photosensitive layer of the present invention accounts for 20% based on the total solid content of the coating layer.
ppm to 50,000 ppm, preferably 30 to 10,
000 ppm. 50 residual dioxolane derivatives,
If the content is more than 000 ppm, the storage stability of the potential over time will be poor, and if it is less than 20 ppm, the sensitivity will decrease.

Since the content of the residual dioxolane derivative of the present invention slightly changes depending on the thickness of the coating layer, the affinity with the binder, the coating speed, the drum diameter of the photoreceptor, the process, etc. Produced after confirmation by content analysis. The content of the residual dioxolane derivative in the coating layer is controlled by a preferable combination of a drying temperature, a drying time, a drying air velocity, an air volume and the like.

The coating layer of the present invention means a coating film after drying.

The content of the residual dioxolane derivative in the coating layer can be detected by a method well known to those skilled in the art, for example, gas chromatography.

The electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention is shown in FIG.
It is the cylindrical photoconductor of FIG. 1A or the belt-shaped photoconductor of FIG.

The electrophotographic photoreceptor used in the present invention is preferably an organic photoconductive photoreceptor, for example, as shown in FIG.
A photoconductor having the layer configuration of (b) or (c) is preferable. The layer configuration of the photoreceptor shown in FIG.
Intermediate layer 3, charge generation layer (CGL) 4, and charge transport layer (C
TL) 5 are stacked in this order. Also,
The layer configuration of the photoconductor of FIG. 2B is the same as that of the photoconductor of FIG.
The configuration is such that a protective layer 6 is provided on the TL 5. FIG.
The layer configuration of the photoconductor of (c) is the CGL of the photoconductor of FIG.
4, a first charge transport layer (CTL) 7 is provided, and a second charge transport layer (CTL) 8 is further provided thereon.

As the transparent substrate of the present invention, those which are robust and excellent in impact resistance, abrasion resistance, temperature and humidity resistance, dimensional accuracy and the like are preferable. Further, the light transmittance of the light source such as LED is excellent, and the light transmittance is preferably 80%.
A plastic material having the above and excellent in workability is mainly used.

As the belt-shaped transparent substrate of the present invention, a flexible sheet or belt-shaped plastic film provided with conductivity is used. Examples of such a substrate include, for example, a metal foil such as aluminum, nickel, and chromium, and a plastic such as a polyethylene terephthalate film provided with a vapor-deposited layer of aluminum, titanium, nickel, chromium, SUS, gold, vanadium, tin, indium oxide, and the like. Films or sheets are mentioned.

Examples of the material of the belt-like substrate of the present invention include copper, nickel, aluminum, zinc, iron, chromium,
Molybdenum, vanadium, indium, titanium, gold,
Metals such as silver and platinum or alloys thereof can be mentioned, and copper, nickel and the like are particularly preferable. These can be produced as seamless endless belts by, for example, electroforming. Also, stainless steel, iron,
A metal that can be made into an endless belt by welding copper or the like is also used as a material of the conductive substrate.

The plastic material (including a plastic film or sheet, hereinafter the same) used as the transparent substrate of the present invention is preferably crosslinked to have heat resistance,
Those having improved mechanical properties and dimensional stability are mentioned.
Such a plastic material can be obtained, for example, by copolymerizing a radically polymerizable monomer and a polyfunctional vinyl compound in the presence of a radical polymerization initiator.

The radically polymerizable monomers used in the present invention include styrene, α-methylstyrene, m-
Side-chain alkyl-substituted styrene such as methylstyrene and p-methylstyrene, core-alkyl-substituted styrene such as vinyltoluene, p-chlorostyrene, o-chlorostyrene, m-
Chlorostyrene, p-bromostyrene, o-bromostyrene, m-bromostyrene, 2,4-dichlorostyrene,
2,4-dibromostyrene, 4-chloro-α-methylstyrene, 4-bromo-α-methylstyrene, 2,4,6-trichlorostyrene, 2,4,6-tribromostyrene, pentachlorostyrene, pentabromostyrene Halogenated styrene, vinyl benzoate, 2-vinylnaphthalene, 4
Aromatic vinyl monomers such as vinyl biphenyl and 1,1'-diphenylethylene; vinyl cyanide monomers such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, fumaronitrile, maleonitrile, and α-chloroacrylonitrile;
Methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, amyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, octadecyl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, allyl methacrylate Cyclopentanyl methacrylate, norbornyl methacrylate, adamantyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenoxyethyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate,
Benzyl methacrylate, naphthyl methacrylate, butoxyethyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, amyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate,
(Meth) acrylic acid alkyl esters such as 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, and benzyl acrylate; (meth) acrylic acids such as methacrylic acid and acrylic acid; 2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate OH group-containing (meth) acrylates such as 2-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl (meth) acrylate, and tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth) acrylate, and epoxy such as glycidyl (meth) acrylate Group containing (meta)
Acrylates, N-containing (meth) acrylates such as N, N-diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate,
(Meth) acrylates containing an ether group such as butoxytriethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, ethoxydiethylene glycol (meth) acrylate,
Maleic acid, maleic acid esters such as maleic acid, maleic anhydride, dimethyl maleate, dibutyl malate, dibenzyl malate, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, benzyl itaconate, itaconic acid such as dibenzyl itaconate, itacone Acid esters, fumaric acid, dimethyl fumarate, dibutyl fumarate, diisopropyl fumarate, dibenzyl fumarate, dicyclohexyl fumarate, and other fumaric acids, fumaric esters, and other monomers such as vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, and chloride; N-alkylmaleimides such as vinylidene, Nt-butylmaleimide, N-laurylmaleimide, N-cyclohexylmaleimide, N-phenylmaleimide, No-chlorophenylmaleimide, N-dimethylphenylmaleimide, N
-Phenylmaleimides and mixtures thereof are preferably used.

The polyfunctional vinyl compound (crosslinker monomer) used in the present invention includes divinylbenzene, metadivinylbenzene, 4,4′-divinylbiphenyl,
3,3′-divinylbiphenyl, 3,4′-divinylbiphenyl, ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di (meth) acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri (meth) A) acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, divinyl phthalate, diallyl phthalate, divinyl isophthalate, diallyl isophthalate, divinyl terephthalate, diallyl terephthalate, diallyl naphthenate, triallyl isocyanurate, diallyl carbonate, diethylene glycol bisallyl carbonate, etc. One or more selected from the above are used in combination as a crosslinking agent.

The amount of the crosslinking agent to be added is from 0.05 to the total amount of the raw material mono- (radical polymerizable monomer + polyfunctional vinyl compound).
90 wt. Use in the range of%. 0.05 wt. %, The heat resistance is not satisfactory. 90 wt. %, The polymer becomes hard but brittle, resulting in poor mechanical durability.

In the plastic material used for the transparent substrate of the present invention, the radical polymerization initiator is not particularly limited, and an active radical is generated by an active energy ray such as visible light, infrared ray, ultraviolet ray, microwave, electron beam or heat. Anything is good.

