JPH10280860A - Method for connecting existing tunnel to new tunnel - Google Patents
Method for connecting existing tunnel to new tunnelInfo
- Publication number
- JPH10280860A JPH10280860A JP9083110A JP8311097A JPH10280860A JP H10280860 A JPH10280860 A JP H10280860A JP 9083110 A JP9083110 A JP 9083110A JP 8311097 A JP8311097 A JP 8311097A JP H10280860 A JPH10280860 A JP H10280860A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- tunnel
- new
- existing
- lining concrete
- existing tunnel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、既設トンネルに新
設トンネルを交差合流させる場合の接合方法に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a joining method when a new tunnel crosses an existing tunnel.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】トンネル交差合流部の工事では、トンネ
ル構造体の力学的安定、確実な施工と経済性などから、
既設トンネル側の覆工コンクリートを、その約１／３を
残して解体・撤去し、この残した覆工コンクリートの端
部に、新設トンネル側の鋼製支保工の端部および覆工コ
ンクリートの端部を突き合わせて接合する方法が計画さ
れている。2. Description of the Related Art In the construction of a tunnel intersection, the mechanical stability of a tunnel structure, reliable construction and economic efficiency, etc.
The lining concrete on the existing tunnel side is dismantled and removed, leaving about 1/3 of it, and the end of the steel shoring and the end of the lining concrete on the new tunnel side are attached to the end of the remaining lining concrete. A method of joining parts by butt is planned.
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】これについて、これま
でに類似の施工例がないことから、次の点が技術課題と
なった。即ち、新設と既設の鋼製支保工の継目は、現場
継ぎによる半剛接合となることから、部材間の曲げモー
メントの伝達が難しい。また、部材同士の軸がずれるか
ら、部材間でのせん断力、軸力の伝達も難しい。また、
別の問題として、突き合わせ接合部での背面水が溜まる
おそれがある。However, since there is no similar construction example so far, the following points have become technical problems. That is, since the seam between the newly installed steel support and the existing steel support works is a semi-rigid connection by seam joint, it is difficult to transmit the bending moment between the members. Further, since the axes of the members are shifted, it is difficult to transmit the shearing force and the axial force between the members. Also,
Another problem is that backwater may collect at the butt joint.
【０００４】本発明は、上記事情を考慮し、接合部での
力の伝達をスムーズに行えるようにし、さらに排水の問
題も解消できるようにする既設トンネルと新設トンネル
の接合方法を提供することを目的とする。The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and has as its object to provide a method for joining an existing tunnel and a new tunnel so that the force can be smoothly transmitted at the joint and the drainage problem can be solved. Aim.
【０００５】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】請求項１の発明は、既設
トンネルの側部に新設トンネルが斜めに交差合流する合
流区間で、新設トンネル断面と既設トンネル断面を含む
扁平半円状のトンネル断面を形成し、その新たに形成し
た扁平半円状のトンネル断面の既設トンネル側の覆工コ
ンクリートとして、既設トンネルの新設トンネルと反対
側の覆工コンクリートをそのまま残し、その残留覆工コ
ンクリートの端部に新設の本設支保構造体の端部を突き
合わせ接合する方法であって、次の（ａ）〜（ｄ）工程
を備えることを特徴とする。 （ａ）既設トンネル側の覆工コンクリートの不要部の解
体・撤去時に、新設の鋼製支保工の端部の軸力を直接受
ける既設覆工コンクリート背面地山を改良強化する工
程。 （ｂ）既設トンネルの鋼製支保工を切断後、その端部に
部材端力分散用プレートを取り付ける工程。 （ｃ）新設トンネル側より既設トンネル側へ新設の鋼製
支保工を延長し、その端部に取り付けた部材端力分散用
プレートを含めて鋼製支保工の端部を吹付けコンクリー
トで根固めし、吹付けコンクリートと一体構造にする工
程。 （ｄ）既設の残留覆工コンクリートの端部に突き合わせ
るように、新設トンネル側の覆工コンクリートを打設