Benzoyl peroxide, diisopropylperoxydicarbonate, t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate, t-butylperoxypivalate, t-butylperoxydiisobut There are tyrates, lauroyl peroxide, t-butylperoxyacetate, t-butylperoxytoctoate, t-butylperoxybenzoate, di-t-butylperoxide, azobisisobutyronitrile, etc., which are activated by activation energy rays. Examples of radical polymerization initiators that generate radicals include acetophenone, benzophenone, benzoin, benzoin methyl ether, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one, hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, Le phenyl glyoxylate,
2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, benzyldimethyl ketal and the like,
When used, they can be used alone or as a mixture.

The mixing ratio of the radical polymerization initiator varies depending on the type of the radical polymerization initiator, the type of the vinyl monomer, the polymerization curing temperature, and the like. In general, 100 wt. pt. 0.01 for
-8 wt. pt. Is preferred, especially 0.1 to 5 wt. p
t. Is desirable. When the mixing ratio of the radical polymerization initiator is 0.01 wt. pt. If it is less than 10 hours, it takes a long time for polymerization curing and the polymerization is not completed, which is not preferable. When the blending ratio of the polymerization initiator is 8 wt. pt. Exceeding the molecular weight is not preferred because the polymer becomes brittle or colored.

Examples of the plastic material include polyalkyl acrylates such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate and polybutyl acrylate, polystyrene, polyimide, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate. . Of these, transparent substrates using polyalkyl methacrylates and belt-shaped transparent substrates are high in strength and excellent in light transmittance, so that they are suitable for image forming apparatuses employing a mechanism for exposing from the inside of the photoreceptor. ing.

Regarding the method for producing the transparent substrate of the present invention,
Although there is no particular limitation, a centrifugal polymerization method described in JP-A-8-22067 is preferably used.

According to this method, first, a methacrylic acid methyl ester monomer is synthesized, and a catalyst is added in order to rapidly polymerize the methacrylic acid monomer, and then poured into a cylindrical mold. This is rotated together with the mold and heated appropriately to promote uniform polymerization. After completion of the polymerization, the mixture is cooled, and the obtained transparent substrate is removed from the mold, cut and, if necessary, subjected to a finishing step to obtain a cylindrical transparent substrate. The cylindrical transparent substrate produced by this method has a hardness comparable to aluminum, a light transmittance of 90% or more, and an impact resistance of about 15 times that of glass.

The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention basically has a transparent conductive layer and a photoconductive photosensitive layer provided on the surface of a transparent substrate, and conventionally used methods can be widely used. .

That is, the transparent conductive layer can be formed by uniformly depositing a metal or an alloy thereof using a method such as vapor deposition, sputtering, glow discharge, plasma, CVD or plating. 01-10μ
m.

As the metal, Al, Au, Ag, C
u, Ni, Co, Ti, Zn, Cr, In, Sn, Pb
Or a metal selected from Fe or the like or an alloy thereof, and the metal oxide is SnO ₂ , In ₂ O ₃ , I
TO (indium tin oxide) and the like.

Further, the transparent conductive layer may be formed by dispersing a conductive polymer or a fine powder of the above-mentioned metal, alloy, metal oxide or diamond-type crystalline carbon in a binder resin.

The formation of the photoconductive photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention may be carried out by forming an organic photoconductive layer, particularly a function-separated type containing both a charge transport substance and a charge generation substance, It is preferable to form by coating.

The charge generation layer (C) of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention
GL) is formed by dispersing a charge generation material (CGM) in a binder resin as needed.

Examples of the CGM include azo compounds such as metal or metal-free phthalocyanine compounds, bisazo compounds and trisazo compounds, squarium compounds, azurenium compounds, perylene compounds, indigo compounds, quinacridone compounds, polycyclic quinone compounds, and cyanine dyes. , A xanthene dye, a charge transfer complex composed of poly-N-vinylcarbazole and trinitrofluorenone, and the like, but are not limited thereto. These may be used as a mixture of two or more as necessary.

In order to achieve the object of the present invention at the highest level, one of perylene compounds, imidazole perylene compound and metal phthalocyanine compound, titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc), gallium phthalocyanine (GaPc) or hydroxygallium phthalocyanine (GaOHPc) Is preferred.

The charge transport layer (C) of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention
TL) comprises a charge transport substance (CTM) alone or together with a binder resin.

Examples of the CTM include carbazole derivatives, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, thiazole derivatives, thiadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, imidazolone derivatives, imidazolidine derivatives, bisimidazolidine derivatives, styryl compounds, hydrazone compounds, and pyrazoline. Derivatives, oxazolone derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, quinazoline derivatives, benzofuran derivatives, acridine derivatives,
Phenazine derivatives, aminostilbene derivatives, triarylamine derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, stilbene derivatives, benzidine derivatives, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, poly-1-vinylpyrene, poly-9-vinylanthracene, and the like, but are not limited thereto. It is not done. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

An intermediate layer having a barrier function and an adhesive function can be provided between the transparent conductive layer and the CGL of the photosensitive layer.

Examples of the material for the intermediate layer include casein, polyvinyl alcohol, nitrocellulose, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, and phenol resin polyamides (nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 610, copolymer nylon, alkoxymethyl). Nylon, etc.), polyurethane, gelatin, aluminum oxide and the like. The thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably from 0.1 to 10 μm, particularly preferably from 0.1 to 5 μm.

As a coating method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, a coating processing method such as a circular amount control type coating is used, and is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.
No. 128023, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-10654.

It is preferable to include silicone oil in the coating layer in order to improve the coating property. Examples of silicone oils include JP-A-54-143643 and JP-A-57-5.
No. 050, No. 57-212453, No. 59-2085
No. 56, 63-80262, JP-A-1-23485
No. 4, No. 4-199154, No. 05-27456, and the like can be used. The content of silicone oil in the layer solid content is 10 to 1
000 ppm is preferred.

It is known that the solvent comprising the dioxolane derivative of the present invention forms a peroxide during storage and storage. Therefore, it is preferable to add an antioxidant (AO agent).

The antioxidants preferably used include:
JP-A No. 07-92702 discloses a compound containing a hindered phenol structural unit or a hindered amine structural unit or a compound containing a compound having a hindered phenol structural unit and a hindered amine structural unit in the molecule, and Japanese Patent Application No. 8-296278. No. 8-2 of the specification
Those described on page 7 can be used.

The use of an antioxidant in the coating layer is advantageous in terms of the stability of the coating solution composition, the repetition characteristics of the formed photoreceptor, and the stability of the potential. Further, a mixture of different kinds of antioxidants may be used.

The amount of the antioxidant used in the present invention is 20 ppm to 5%, preferably 50 ppm to 3%, based on the coating composition. 0.001% to 10%, preferably 0.01% to 5%, based on the total solid content of the dried coating film
It is.

When the addition amount of the antioxidant is small, the storage stability of the dioxolane derivative as the coating solvent of the present invention and the repetition characteristics of electrophotography are poor, and when the addition amount is too large, the rise in residual potential becomes severe and the image becomes poor. Fog occurs.

The binder resin contained in the non-photosensitive layer such as the CGL and CTL photosensitive layers and the protective layer and the intermediate layer of the photoreceptor of the present invention includes polyester resin, polystyrene resin, methacrylic resin, acrylic resin, polyethylene resin and polypropylene. Resin, polyacrylic resin, polymethacrylic resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin, polycarbonate resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, styrene-butadiene resin, vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer resin, vinyl chloride-maleic anhydride Examples include, but are not limited to, acid copolymer resins, urethane resins, silicone resin epoxy resins, silicon-alkyd resins, phenol resins, polysilane resins, polyvinyl carbazole resins, and the like.

However, the binder resin contained in the photosensitive layer and the non-photosensitive layer of each of the above-mentioned photosensitive members is preferably one which is strong against mechanical impact, has high abrasion resistance, and does not hinder electrophotographic performance. Preferred examples of the binder resin include polycarbonate resins having structural units represented by the following general formulas (2) to (5).

[0078]

Embedded image

In the formula, R _{11 to} R ₁₈ and R _{21 to} R ₂₈ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group or an aryl group. , Z represents an atom group forming a 4 to 11 saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic ring, R ₁₉ represents a hydrogen atom,
Represents an alkyl group or an aryl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms.

[0080]

Embedded image

(Wherein, R _{31 to} R ₃₈ and R _{41 to} R ₄₆ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom,
Represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, or an aryl group, and k and m are integers;
k / m is selected to be 1-10.

The polycarbonate resin having the structural units represented by the above general formulas (2) to (5) preferably has a weight average molecular weight of 30,000 or more. For example, Iupilon Z200 (mw 50,000), Z300
(Mw.80,000), Z400, Z800 (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical), TS2050 (mw.150,000) (Teijin Chemicals) and the like are commercially available and can be preferably used.

CG of electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention
The ratio of CGM to the binder resin in L was 1: 5 by weight.
The binder resin in the CGL is not necessarily required, and the thickness of the CGL is 5 μm or less, preferably 0.05 to 2 μm.

The ratio between CTM and binder resin in CTL is preferably 5: 1 to 1: 5 by weight,
Has a thickness of 0.5 to 50 μm, preferably 1 to 40 μm.

The thickness of the protective layer is 0.2 to 20 μm, preferably 0.5 to 10 μm.

As the solvent used in the coating solution containing the photoconductive photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, the above-mentioned dioxolane derivative of the general formula (1) is used, and these may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Or a mixture of the dioxolane derivative of the present invention with another solvent or dispersion medium.

Other solvents used as a mixture with the dioxolane derivative of the present invention include n-butylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropanolamine, triethanolamine, triethylenediamine,
N, N-dimethylformamide, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, cyclohexanone, benzene, toluene, xylene, chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,
Examples thereof include 1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methanol, ethanol, isopropinal, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and methyl cellosolve.

When the dioxolane derivative of the present invention is used as a mixed solvent with these solvents, it is preferable that 25% by weight or more of the total solvent is the dioxolane derivative of the present invention.

The coating layer of the present invention may be used in any of the layers of the photoreceptor in order to reduce the fatigue deterioration upon repeated use or to improve the durability. An appropriate amount of an environment-dependent reducing agent such as a surface modifier, a plasticizer, or the like can be added as necessary.

The electrophotographic photoreceptor provided with a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer on the transparent substrate of the present invention is provided with a uniform charging on the surface by a charging means disposed outside the electrophotographic photoreceptor.
The electrostatic latent image is formed by image exposure from the inside by the image exposure means arranged inside the photosensitive member, and is developed by the developing means arranged outside the photosensitive member to form an image.

For this reason, when the image exposure from the inside of the photoreceptor is not sufficiently absorbed by the photosensitive layer and a considerable amount of light passes through the photoreceptor, it is irregularly reflected on the charging means, the developing means or the inner wall of the apparatus, and An image unevenness and a ghost image are formed thereon, and a high-quality color image cannot be obtained.

Therefore, in the present invention, the CG
The selection of CGM in L, the thickness of CGL, the particle size of inorganic particles in the uppermost layer, the amount of addition, and the like are selected, and the transmittance of light from the light source to the photoconductor is preferably 20% or less. .

In the case of an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which the belt-like substrate of the present invention is made of metal and on which a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer is provided, the image exposing means is arranged outside the photosensitive member. . Such a photoreceptor image forming apparatus is shown, for example, in FIG. 6 of JP-A-60-249152, and can be applied to the present invention.

Next, the developer used in the image forming method and apparatus of the present invention will be described. As the developer, there is a one-component developer having a magnetic toner as a main component or a two-component developer having a non-magnetic toner and a magnetic carrier as a main component, and the toner in those developers is a coloring agent in a binder resin, Average particle size 5 containing other necessary additives
30 μm colored particles.

In the present invention, if necessary, the toner contains an inorganic fluidizing agent having a primary average particle size of less than 0.2 μm. When the primary average particle size of the inorganic fluidizing agent is larger than 0.2 μm, the contribution to the fluidization of development becomes small, and the surface of the photoreceptor is easily worn and damaged.

The content of the optional fluidizing agent in the toner is preferably 0.05 to 5.0% by weight.
When the content is less than 0.05% by weight, the fluidity contribution to the developer is insufficient, and when the content is more than 5.0% by weight, the photosensitive member is easily damaged, and point-like image defects are liable to occur. Become.

Examples of the inorganic fluidizing agent include fine particles of metal oxides such as silica, alumina, barium oxide, beryllium oxide, cerium oxide and iron oxide, fine particles of these metal oxides, and metal oxides thereof. Examples of such fine particles include those obtained by subjecting fine particles of a substance to a hydrophobic treatment. In particular, when a material subjected to a hydrophobizing treatment is used, the moisture resistance of the fluidizing agent is improved, so that a stable fluidizing action can be obtained even in a high humidity atmosphere. Such a hydrophobizing treatment is performed, for example, by reacting fine particles of the metal oxide as described above with a hydrophobizing agent such as a dialkyldihalogenated silane, a trialkylhalogenated silane, an alkyltrihalogenated silane, or a hexylalkyldisilazane at a high temperature. Can be performed. In addition, among the various products, particularly, hydrophobic silica is preferably used.

The binder for the toner used in the present invention includes, for example, homopolymers of styrene such as polystyrene, poly-p-chlorostyrene and polyvinyltoluene and their substituted products, styrene-p-chlorostyrene copolymer, styrene- Propylene copolymer, styrene-vinyltoluene copolymer, styrene-vinylnaphthalene copolymer, styrene-methylene acrylate copolymer, styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-octyl acrylate copolymer, styrene- Methyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene ethyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-α-chloromethyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-vinyl methyl ether copolymer, styrene-vinyl ethyl ether Copolymer, styrene Styrene-based copolymers such as vinyl methyl ketone copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-isoprene copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile-indene copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, silicone resin, polyester, Examples thereof include polyurethane, polyamide, epoxy resin polyvinyl butyral, rosin, modified rosin, terpene resin, phenol resin, xylene resin, aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon resin, and aromatic petroleum resin. These resins can be used alone or in combination of two or more.

In addition to the colorant, the toner used in the present invention may contain, if necessary, a charge control agent, an anti-offset agent, a magnetic substance, and other property improving agents commonly used in toners.