し、その打継面の処理を行う工程。A first aspect of the present invention is a flat semicircular tunnel section including a cross section of a new tunnel and a cross section of an existing tunnel in a merging section where a new tunnel crosses and merges obliquely on a side of the existing tunnel. Is formed, and as the lining concrete on the existing tunnel side of the newly formed flat semicircular tunnel section, the lining concrete on the opposite side to the new tunnel of the existing tunnel is left as it is, and the end of the remaining lining concrete And a method of butt-joining the ends of a newly installed permanent support structure, characterized by comprising the following steps (a) to (d). (A) A process of improving and strengthening the back ground of the existing lining concrete, which receives the axial force of the end of the new steel support when dismantling and removing unnecessary portions of the lining concrete on the existing tunnel side. (B) A step of cutting the steel support of the existing tunnel and attaching a member end force distribution plate to an end thereof. (C) Extend the new steel shoring from the new tunnel side to the existing tunnel side, and solidify the end of the steel shoring including the plate for distributing the end force attached to the end with shotcrete Then, the process of making the structure integral with the shotcrete. (D) A step of casting lining concrete on the new tunnel side so as to abut against the end of the existing residual lining concrete, and treating the joint surface.
【０００６】請求項２の発明は、請求項１において、
（ｄ）の工程の前に、新設トンネル側覆工コンクリート
の背面に防水シートを配設すると共に、該防水シートの
下端に集水管を配設し、該集水管に、既設トンネル内面
に沿わせる排水管を接続する工程を設けたことを特徴と
する。According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect,
Before the step (d), a waterproof sheet is provided on the back of the new tunnel side lining concrete, and a water collecting pipe is provided at a lower end of the waterproof sheet, and the water collecting pipe is arranged along the inner surface of the existing tunnel. A step of connecting a drain pipe is provided.
【０００７】[0007]
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明の実施形態を図面に
基づいて説明する。図１は全体断面、図２は要部拡大図
である（図２中、Ａはトンネル内空側、Ｂは地山側を示
す）。なお、説明の便宜上、工事内容自体（例えば吹付
けコンクリート工やロックボルト工自体）に符号を付す
こともある。この施工方法は、既設トンネル１の側部に
新設トンネル２が斜めに交差合流する合流区間におい
て、新設トンネル断面と既設トンネル断面を含む扁平半
円状のトンネル断面を形成し、その新たに形成した扁平
半円状のトンネル断面の既設トンネル１側の覆工コンク
リートとして、既設トンネル１の新設トンネル２と反対
側の覆工コンクリート２５をそのまま残し、その残留覆
工コンクリート２５の端部２５ａに、新設の本設支保構
造体（鋼製支保工２０及び覆工コンクリート２１）の端
部２０ａ、２１ａを突き合わせ接合するための工法であ
る。Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is an overall cross-sectional view, and FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a main part (in FIG. 2, A indicates the inside of the tunnel and B indicates the ground side). In addition, for convenience of explanation, a sign may be given to the construction content itself (for example, a shotcrete or a rock bolt itself). According to this construction method, a flat semicircular tunnel section including the new tunnel section and the existing tunnel section is formed in a merging section where the new tunnel 2 crosses obliquely at the side of the existing tunnel 1 and is newly formed. As the lining concrete on the existing tunnel 1 side of the flat semicircular tunnel section, the lining concrete 25 on the opposite side to the new tunnel 2 of the existing tunnel 1 is left as it is, and the lining concrete 25 is newly installed on the end 25a of the remaining lining concrete 25. This is a method for butt-joining the ends 20a and 21a of the permanent support structure (steel support 20 and lining concrete 21).