Examples of the colorant include carbon black and nigrosine dye (CI No. 50415).
B), aniline blue (CI No. 5040)
5), alcohol oil blue (CI No. azoi)
c Blue 3), chrome yellow (CI No.
14090), Ultramarine Blue (CIN)
o. 77103), Dupont Oil Red (CI.
No. 26105), quinoline yellow (C.I.N.
o. 47005), methylene blue chloride (C.I.
I. No. 52015), phthalocyanine blue (CI No. 74160), malachite green oxalate (CI No. 42000), lamp black (CI No. 77266), rose bengal (CI No. 77266). 45435), mixtures thereof,
Others can be mentioned. The colorant is preferably contained in a sufficient ratio to form a visible image having a sufficient concentration, and usually 1 to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder.
It is preferably about parts by weight.

Examples of the negatively chargeable charge control agent include a metal complex of an aromatic oxycarboxylic acid or an aromatic dicarboxylic acid or a sulfonylamine derivative, a sulfonamide derivative, a sulfonic acid derivative or a sulfonate derivative of copper phthalocyanine. Can be mentioned.

Examples of positively chargeable charge control agents include quaternary ammonium compounds, alkylpyridinium compounds, alkylpicolinium compounds and nigrosine SO.
Alternatively, a nigrosine dye such as nigrosine EX can be used.

Examples of the anti-offset agent include olefin polymers or copolymers having a low softening point such as polyethylene and polypropylene, other aliphatic acid esters or partially saponified products thereof, alkylenebisfatty acid amides, higher fatty acids or salts thereof, and higher alcohols. And the like.

Such an anti-offset agent can be used alone or in combination of two or more, and its use ratio is preferably, for example, 1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 1 to 10% by weight, based on the binder. It is.

When the toner is a magnetic toner of a one-component developer, the magnetic substance to be contained includes a ferromagnetic metal or alloy such as ferrite, magnetite, cobalt, nickel or the like, or a material containing these elements. A compound or an alloy that does not contain a ferromagnetic element but becomes ferromagnetic when subjected to an appropriate heat treatment, such as a Heusler alloy containing manganese and copper such as manganese-copper-aluminum and manganese-copper-tin. Alloys, or chromium dioxide, and the like. These magnetic materials are used in the form of fine powder having an average particle size of 0.1 to 1 μm, and the proportion is preferably 20 to 70 parts by weight, more preferably 40 to 70 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the toner.
７０70 parts by weight.

When the developer used in the present invention is a two-component developer, the carrier is not particularly limited. For example, reduced iron, ferrite powder, and the surface of these particles may be formed of, for example, styrene-acrylic resin, silicone resin, fluorine resin, or the like. A resin coated with a resin such as a resin, a binder obtained by dispersing and containing magnetic particles in a binder made of these resins, and the like are used.

Next, an embodiment of the image forming method and the image forming apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to the color image forming apparatus of FIG.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a color image forming apparatus showing an example of an image forming apparatus to which the above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member made of the cylindrical transparent substrate of the present invention is applied.
In the image forming apparatus of the present invention, non-contact development (at least in the condition that the latent image formed on the photoreceptor surface does not contact the developer layer on the developing sleeve in the developing area) is performed in image formation of at least the second and subsequent colors. Development method). In this case, it is necessary to accurately set the conditions so that the two do not come into contact with each other but do not separate too much, and the dimensional accuracy of the substrate of the photoreceptor is more strictly required.

In FIG. 3, reference numeral 10 denotes a drum-shaped photosensitive member.
A transparent conductive layer and a function-separated organic photosensitive layer composed of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are formed on the outer periphery of a cylindrical substrate formed of a highly transparent polymer resin. 11
0Y, 110M, 110C and 110K are yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C) and black (K)
In the corona charging device (charging means) used for forming an image of each color, a charging action is performed by corona discharge in order to hold a charge of a predetermined potential on the above-described photosensitive layer of the photoconductor 10, and the photoconductor 10 is charged one by one. Give a similar potential.

12Y, 12M, 12C and 12K are
FL (phosphor emission), EL (electroluminescence), PL (plasma discharge), LED (light emitting diode), and lamp and light shutter function in which light emitting elements arranged in the axial direction of the photoconductor 10 are arranged in a line. (Magneto-optical effect optical shutter array) in which elements having
PLZT (Transmissive piezoelectric element shutter array), LCS
An exposure optical system, which is an image exposure device (image exposure means) configured as a unit with an exposure element such as a (liquid crystal shutter) and a selfoc lens as an equal magnification imaging element, and is read by a separate image reading device. The obtained image signals of the respective colors are sequentially taken out from the memory and
Y, 12M, 12C and 12K are respectively input as electric signals. The exposure optical systems 12Y, 12M, 1
Both 2C and 12K are attached to a columnar holding member 20 and housed inside the substrate of the photoreceptor 10.

The developing devices 13Y, 13M, 13C and 13K are developing devices using the non-contact developing method for accommodating yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C) and black (K) developers. (Developing means)
The developing sleeves 130Y, 130M, 130C, and 130 rotate in the same direction while maintaining a predetermined gap with respect to the peripheral surface of the developing sleeve 130.
K is provided.

The developing units 13Y, 13M, 13C and 13K are provided with the corona charging devices 110Y, 110Y
M, charge by 110C and 110K, exposure optical system 1
The electrostatic latent image is reversely developed in a non-contact state by applying a developing bias voltage on the photoreceptor 10 formed by image exposure by 2Y, 12M, 12C and 12K.

The original image is temporarily stored in an image reading device separate from the present device as an image signal read by an image sensor or an image edited by a computer as an image signal for each of Y, M, C and K colors. And stored.

At the start of image recording, the photosensitive member 10 is rotated clockwise by starting the photosensitive member driving motor, and at the same time, the photosensitive member 1 is charged by the corona charging device 110Y.
Application of a potential to 0 starts.

After the photoreceptor 10 is applied with a potential, the exposure optical system 12Y starts exposure with an electric signal corresponding to a yellow (Y) image signal, which is a first color signal, and the drum is scanned by rotation. An electrostatic latent image corresponding to the yellow (Y) image of the original image is formed on the photosensitive layer on the surface.

The latent image is reversal-developed by the developing device 13Y in a state where the developer on the developing sleeve is not in contact with the latent image, and a yellow (Y) toner image is formed in accordance with the rotation of the photosensitive drum 10.

Next, the photosensitive drum 10 is further provided with a corona charging device 110M on the yellow (Y) toner image.
Is exposed by an electric signal corresponding to a magenta (M) image signal, which is a second color signal of the exposure optical system 12M, and is subjected to non-contact reversal development by a developing unit 13M. And a magenta (M) toner image is sequentially formed on the yellow (Y) toner image.

The corona charging device 11 is operated in the same process.
0C, the exposure optical system 12C and the developing device 13C further form a cyan (C) toner image corresponding to the third color signal.
A black (K) toner image corresponding to the fourth color signal is sequentially superimposed and formed by the 2K and the developing unit 13K,
A color toner image is formed on the peripheral surface within one rotation of the photosensitive drum 10. These exposure optical systems 12Y, 12
Exposure of the photosensitive layer of the photosensitive drum 10 by M, 12C and 12K is performed from the inside of the substrate through the above-mentioned transparent substrate. Therefore, the exposure of the images corresponding to the second, third and fourth color signals is performed without any influence of the previously formed toner image, and is equivalent to the image exposure corresponding to the first color signal. Can be formed.

In order to stabilize the temperature in the photosensitive drum and prevent the temperature from rising due to the heat generated by the exposure optical systems 12Y, 12M, 12C and 12K, a material having good thermal conductivity is used for the holding member 20 and a low-temperature material is used. In this case, a heater can be used, and when the temperature is high, measures such as radiating heat to the outside via a heat pipe can be taken, so that the temperature can be suppressed to a level that does not cause any trouble.

In the developing operation by the developing units 13Y, 13M, 13C and 13K, a developing bias to which a direct current or a further alternating current is applied is applied to the developing sleeves 130Y, 130M, 130C and 130K, respectively. Photoconductor 10 that grounds the transparent conductive layer by non-contact development using a one-component or two-component developer
, A DC bias of the same polarity as that of the toner is applied, and reversal development is performed in which the toner adheres to the exposed portion.

The color toner image formed on the peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 10 is transferred to the transfer device (transfer means) 14.
a, the feed roller 15 from the paper feed cassette 15
a, and is conveyed to a timing roller 16 by a pair of conveying rollers 15b and 15c, and is transferred onto a transfer sheet P, which is a transfer material fed in synchronization with the toner image on the photoconductor 10 by driving the timing roller 16. Is done.

The transfer paper P to which the toner image has been transferred is separated from the peripheral surface of the drum by the removal of the charge in the charge eliminator 14b, and then is carried by the transport driving roller 14c and the driven roller 14d.
The fixing device 17 is moved by the conveying belt 14e stretched between the fixing belts.
Transported to In the fixing device (fixing means) 17, the toner is heated and pressed between the fixing roller 17a and the pressure roller 17b to melt and fix the toner on the transfer paper P, and then discharged from the fixing device 17 by the pair of fixing outlet rollers 17c and 17d. The sheet is conveyed by the conveying roller pair 18a and
Is discharged onto a discharge tray 200 at the top of the apparatus.

With the above-described photosensitive drum 10 provided with a photosensitive layer on the transparent substrate of the present invention, a clear and extremely good image was obtained.

On the other hand, the photoreceptor 10 from which the transfer paper has been separated is rubbed on the surface of the photoreceptor 10 by a cleaning blade 19a in a cleaning device (cleaning means) 19 to remove residual toner, and is cleaned to form a toner image of a document image. continue. The waste toner scraped off by the cleaning blade 19a is transferred to the toner conveying screw 19b.
Is discharged to a waste toner container (not shown).

Since the photosensitive member 10 accommodates the exposure optical system therein, even if the diameter of the drum is relatively small,
The plurality of corona charging devices 110 described above are provided on the outer peripheral surface thereof.
Y, 110M, 110C and 110K, developing unit 13
Y, 13M, 13C and 13K can be provided, and the volume of the apparatus can be made compact by using a small-diameter drum having an outer diameter of 30 to 150 mm.

Next, a color image forming method and a color image forming apparatus for an electrophotographic photosensitive member formed by the belt-like substrate of the present invention will be described.

FIG. 4 is a sectional view showing an example of the color image forming apparatus of the present invention. The color image forming apparatus uses a belt-shaped photoreceptor having a photoreceptor layer provided on an outer peripheral surface thereof. The belt-shaped photoreceptor is stretched over upper and lower rollers, and is disposed in a vertical form. And an image forming process means such as a charger, a developing device, a transfer device, and a cleaning device.

The belt-shaped photoreceptor 10 has, for example, an endless belt-shaped transparent substrate formed of a transparent polyimide resin or the like inside, and a transparent conductive layer,
An electroconductive photosensitive layer such as an a-Si layer or an organic photosensitive layer (OPC) is formed on a belt.
With the transparent substrate of No. 0 inside, it is stretched around a driving roller 101, driven rollers 102 and 103, a tension roller 104, and a support member 50 provided between the driving roller 101 and the driven roller 102, and is disposed vertically. . Charging, exposure,
The belt-shaped photoconductor 10 on which the developing process is performed is driven and rotated clockwise in a state where the inner surface is pressed by the support member 50. The support member 50 has holes 51Y and 51 for exposure light scanning.
M, 51C and 51K are provided.

Scorotron charger 11 as charging means
Y, 11M, 11C, and 11K are used in image forming processes of yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K), respectively. The charging action is performed by the control grid held at a predetermined potential and the corona discharge by the discharge wire, and a uniform potential is applied to the belt-shaped photoconductor 10.

12Y, 12M, 12C and 12K are
Linear FL (phosphor emission), EL in which light-emitting elements arranged in the width direction of the belt-shaped photoconductor 10 are arranged in a line in an array.
(Electroluminescence), PL (plasma discharge), LED (light emitting diode), linear LISA (magneto-optical effect light shutter array) in which elements having an optical shutter function are arranged, PLZT (transmissive piezoelectric element shutter array), An exposure element such as an LCS (liquid crystal shutter) and a selfoc lens as an equal-magnification imaging element are configured as a unit, and are attached to a holding member 20 provided inside the belt-shaped photoconductor 10. The image signals of the respective colors read by the body image reading device are sequentially taken out of the memory and are exposed to the exposure optical systems 12Y and 12Y.
M, 12C and 12K are respectively input as electric signals.

A developing device 13Y, which is a developing means using a non-contact developing method and containing one-component or two-component developers for yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C) and black (K), respectively. 13M, 13C and 13K are provided on one side of the vertically arranged belt-shaped photoconductor 10 in a direction perpendicular to the moving direction of the belt-shaped photoconductor 10 and in parallel with the belt surface. 13C and 13K, a developing sleeve 1 which is arranged in the same direction while maintaining a predetermined gap with respect to the peripheral surface of the belt-shaped photoreceptor 10, respectively.
31Y, 131M, 131C and 131K.

The developing units 13Y, 13M, 13C and 13K are provided with the scorotron chargers 11Y, 11Y described above.
M, 11C and 11K charging, exposure optical system 12
The electrostatic latent image is reversibly developed in a non-contact state by applying a developing bias voltage on the belt-shaped photoreceptor 10 formed by image exposure using Y, 12M, 12C and 12K.

The image of the original is temporarily stored in an image reading device separate from the present device as an image read by an image sensor or an image edited by a computer as an image signal for each of Y, M, C and K colors. And stored.

At the start of image recording, the photoconductor drive motor rotates to rotate the belt-shaped photoconductor 10 in the clockwise direction, and at the same time, application of a potential to the belt-shaped photoconductor 10 is started by the charging action of the scorotron charger 11Y. You.

After a potential is applied to the belt-shaped photoconductor 10, exposure is started by an electric signal corresponding to a yellow (Y) image signal as a first color signal in the exposure optical system 12Y, and rotation of the drum is started. By (sub-scanning), an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the yellow (Y) image of the original image is formed on the photosensitive layer on the surface.

The latent image is reversal-developed by the developing device 13Y in a state where the developer on the developing sleeve is not in contact with the developer, and a yellow (Y) toner image is formed in accordance with the rotation of the photosensitive drum 10.