【０００８】施工手順としては、まず、既設トンネル１
側の覆工コンクリートの不要部の解体・撤去時に、新設
の鋼製支保工２０の端部２０ａの軸力を直接受ける既設
覆工コンクリート背面地山を、裏込め注入工１１等で改
良強化する。[0008] As the construction procedure, first, the existing tunnel 1
When dismantling / removing unnecessary parts of the side lining concrete, the existing backing concrete back ground that directly receives the axial force of the end 20a of the new steel support 20 is improved and strengthened by backfilling pour 11 etc. .
【０００９】次に、既設トンネル１の鋼製支保工１０を
切断後、その端部１０ａに部材端力分散用プレート１５
を取り付け、新設の覆工コンクリート５の端部に反力を
取る構造とする。Next, after cutting the steel support 10 of the existing tunnel 1, a plate 15 for distributing the member end force is attached to the end 10a.
And a reaction force is applied to the edge of the newly installed lining concrete 5.
【００１０】次に、新設トンネル２側より既設トンネル
１側へ新設の鋼製支保工２０を延長し、その端部２０ａ
に取り付けた部材端力分散用プレート１６を含めて鋼製
支保工２０の端部２０ａを吹付けコンクリート工で根固
めし、吹付けコンクリート１２と一体構造にする。な
お、図２中符号１３で示す部分は掘削面であり、掘削面
１３に対しても吹付けコンクリート工１４を実施する。Next, a new steel support 20 is extended from the new tunnel 2 side to the existing tunnel 1 side, and its end 20a is extended.
The end portion 20a of the steel support 20 including the member end force distribution plate 16 attached to the reinforced concrete is solidified by a shotcrete construction to be integrated with the shotcrete 12. In addition, the part shown by the code | symbol 13 in FIG. 2 is an excavation surface, and the spraying concrete work 14 is implemented also with respect to the excavation surface 13. FIG.
【００１１】次に、既設の残留覆工コンクリート２５の
端部２５ａに突き合わせるように、新設トンネル２側の
覆工コンクリート５を打設し、その打継面の処理を行
う。符号６で示す部分が突き合わせ位置である。この場
合、新設の覆工コンクリート５の打継面の処理は、モル
タルやセメントペーストなどで行い、一般部での曲げ引
張強度の約８５〜９５％を、この打継面で確保できるよ
うにする。さらに、新設覆工コンクリート５はスチール
ファイバーコンクリートとする。また、既設覆工コンク
リート２５には差し筋２７などを行い、これに新設の覆
工コンクリート５の鉄筋２８を接続することにより、覆
工コンクリート５、２５の挙動の連続性を確保する。Next, lining concrete 5 on the new tunnel 2 side is cast so as to abut against the end 25a of the existing residual lining concrete 25, and the joint surface is processed. The portion indicated by reference numeral 6 is the butting position. In this case, the joint surface of the newly installed lining concrete 5 is treated with mortar, cement paste, or the like, so that about 85 to 95% of the bending tensile strength in the general part can be secured by this joint surface. . Further, the newly lining concrete 5 is steel fiber concrete. In addition, a reinforcing bar 27 or the like is provided on the existing lining concrete 25, and a reinforcing bar 28 of the newly-installed lining concrete 5 is connected thereto, thereby ensuring the continuity of the behavior of the lining concrete 5, 25.
【００１２】また、新設の覆工コンクリート５の施工に
先だって、同覆工コンクリート５の背面水を既設トンネ
ル１側へ排水する構造を確保する。その場合は、新設ト
ンネル２側の覆工コンクリート５を設ける箇所の背面に
防水シート３０を配設すると共に、該防水シート３０の
下端に集水管３１を配設する。そして、この集水管３１
に、既設トンネル１の内面に沿わせる排水管３２を接続
する。これにより、覆工コンクリート５の背面水は、防
水シート３０上を流れ落ちた後、集水管３１に集めら
れ、排水管３２を通して既設トンネル１側に排水される
ことになる。Prior to the construction of the new lining concrete 5, a structure for draining back water of the lining concrete 5 to the existing tunnel 1 is ensured. In that case, the waterproof sheet 30 is provided on the back of the place where the lining concrete 5 is provided on the new tunnel 2 side, and the water collecting pipe 31 is provided at the lower end of the waterproof sheet 30. And this collecting pipe 31
Then, a drain pipe 32 extending along the inner surface of the existing tunnel 1 is connected. Thereby, the back water of the lining concrete 5 flows down on the waterproof sheet 30, is collected in the water collecting pipe 31, and is drained to the existing tunnel 1 side through the drain pipe 32.