Next, the belt-shaped photoreceptor 10 is further provided with a scorotron charger 11 on the yellow (Y) toner image.
A potential is applied by the charging action of M, and the exposure optical system 12M
Exposure is performed with an electric signal corresponding to the magenta (M) image signal, which is the second color signal, and the magenta (Y) toner image is formed on the yellow (Y) toner image by non-contact reversal development by the developing device 13M. M) toner images are sequentially superimposed and formed.

By the same process, the scorotron charging device 11C, the exposure optical system 12 (C) and the developing device 13
(C) further forms a cyan (C) toner image corresponding to the third color signal.
K, a black (K) toner image corresponding to the fourth color signal is sequentially superimposed and formed by the exposure optical system 12 (K) and the developing unit 13 K, and the peripheral portion thereof is rotated within one rotation of the belt-shaped photosensitive drum 10. A color toner image is formed on the surface.

These exposure optical systems 12Y, 12M, 12C
Exposure to the organic photosensitive layer of the belt-shaped photosensitive drum 10 is carried out from the inside of the drum through the transparent substrate described above. Therefore, the exposure of the images corresponding to the second, third and fourth color signals is performed without any influence of the previously formed toner image, and is equivalent to the image exposure corresponding to the first color signal. Can be formed.

Further, the replenishing developer of each color is supplied to the developing units 13Y, 13M, 13C and 13K from replenishing tanks 21Y, 21M, 21C and 21K which are replenishers. When the developing operation is performed by the developing devices 13Y, 13M, 13C, and 13K, the developing sleeves 131Y, 131M,
A developing bias in which a direct current or a further alternating current is applied to 31C and 131K is applied, a jumping development is performed by a one-component or two-component developer contained in the developing device, and the belt-shaped photoconductor 10 grounds the transparent conductive layer. On the other hand, a DC bias having the same polarity as that of the toner is applied to perform non-contact reversal development in which the toner adheres to the exposed portion.

Thus, the color toner image formed on the peripheral surface of the belt-shaped photosensitive drum 10 is sent out from the paper feed cassette 15 as a paper feed device at the transfer section.
Conveyed to the timing roller 16,
6 is transferred onto a transfer sheet P, which is a transfer material fed in synchronization with the toner image on the belt-shaped photoconductor 10, below the drive roller 1 for driving the belt-shaped photoconductor 10. The image is transferred by a transfer roller 14a as a container. The transfer roller 14a is synchronized with the transfer paper P fed to the transfer unit by the timing roller 16, and only during the transfer of the length of the transfer paper P in the circumferential direction of the belt-shaped photoconductor 10 is performed. A control unit and a transfer roller provided in an image forming apparatus (not shown) are pressed against the belt-shaped photoconductor 10 so as to be separated from the belt-shaped photoconductor 10 when the transfer process is not performed. It is operated by the pressure release mechanism.

The transfer paper P to which the toner image has been transferred is separated from the peripheral surface of the belt-shaped photoreceptor 10 by the curvature of the driving roller 1 and is then conveyed to the fixing device 17 by the conveying belt 14e, where it is heated by the fixing device 17. The toner is pressed and melted and fixed on the transfer paper P, discharged from the fixing device 17, conveyed by the discharge conveyance roller pair 18 a, and discharged onto the discharge tray 200 at the top of the apparatus via the discharge roller 18. Then, the sheet P is conveyed by a pair of sheet discharge conveyance rollers 18a and 18b, and is discharged via a discharge roller 18 to a discharge section provided at an upper portion with the toner image surface on the transfer sheet P facing downward.

On the other hand, the belt-shaped photoreceptor 10 from which the transfer paper P has been separated is rubbed on the surface of the belt-shaped photoreceptor 10 by a cleaning blade 19a and a cleaning roller 19b in a cleaning device 19 to remove residual toner, and is cleaned. The formation of the toner image is continued or temporarily stopped, and the formation of a toner image of a new original image starts. The waste toner scraped off by the cleaning blade 19a and the cleaning roller 19b is discharged to the waste toner container 22 through the toner conveying screw 19c and the toner conveying pipe 19d. After the cleaning, the cleaning blade 19a and the cleaning roller 19b are kept apart from the belt-shaped photoconductor 10 in order to prevent the belt-shaped photoconductor 10 from being damaged.

The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention can be applied to various printers, copiers, facsimile machines, etc. that utilize an electrophotographic process.

[0145]

EXAMPLES The present invention will be described below in detail with reference to examples, but embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.

A. Photoconductor No. 11 Production of Transparent Cylindrical Substrate An end of the substrate obtained by the centrifugal polymerization method was cut to obtain a cylindrical substrate having an outer diameter of 120 mm, a thickness of 3 mm, and a length of 360 mm. Further, if necessary, the outer peripheral surface was cut by a cutting tool to obtain a cylindrical substrate of the present invention.
The cylindrical transparent substrate thus obtained has a transmittance of 85% for light emitted from the exposure optical system.

2 Formation of Conductive Layer Conductive paint X-101H manufactured by Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.
The above-mentioned cylindrical transparent substrate was applied by dip coating to a conductive layer coating solution diluted by adding 100 parts by weight of toluene to 0 parts by weight, and then subjected to a heat treatment at 80 ° C. for 30 minutes to a thickness of 0.5 μm.
m conductive layers were provided.

3 Formation of Photosensitive Layer (Intermediate Layer) A1 Titanium chelate compound TC-750 (Matsumoto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) 20 parts by weight B1 Silane coupling agent KBM-503 (Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 13 parts by weight 2-propanol 100 parts by weight were mixed to obtain an intermediate layer liquid. This was dip-coated on the cylindrical transparent substrate having the conductive layer, and dried at 120 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an intermediate layer having a thickness of 1.0 μm. (Charge Generating Layer) Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine (G1) 2 parts by weight Silicon resin KR-5240 (Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 4 parts by weight 2-butanone 100 parts by weight are mixed, and dispersed by a sand mill for 10 hours to generate charges. A layer coating solution was obtained. This liquid was applied onto the undercoat layer by dip coating to obtain a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.25 μm. (Charge transport layer) Charge transport substance (structural formula is "T-1" shown below) 8 parts by weight Bisphenol Z-type polycarbonate Z-300 (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Ltd.) 12 parts by weight Dioxolane (Compound Example No. 1) 100 parts by weight The parts were mixed and dissolved to obtain a charge transport layer coating solution. This solution was applied onto the charge generation layer by dip coating, and heat-treated at 95 ° C. for 1 hour to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 25 μm.

B. Photoconductor No. 2 to 12, as shown in Table 1, except that the solvent of the charge transport layer was changed. Prepared in the same way as 1. Comparative example photoconductor is N
o. 12 and the solvent is ethylene chloride.

[0150]

[Table 1]

[0151]

Embedded image The above G1 has a Bragg angle 2θ of 9.5 ± 2 ° and 24.1 ± 0.2 in the X-ray diffraction spectrum with respect to the Cu—K line.
°, 27.2 ± 0.2 ° in a crystalline state showing Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine.