【００１３】この排水設備の実際の施工は、以下の通り
に行う。まず、吹付けコンクリートなどで改良、補強し
た鋼製支保工２０の端部２０ａが当たる既設覆工コンク
リート２５側の背面部をトンネル進行方向に堀込み、集
水管３１を設置する。次に、新設支保構造体の内空表面
に防水シート３０を張り付け、この端部を集水管３１に
接着する。また、グラインダーなどを用いて、トンネル
進行方向に一定間隔に、排水管３２を埋め込むための溝
３３を、既設トンネル１の覆工コンクリート２５の内空
表面にトンネル周方向に沿って掘込む。そして、集水管
３１に接続した排水管３２をこの溝３３の中に埋め込
み、その上をモルタル等で密充填して、既設トンネル１
側の覆工コンクリート２５の表面を修復する。その後、
新設覆工コンクリート５を、配筋後にスライドセントル
を用いて打設する。The actual construction of this drainage system is performed as follows. First, a back surface on the side of the existing lining concrete 25 to which the end portion 20a of the steel support 20 improved and reinforced with shotcrete or the like hits is dug in the tunnel traveling direction, and a water collecting pipe 31 is installed. Next, a waterproof sheet 30 is attached to the inner surface of the newly installed support structure, and this end is bonded to the water collecting pipe 31. Using a grinder or the like, grooves 33 for embedding the drain pipes 32 are dug at regular intervals in the traveling direction of the tunnel in the inner surface of the lining concrete 25 of the existing tunnel 1 along the circumferential direction of the tunnel. Then, a drain pipe 32 connected to the water collecting pipe 31 is buried in the groove 33, and the top of the drain pipe 32 is densely filled with mortar or the like, and the existing tunnel 1
The surface of the side lining concrete 25 is repaired. afterwards,
The new lining concrete 5 is laid using a slide center after the reinforcement is arranged.
【００１４】以上のように接合した場合、その接合部
で、図３中の矢印で示すように応力の伝達が行われる。
即ち、新設トンネル２側の鋼製支保工２０の端部２０ａ
の応力は、部材端力分散用プレート１６を介して吹付け
コンクリート工１２で強化された周辺地山で受け止めら
れる。また、既設トンネル１側の鋼製支保工１０の端部
１０ａの応力は、部材端力分散用プレート１５を介して
新設覆工コンクリート５で受け止められる。また、新設
と既設の覆工コンクリート５、２５は、相互の突き合わ
せ面を介して互いの応力を受け止める。従って、新設側
の要素と既設側の要素間で力の伝達が確実に行われる。
なお、既設と新設の構造体はロックボルト４１、４２で
地山に固定することにより、一層の安定した構造が得ら
れ、施工しやすくなる。In the case of joining as described above, stress is transmitted at the joint as indicated by the arrow in FIG.
That is, the end 20a of the steel support 20 on the new tunnel 2 side.
Is received by the surrounding ground reinforced by the shotcrete 12 via the member end force distribution plate 16. Further, the stress at the end 10 a of the steel support 10 on the existing tunnel 1 side is received by the newly installed lining concrete 5 via the member end force distribution plate 15. In addition, the new and existing lining concretes 5 and 25 receive mutual stress via the mutual butting surfaces. Therefore, the transmission of the force is reliably performed between the newly installed element and the existing element.
The existing and new structures are fixed to the ground with the lock bolts 41 and 42, so that a more stable structure is obtained and the construction becomes easier.