[0152]

Embedded image

Examples 1A to 11A and Comparative Example Each of the photoconductors thus manufactured was subjected to 25 ° C. for 30 days.
After storage at 75 RH%, an image performance test was performed.

(1) Image Performance Each photoreceptor was mounted on the inner surface exposure type color image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 3 to evaluate the image. The image performance was evaluated by evaluating the printing characteristics. Character information was applied to the photoconductor by LED exposure, and the quality of the character image formed on plain paper through the above-described image forming process was evaluated.

(2) Light Fatigue Test Each photoreceptor was left under a 1000 lux white light source for 2 hours, and then each photoreceptor was mounted on a color image forming apparatus of the internal exposure type shown in FIG. 3 to evaluate the image. Was. It is shown in Table 2.

Display of Evaluation Both the above (1) and (2) were performed as follows. ○ = clear image quality △ = image blur and character blur are slightly recognized, but practical level × = image blur and character blur are conspicuous and image fogging is occurring. (Note: image blur is character image resolution Inadequate,
It means that the stroke cannot be distinguished sufficiently with small kanji.)

As is clear from Table 2, Examples 1A to 10A of the present invention have good image performance and can be sufficiently used in practical use, whereas Comparative Examples have clear images with image defects. Defects that make it difficult to obtain an image are observed.

[0158]

[Table 2] Note 1: Light transmittance (%) of all layers including transparent substrate and conductive layer

Example 1B An undercoat layer coating solution composition UCL-1 as described below was prepared on a conductive belt-like substrate (Toray (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc., Metal Me)) having an aluminum vapor-deposited film provided on a polyethylene terephthalate film surface. Then, it was applied so as to have a dry film thickness of 0.8 μm. 1. Undercoat layer coating liquid composition UCL-1 copolymerized nylon resin (CM-8000, manufactured by Toray Industries) 2 g Methanol / n-butanol = 10/1 (vol ratio) 1000 ml Charge on the undercoat layer (UCL) as follows: The generating layer coating liquid composition CGL-1 was dispersed and prepared, and applied so as to have a dry film thickness of 1.5 μm. 2. Charge generating layer coating liquid composition CGL-1 Fluorenone type disazo pigment (CGM-1) 25 g Butyral resin (S-REC BX-L, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) 10 g Methyl ethyl ketone 1430 ml Dispersion of the above coating liquid composition for 20 hours using a sand mill . On the coating layer of this charge generation layer (CGL), a charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-1 was prepared as described below, and was applied to a dry film thickness of 23 μm. 1 was obtained. 3. Charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-1 CTM-1 500 g Polycarbonate (Z-200 manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company) 560 g Compound of the invention (Compound Example No. 1 Boiling point 74-75 ° C.) 2800 ml

Example 2B Undercoat layer coating solution composition UCL-
2 was prepared and applied to a dry film thickness of 1.0 μm. 1. Undercoat layer coating liquid composition UCL-2 Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer (S-LEC MF-10 manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) 50 g Acetone / cyclohexanone = 10/1 (vol ratio) 7000 ml On this UCL, Charge generation layer coating solution composition C
GL-2 was dispersed and prepared and applied so as to have a dry film thickness of 1.1 μm. 2. Charge generation layer coating solution composition CGL-2 Brominated anthuanthrone (CGM-2) 200 g Polycarbonate (Panlite L-1250 manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Limited) 100 g Compound of the invention (Compound Example No. 1 Boiling point 74-75 ° C.) 18000 ml One in which the coating liquid composition is dispersed using a sand mill for 25 hours.

A charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-2 was prepared on the CGL as described below, and was applied to a dry film thickness of 23 μm. 2 was obtained. 3. Charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-2 CTM-2 500 g Polycarbonate (Z-200 manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company) 560 g Compound of the invention (Compound Example No. 1, boiling point 74-75 ° C.) 2700 ml Compound of the invention (Compound Example No. 8 Boiling point 107 ° C) 100ml

Example 3B Undercoat layer coating solution composition UCL-3 was formed on the substrate as described below.
Was prepared and applied to a dry film thickness of 1.0 μm. 1. Undercoat layer coating liquid composition UCL-3 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (Elvacs 4260, manufactured by DuPont Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.) 50 g Toluene / n-butanol = 5/1 (vol ratio) 2000 ml The charge generation layer coating solution composition C
GL-3 was dispersed and prepared, and applied so as to have a thickness of 1.5 μm. 2. Charge generation layer coating liquid composition CGL-3 Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine (G1) 100 g Silicone resin (KR-5240 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 100 g t-butyl acetate 10,000 ml The above coating liquid composition was dispersed using a sand mill for 17 hours. thing. A charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-3 was prepared on the CGL layer as described below, and was applied to a dry film thickness of 23 μm. 3 was obtained. 3. Charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-3 CTM-3 500 g Polycarbonate (Z-200 manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company) 560 g Compound of the invention (Compound Example No. 1 Boiling point 74-75 ° C.) 2800 ml Silicone oil (KF-54 Shin-Etsu Chemical) 100 ppm based on the total solid content

Example 4B Undercoat layer coating solution composition UCL-
1 was prepared and applied in a dry film thickness of 1.0 μm. 1. Undercoat layer coating liquid composition UCL-1 copolymerized nylon resin (CM-8000, manufactured by Toray Industries) 2 g methanol / n-butanol = 10/1 (vol ratio) 1000 ml On this UCL, the following charge generation layer coating composition CGL -4
Was prepared by dispersion and applied so as to have a dry film thickness of 1.5 μm. 2. CGL-4 coating liquid composition Perylene pigment (CGM-4) 50 g Butyral resin (Eslec BX-L manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) 50 g Methyl ethyl ketone 2800 ml A dispersion of the above coating liquid composition for 20 hours using a sand mill.

On the CGL layer, a charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-4-a was prepared as follows, and the dry film thickness was 19 μm.
Further, a charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-4-b was prepared as described below, and was applied so as to have a dry film thickness of 5 μm. 4 was obtained. 3. Charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-4-a CTM-3 500 g Polycarbonate (Z-200 manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company) 560 g Compound of the invention (Compound Example No. 1, boiling point 74-75 ° C.) 2800 ml 4. Charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-4-b CTM-3 400 g Polycarbonate (Z-800 manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company) 560 g Compound of the invention (Compound Example No. 1 Boiling point 74-75 ° C.) 2600 ml Compound of the invention (Compound Example) No. 5 Boiling point 81-82 ° C) 100 ml Silicone oil (TSF-431 manufactured by Toshiba Silicone Co., Ltd.) 200 ppm based on the total solid content

Example 5B The photosensitive member No. of Example 3B was used. No. 3, the following protective layer coating solution composition OCL-1 was prepared and applied to a dry film thickness of 3 μm. 5 was obtained. Protective layer coating liquid composition OCL-1 (10 w / v%) Polycarbonate (Z-800 manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company) 150 g CTM-3 100 g Silicone-based fine particles (Tospearl 103 manufactured by Toshiba Silicone Co., Ltd.) 60 g Compound of the invention (Compound Example No. 1.1 Boiling point: 74 to 75 ° C.) 1000 ml Silicone oil (TSF-431 manufactured by Toshiba Silicone Co., Ltd.) 200 ppm based on the total solid content The above coating solution composition was dispersed for 3 hours using a sand mill.