【００１５】[0015]
【発明の効果】以上説明したように、請求項１の発明に
よれば、既設トンネルと新設トンネルの接合部分での力
の伝達を円滑に行うことができるようになるため、計画
通りに安全で経済的に新設トンネルと既設トンネルを交
差合流させることができる。また、請求項２のようにす
れば、背面水の処理もスムーズに行うことができる。As described above, according to the first aspect of the present invention, the force can be smoothly transmitted at the junction between the existing tunnel and the new tunnel. The new tunnel and the existing tunnel can be economically merged. Further, according to the second aspect, the treatment of the back water can be performed smoothly.
【図１】 本発明の実施形態の方法を実施して施工した
トンネルの断面図である。FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a tunnel constructed by performing a method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】 図１のＩＩ部拡大図である。FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a portion II in FIG.
【図３】 図２の部分の力の伝達の様子を示す説明図で
ある。FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing a state of transmission of a force of a part shown in FIG. 2;
１ 既設トンネル ２ 新設トンネル ５ 新設の覆工コンクリート １０ 既設の鋼製支保工 １１ 吹付けコンクリート １２，１４ 吹付けコンクリート工 １５，１６ 部材端力分散用プレート ２０ 新設の鋼製支保工 ２５ 既設の覆工コンクリート DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Existing tunnel 2 New tunnel 5 New lining concrete 10 Existing steel shoring 11 Shotcrete 12 and 14 Shotcrete 15 and 16 Member end force distribution plate 20 New steel shoring 25 Existing shoring Engineering concrete
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 竹林 亜夫 東京都港区芝浦一丁目２番３号 清水建設 株式会社内 (72)発明者 垣見 康介 東京都港区芝浦一丁目２番３号 清水建設 株式会社内 ────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuing on the front page (72) Inventor Ao Takebayashi Shimizu Corporation, 2-3-2 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo Shimizu Corporation (72) Inventor Kosuke Kamimi 2-3-2 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo Inside the corporation
Claims (2)
めに交差合流する合流区間で、新設トンネル断面と既設
トンネル断面を含む扁平半円状のトンネル断面を形成
し、その新たに形成した扁平半円状のトンネル断面の既
設トンネル側の覆工コンクリートとして、既設トンネル
の新設トンネルと反対側の覆工コンクリートをそのまま
残し、その残留覆工コンクリートの端部に新設の本設支
保構造体の端部を突き合わせ接合する方法であって、次
の（ａ）〜（ｄ）工程を備えることを特徴とする既設ト
ンネルと新設トンネルの接合方法。 （ａ）既設トンネル側の覆工コンクリートの不要部の解
体・撤去時に、新設の鋼製支保工の端部の軸力を直接受
ける既設覆工コンクリート背面地山を改良強化する工
程。 （ｂ）既設トンネルの鋼製支保工を切断後、その端部に
部材端力分散用プレートを取り付ける工程。 （ｃ）新設トンネル側より既設トンネル側へ新設の鋼製
支保工を延長し、その端部に取り付けた部材端力分散用
プレートを含めて鋼製支保工の端部を吹付けコンクリー
トで根固めし、吹付けコンクリートと一体構造にする工
程。 （ｄ）既設の残留覆工コンクリートの端部に突き合わせ
るように、新設トンネル側の覆工コンクリートを打設
し、その打継面の処理を行う工程。1. A flat semi-circular tunnel section including a cross section of a new tunnel and a cross section of an existing tunnel is formed in a merging section where a new tunnel crosses and merges obliquely on a side of the existing tunnel, and the newly formed flat half is formed. As the lining concrete on the existing tunnel side of the circular tunnel section, leave the lining concrete on the opposite side of the new tunnel from the existing tunnel as it is, and attach the end of the newly installed permanent supporting structure to the end of the remaining lining concrete. And a method of joining the existing tunnel and the new tunnel, comprising the following steps (a) to (d). (A) A process of improving and strengthening the back ground of the existing lining concrete, which receives the axial force of the end of the new steel support when dismantling and removing unnecessary portions of the lining concrete on the existing tunnel side. (B) A step of cutting the steel support of the existing tunnel and attaching a member end force distribution plate to an end thereof. (C) Extend the new steel shoring from the new tunnel side to the existing tunnel side, and solidify the ends of the steel shoring, including the plate for distributing the end force attached to the end, with shotcrete Then, the process of making the structure integral with the shotcrete. (D) A step of casting lining concrete on the new tunnel side so as to abut against the end of the existing residual lining concrete, and treating the joint surface.
工コンクリートの背面に防水シートを配設すると共に、
該防水シートの下端に集水管を配設し、該集水管に、既
設トンネル内面に沿わせる排水管を接続する工程を設け
たことを特徴とする既設トンネルと新設トンネルの接合
方法。2. Before the step (d), a waterproof sheet is provided on the back of the new tunnel side lining concrete,
A method for joining an existing tunnel and a new tunnel, wherein a step of arranging a water collecting pipe at a lower end of the waterproof sheet and connecting a drainage pipe extending along the inner surface of the existing tunnel to the water collecting pipe is provided.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP08311097A JP3728638B2 (en) | 1997-04-01 | 1997-04-01 | Joining method between existing tunnel and new tunnel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP08311097A JP3728638B2 (en) | 1997-04-01 | 1997-04-01 | Joining method between existing tunnel and new tunnel |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH10280860A true JPH10280860A (en) | 1998-10-20 |
| JP3728638B2 JP3728638B2 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
Family
ID=13793070
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP08311097A Expired - Fee Related JP3728638B2 (en) | 1997-04-01 | 1997-04-01 | Joining method between existing tunnel and new tunnel |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3728638B2 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001082071A (en) * | 1999-09-13 | 2001-03-27 | Shimizu Corp | Tunnel widening method and device |
| CN107190778A (en) * | 2017-06-02 | 2017-09-22 | 上海市政工程设计研究总院（集团）有限公司 | A kind of extensible end well of pipe gallery and its construction method |
| CN108222962A (en) * | 2018-03-28 | 2018-06-29 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | A kind of placing concrete opening steel pipe for allowing anti-binding prevents pucking device and technology |
| CN111271097A (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2020-06-12 | 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 | Construction joint waterproof structure suitable for reconstructing tunnel lining and construction method thereof |
| CN112593972A (en) * | 2020-12-01 | 2021-04-02 | 三峡大学 | Steel drum supporting structure for tunnel and mounting method thereof |
-
1997
- 1997-04-01 JP JP08311097A patent/JP3728638B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001082071A (en) * | 1999-09-13 | 2001-03-27 | Shimizu Corp | Tunnel widening method and device |
| JP4543130B2 (en) * | 1999-09-13 | 2010-09-15 | 清水建設株式会社 | Tunnel widening device |
| CN107190778A (en) * | 2017-06-02 | 2017-09-22 | 上海市政工程设计研究总院（集团）有限公司 | A kind of extensible end well of pipe gallery and its construction method |
| CN108222962A (en) * | 2018-03-28 | 2018-06-29 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | A kind of placing concrete opening steel pipe for allowing anti-binding prevents pucking device and technology |
| CN108222962B (en) * | 2018-03-28 | 2023-11-28 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Device and method for preventing and controlling bottom drum of anti-bonding cast concrete open steel pipe |
| CN111271097A (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2020-06-12 | 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 | Construction joint waterproof structure suitable for reconstructing tunnel lining and construction method thereof |
| CN112593972A (en) * | 2020-12-01 | 2021-04-02 | 三峡大学 | Steel drum supporting structure for tunnel and mounting method thereof |
| CN112593972B (en) * | 2020-12-01 | 2022-12-20 | 三峡大学 | Steel drum supporting structure for tunnel and mounting method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3728638B2 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
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