Example 6B The undercoat layer coating solution composition UCL-
6 was prepared and applied so as to have a dry film thickness of 1.0 μm. 1. Undercoat layer coating solution composition UCL-6 Titanium chelate compound (TC-750 manufactured by Matsumoto Pharmaceutical) 30 g Silane coupling agent (KBM-503 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 17 g 2-propanol 150 ml On this UCL layer, apply the following photosensitive layer The composition CGL-6 was dispersed and prepared, and applied so as to have a thickness of 0.5 μm. 2. Charge generating layer coating liquid composition CGL-6 Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine (G1) 10 g Silicone resin (KR-5240 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 10 g t-vinyl acetate 1000 ml Dispersion of the above coating liquid composition for 20 hours using a sand mill .

A charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-6 was prepared on the CGL layer as described below, and was applied to a dry film thickness of 23 μm. 6 was obtained. 3. Charge transport layer coating solution composition CTL-6 CTM-3 500 g Polycarbonate (Z-200 manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company) 560 g Compound of the invention (Compound Example No. 1, boiling point 74-75 ° C.) 2600 ml Compound of the invention (Compound Example No. 2 Boiling point 80-83 ° C) 200 ml Silicone oil (KF-54 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 100 ppm based on the total solid content

Comparative Example 1B Compound No. of CTL-1 of Example 1B Same except that the same amount of 1,2-dichloroethane was used instead of 1.

Comparative Example 2B Compound No. of CTL-2 in Example 2B 1 and No. 8
The same except that the same amount of methylene chloride was used instead of

Comparative Example 3B In place of Compound 1 of CTL-3 of Example 3B, 1,
Same except for using 2-dichloroethane

Comparative Example 4B Compound No. of CTL-4-a Compound No. 1 of CTL-4-b 1 / No. The same amount of 1,2-
Same except for using dichloroethane

Comparative Example 5B Compound Example No. OCL-1 was placed on Comparative Example 3B. Same as above except that the same amount of 1,2-dichloroethane was used instead of 1.

Comparative Example 6B Compound No. of CTL-6 1 and Compound Example No. In place of 2, the same amount of 1,2-dichloroethane was used, except that the photosensitive layer coating film of the electrophotographic photosensitive member produced as described above was peeled off from the conductive substrate, and a bending strength tester was used. A bending repetition test was performed up to 5000 times. Further, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is processed into a belt shape, and is mounted on a copying machine having a belt rotation driving device shown in FIG.
A copy running test was performed up to 10,000 cycles. The results are shown in Table 3. It turns out that it has strong bending characteristics and good durability.

[0174]

[Table 3]

[0175]

Embedded image

[0176]

Embedded image

[0177]

Embedded image

[0178]

Embedded image

[0179]

Embedded image

The CGM-3 was found to have a Bragg angle 2θ of 9.5 ± 2 in the X-ray diffraction spectrum with respect to the Cu-K line.
°, 24.1 ± 0.2 °, and 27.2 ± 0.2 ° in crystalline Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine.

[0181]

Embedded image

[0182]

Embedded image

[0183]

According to the present invention, an electrophotographic photosensitive member having an exposure device on the transparent substrate side and exposing through the transparent substrate,
Clear images can be formed without deformation of the transparent substrate due to residual solvent, damage or defects of the transparent conductive layer, and without adversely affecting electrophotographic performance such as image fogging and bleeding.

Further, the belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention has excellent crack resistance, is resistant to bending and the like, and can form a clear image without image defects or bleeding.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a form of a photoconductor.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a layer configuration of a photoreceptor.

FIG. 3 is a sectional configuration diagram of a color image forming apparatus showing one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a sectional configuration diagram of a color image forming apparatus showing one embodiment of the present invention.

[Description of sign]

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Belt-like transparent base material 2 ... Transparent conductive layer 3 ... Intermediate layer 4 ... Charge generation layer (CGL) 5 ... Charge transport layer (CTL) 6 ... Protective layer 7 ... First charge transport layer (CTL) 8 ... Second Charge transport layer (CTL) 10 photoreceptor (photoreceptor drum) 12Y, 12M exposure light system for yellow and magenta (image exposure device) 12C, 12K exposure optical system for cyan and black (image exposure device) 13Y 13M: yellow and magenta developing units 13C, 13K: cyan and black developing units 14b: static eliminator 14e: transport belt 15: paper feed cassette 15a: sending rollers 15b, 15c: transport rollers 16: timing roller 17: fixing device 17a ... fixing roller 17b ... pressure roller 17c, 17d ... fixing exit roller pair 18 ... paper discharge tray 19 ... cleaning device 20 ... holding member P ... transfer paper 110 , 110M ... yellow, magenta corona charging device 110C, 110K ... cyan, black corona charger 130Y, 130M, 130C, 130K ... developing sleeve

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on the front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁶ Identification code FI G03G 13/01 G03G 13/01

Claims (14)

[Claims] 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a transparent substrate provided with a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer, and exposing through the transparent substrate, wherein at least one of the coating layers is substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a dioxolane derivative having a nucleus. 2. Forming an image on an electrophotographic photosensitive member provided with a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer on a transparent substrate through uniform charging, image exposure, development, transfer, separation, fixing and cleaning steps. Wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. 3. An electrophotographic photosensitive member provided with a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer on a transparent substrate is provided with respective means for performing uniform charging, image exposure, development, transfer, separation, fixing and cleaning. An image forming apparatus comprising: a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus in at least one of the coating layers. 4. An electrophotographic photoreceptor having a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer provided on a belt-like substrate, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. An electrophotographic photoreceptor, comprising: 5. An electrophotographic photoreceptor having a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer provided on a belt-like substrate, wherein a uniform charge, image exposure,
A method for forming an image through development, transfer, separation, fixing and cleaning steps, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. 6. An electrophotographic photoreceptor having a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer provided on a belt-like substrate, wherein a uniform charge, image exposure,
An image forming apparatus having respective units for developing, transferring, separating, fixing and cleaning, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. . 7. An electrophotographic photoreceptor having a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer provided on a belt-shaped transparent substrate, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. A belt-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member, characterized in that: 8. An electrophotographic photoreceptor having a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer provided on a belt-shaped transparent substrate, is subjected to uniform charging, image exposure, development, transfer, separation, fixing, and cleaning to form an image. An image forming method, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. 9. A means for performing uniform charging, image exposure, development, transfer, separation, fixing and cleaning on an electrophotographic photosensitive member provided with a coating layer including a photoconductive photosensitive layer on a belt-shaped transparent substrate. An image forming apparatus, wherein at least one of the coating layers contains a dioxolane derivative having a substituted or unsubstituted dioxolane nucleus. 10. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the binder of at least one of the coating layers is a polycarbonate resin. 11. The image forming method according to claim 2, wherein the transfer is a batch transfer. 12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said transfer is batch transfer. 13. The electrophotographic photosensitive member, the image forming method or the image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the transparent substrate is a plastic material. 14. The belt-like substrate according to claim 4, wherein said belt-like substrate is a metal endless belt-like substrate.
The electrophotographic photosensitive member, the image forming method, or the image forming apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims.