JPH10177339A - Map displaying method and map displayed by the method - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To make it possible to give an always accurate relief feeling to an observer for a map. SOLUTION: In this method, a map is divided into plural fine sections 1 to 18, the sectional azimuth and gradation of respective fine sections 1 to 18 are found out in each fine section, the lightness, saturation and hue of colors distributed to respective fine sections 1 to 18 are determined based on the azimuth and gradation of the fine sections 1 to 18, and colors having the determined hue, lightness and saturation are distributed to respective fine sections 1 to 18 to display a map. Since two variables, i.e., the sectional azimuth and the sectional gradation, are used, three elements of colors to be distributed to the fine sections 1 to 18 on the map can be properly changed. Therefore the color expression of the map can be sufficiently executed, so that the relief feeling given by the map can accurately be expressed.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

The present invention relates to a map display method and a map displayed by the method.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art A map displayed so that the user can feel the undulation of the terrain in the map is extremely useful for a person who needs to grasp the terrain accurately, such as a person climbing a mountain. Such maps are also highly useful as materials for children to learn geography. Conventionally, various methods have been devised for a method of displaying a map that increases the undulation of the terrain from such a viewpoint.

Conventionally, the following techniques have been used to increase the undulation of the terrain in a map. That is, assuming that the terrain slope in the map is a perfect diffusion surface that completely reflects light, the amount of reflection of the assumed light is calculated for each of the fine sections provided by dividing the terrain slope, and the reflection of the light is calculated. A map display method of arranging a color of lightness corresponding to an amount in a section has been performed. Generally, it is assumed that parallel light is incident from the northwest direction at a depression angle of about 45 degrees, the inner product of the normal vector of each microsection and the directional vector of the assumed light is calculated, and the size of the inner product is calculated. A method of displaying a map by arranging shades of black and white is used. In this case, as the assumed light shines at a right angle to the minute section, the brightness of the color arranged in the minute section is increased, and as a result, a color close to white is arranged.

[0004] In such a map in which colors are arranged by the conventional method, the color to be arranged in a fine section is determined using only one information, that is, the amount of reflected light as a variable. Therefore, only the brightness of the color arranged in each fine section for displaying the map can be changed, and as a result, a black-and-white gradation expression with achromatic color or a certain hue is selected. However, there is no other way than to perform the gray scale expression by changing the lightness of the color, and it is difficult to perform the accurate color expression. For example, in the case of a map displayed by the conventional method, when considering the assumed light incident from the northwest to the southeast, a fine section having a position symmetrical with respect to the northwest-southeast axis and having the same gradient is considered. The same color is arranged. Therefore, when assumed light is incident along the mountain ridge line, the same color will be arranged at a position symmetrical with respect to the mountain ridge line, and when it is not possible to obtain an accurate undulation from the map There is a problem that occurs. Therefore, it is difficult to always give the viewer of the map an accurate undulation with the above-mentioned conventional technology.

[0005]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a map display method and a map displayed by the method, which can always give an accurate undulation to a viewer. .

[0006]

Means for Solving the Problems In order to achieve the above object, the present applicant has conducted intensive research, and in order to give an accurate undulation to a viewer, the color of the color arranged in a fine section in the map is determined. Instead of changing only the lightness, we obtained the knowledge that the map should be displayed by arranging colors by changing all of the "three elements of color" of hue, lightness and saturation. Based on the above, the following invention has been completed.

In the map display method according to the present invention, the map is divided into a plurality of fine sections, a section direction and a section gradient are obtained for each of the fine sections, and based on the section direction and the section gradient of the fine section. Determining the lightness, saturation and hue of the color to be arranged in the fine section, and displaying a map by arranging the color having the hue, lightness and saturation determined as described above in each fine section. And

That is, in the present invention, since two pieces of information, the section azimuth and the section gradient, are used as variables, not only the brightness but also the hue and the saturation of the colors arranged in the fine sections can be changed appropriately. . Therefore, if the map display method of the present invention is used, appropriate color display can be performed, and the undulating feeling provided by the map to a viewer can be increased. Also, even if there is a portion like a mountain ridgeline on the map, because the directions of the fine sections on both sides are different, different colors are allocated to both, so the undulating feeling received from the map is impaired. There is no.

[0009] In the above and following descriptions, a fine section is defined as
When the map is divided into a plurality of sections, it means individual sections.
When the map is divided into fine sections, in order to facilitate the subsequent processing, when the terrain in each of the fine sections is reproduced as a three-dimensional object, the ground surface of the terrain becomes one plate-like body. Partition as finely as possible so that it can be regarded as large. The shape of the fine section is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected, such as a lattice shape or a honeycomb shape. Also,
In the above description and the following description, the term “section direction” refers to the direction in which the ground surface of the terrain faces the ground when the terrain in the minute section is three-dimensionally reproduced. For example, this can be obtained as the direction of a vector obtained by projecting a normal vector of the ground surface in the minute section onto the map. Further, in the above and following descriptions, the section gradient refers to the gradient of the ground surface when the topography in the minute section is three-dimensionally reproduced. When the fine section is reproduced three-dimensionally, the surface of the topography is divided into small pieces that can be regarded as a single plate-shaped body. You can ask.

The colors to be arranged in the fine sections can be determined, for example, as follows. That is, the hue of the color to be arranged in the minute section is determined based on the section direction of the minute section, and the brightness of the color to be arranged in the minute section is determined based on the section direction and the section gradient of the minute section, Based on the section orientation and the section gradient of the minute section, the saturation of the color to be arranged in the minute section is determined, and the color having the hue, lightness and saturation determined as described above is assigned to the minute section. Color can be determined.

The hue of the color to be arranged in the fine section is first determined based on the section direction. The hue has the strongest influence on the color impression, and therefore, the rough color is first determined based on the section direction. To be added to Further, when the brightness and the saturation are determined by using two pieces of information of the section orientation and the section gradient of the fine section as variables, the magnitude of the brightness and the saturation can be determined more finely by using the two pieces of information. Therefore, the color 3
Since the elements are determined finely, it is possible to make the change in the colors arranged on the map subtle, and to increase the undulating feeling provided by the map. In the present invention, the color element is determined based on the above-described section orientation and section gradient, and the method of determining the color element at that time can be arbitrarily selected. Also,
If not necessary, it is possible to keep the color saturation constant irrespective of changes in the section orientation and the section gradient.

[0012]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Further, an embodiment of a color determination method according to the present invention will be described. For example, three elements of a color arranged in a fine section can be determined as follows. That is, assuming that parallel light is incident on the map, and if the fine section is a sunshine section where the direction of the section and the direction of the incident light are forward, the hue of the color arranged in the fine section is changed. If the minute section is a shade section in which the direction of the section and the direction of the incident light are opposite to each other, the hue of the color arranged in the minute section is assumed to be a cool hue, and If is a sunlit section, the lightness of the color to be arranged in the minute section is increased as the section slope is increased, and if the section is shaded, the color is arranged in the minute section as the section gradient is increased. The brightness of the color is reduced, and the greater the gradient of the fine section is, the larger the saturation of the color to be arranged in the fine section is. The colors of the colors to be distributed The By its fine partition is larger than the saturation of colors arranged in the case of shade sections, it is possible to determine the color arranging the fine partition.

In the above description and the following description, the case where the section direction of the micro section is the forward direction of the direction of the incident light means the case where the topography in the micro section is three-dimensionally reproduced. When the inner product of the line vector and the vector along the direction of the incident light is calculated, the inner product is a negative value. Further, in the above and following descriptions, the case where the section orientation of the micro section is opposite to the direction of the incident light is the ground surface normal of the topography when the topography in the micro section is three-dimensionally reproduced. When the inner product of the vector and the vector along the direction of the incident light is obtained, the inner product is positive. When the inner product is 0, it may be included in either the forward direction or the reverse direction. Further, when the section direction of the minute section is forward with respect to the direction of the incident light, the minute section is called a sunshine section, and when the section direction is the reverse direction, the minute section is called a shade section. Whether the minute section is a sunshine section or a shade section can be intuitively understood by considering whether or not the minute section is irradiated with incident light.

When the minute section is a sunshine section, a warm color hue is assigned to the minute section because a color having a bright image is assigned to the minute section because it is perceived that incident light impinges on the minute section. This is to make it easier for the viewer of the map to get a feeling of undulation about the terrain. on the other hand,
When a fine section is a shaded section, the color of a cool hue is arranged in the minute section, because the minute section is felt that the incident light does not hit, by arranging a color having a dark image there. This makes it easier for the viewer of the map to get a feeling of undulation about the terrain psychologically.

Further, when the fine section is a sunlit section, the brightness of the color arranged in the fine section is increased as the section gradient of the fine section increases, and when the fine section is a shaded section, the section of the fine section is set. The smaller the gradient, the smaller the brightness of the colors arranged in the fine sections is that the distant objects appear to be light colors and the near objects appear to be dark colors. It is to increase.

The reason that the saturation of the color arranged in the fine section is increased as the section gradient of the fine section is increased is that the place where the gradient is large is generally at a high altitude, and the place where the altitude is high is at a high altitude. This is because, since the air is clean, it is possible to psychologically increase the undulating feeling of the map by increasing the saturation of the colors arranged there to make the colors clear. In this case, it is possible to determine the saturation of the color using the third variable of the altitude from the beginning, but considering that the altitude and the gradient have almost a correspondence, the color can be reduced by reducing the variable. It is considered that the above method is more advantageous because it has the advantage of simplifying the procedure for determining the above. However, it is needless to say that the third variable called the altitude is more preferable if accurate expression is desired without increasing the labor. Also, in the case of a fine section having the same section gradient in the sunshine section, the saturation of the color arranged in the shade section is set to be smaller than the saturation of the color arranged in the sunshine section, because the part where the incident light does not hit This is because, by reducing the purity of the color of the object and giving it to a person who sees a shade, the feeling of undulation is psychologically increased.

In addition, while the above-described method is used to determine the colors to be arranged in the fine sections in principle, when the section gradient is equal to or less than a predetermined gradient and the fine sections can be regarded as flat ground, May arrange the same color having a certain hue, lightness and saturation in the fine section. This is because if the slope of the section is small to some extent, the fine section is often flat, and if the same color is arranged on the flat section, it will be possible to give a viewer a flat impression. This is because the undulation of the map can be increased.

[0018]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS One embodiment of a map display method according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.

In carrying out this map display method, the map is first divided into fine sections. In this case 1/50
In the case of a map of 000, a fine section is divided into a size of about 5 m square at an actual distance. When the fine section is divided into such a size, the size of the fine section on the map is about 0.1 mm square. Then, the section orientation and the section gradient of each fine section are obtained. It should be noted that if the fine sections are made fine to this extent, it is no longer possible to manually realize the map display method of the present invention. Therefore, the work of partitioning a blank map with contour lines into fine sections and obtaining the section orientation and the section gradient for each fine section is performed by determining the color to be allocated to each fine section described below, In addition to the work of arranging colors on the computer, it is considered that the processing will be performed by a computer using an appropriate algorithm.

The section orientation is specifically obtained as follows. The section azimuth refers to the azimuth where the ground surface of the terrain faces when the terrain in the minute section is three-dimensionally reproduced.
Therefore, the normal vector of the direction in which the ground surface of the topography in the minute section faces the map is projected on the map, and the section direction is obtained as the direction of the vector. The section direction is assumed to be 270 ° at which incident light is incident, and a range from 0 ° to 360 ° in a clockwise direction based on the direction is defined as 270 °. Hereinafter, for simplicity, the section orientation is represented by the symbol θ. FIG. 1 shows a conceptual diagram for determining this section orientation. In FIG. 1, the direction in which the incident light is incident is assumed to be northwest, and the direction is assumed to be 270 °. In this case, from southwest to northeast (180 ° ≦ θ
A fine section having an azimuth angle of <360 °) is a sunshine section, and a fine section having a section azimuth from northeast to southwest (0 ° ≦ θ <180 °) is a shaded section.

The section gradient is determined as the maximum inclination angle formed by the plate and the map surface when the ground surface of the topography in the fine section is regarded as one sheet.

Next, the colors to be arranged in each fine section are determined. Specifically, the colors to be arranged in each fine section are determined using the following equation.

First, the hue among the three elements of the color arranged in the fine section is determined. The above-described section orientation is used in determining the hue.

When the fine section is a sunshine section, ie, 18
When 0 ° ≦ θ <360 °, the hue is determined by Equation 1.

(Equation 1)

When the fine section is a shaded section, that is, when 0 ° ≦ θ <180 °, the hue is determined by Expression 2.

(Equation 2)

Here, H represents a hue value. The value of H indicates the position of the determined hue on the Munsell hue circle shown in FIG. 2, and the hue of the color at the position indicated by the value is the hue of the color arranged in the fine section. And The Munsell's hue circle has red, orange, yellow-orange to blue, and blue-violet hues arranged clockwise. In this case, the red position is 0 and 360, and the red position is 0 to 360. Numerical values are allocated.

According to the above formulas (1) and (2), in the sunlit section, 34 <H ≦ 98, and a warm hue from yellow-green to orange is roughly selected. On the other hand, in the shaded section, 150 <H ≦ 278, so that a cool hue from bluish purple to patina is roughly selected.

Next, the brightness of the color to be arranged in the fine section is determined. The brightness is determined as follows. It is the section orientation and section gradient of the fine section that are used to determine the brightness.

If the section gradient is 5 ° ≦ α <30 ° and the sunshine section, that is, 180 ° ≦ θ <360 °, the lightness is determined by Equation 3.

(Equation 3)

In the case where the section gradient is 5 ° ≦ α <30 ° and the shade section, that is, 0 ° ≦ θ <180 °, the brightness is determined by Equation 4.

(Equation 4)

When the section gradient is 30 ° ≦ α <45 °,
In the case of a sunshine section, that is, 180 ° ≦ θ <360 °, the brightness is determined by Expression 5.

(Equation 5)

When the section gradient is 30 ° ≦ α <45 °,
In the case of a shaded section, that is, 0 ° ≦ θ <180 °, the brightness is determined by Expression 6.

(Equation 6)

In the case where the section gradient is 45 ° ≦ α and the sunshine section, that is, 180 ° ≦ θ <360 °, the brightness is determined by Expression 7.

(Equation 7)

In the case where the section gradient is 45 ° ≦ α and the section is shaded, that is, 0 ° ≦ θ <180 °, the lightness is determined by Expression 8.

(Equation 8)

Here, I represents the value of lightness. The value of I represents the position of the determined brightness in the brightness table shown in FIG. 3, and the brightness at the position indicated by the value is the brightness of the color arranged in the fine section. Specifically, the color becomes brighter and closer to white as the lightness increases, and the lightness becomes 0 when it is the darkest and 100 when it is the brightest.

According to the above equation, the lightness gradually increases from 80 as the gradient increases in the sunlit section.
When the gradient is 45 °, the brightness becomes 95. Then, even when the gradient becomes a larger angle, the brightness remains the same. Further, in the shaded area, the brightness gradually decreases from 74 as the gradient increases, and the brightness becomes 50 when the gradient is 45 °. Then, even when the gradient becomes a larger angle, the brightness remains the same. Roughly speaking, when the fine section is a sunlit section, the brightness of the color to be arranged in the fine section is increased as the section gradient is larger, and when the fine section is a shaded section, the partition slope is reduced. The larger the size, the smaller the lightness of the color arranged in the fine section. This gives the viewer of the map a feeling of undulation due to a psychological effect. In this example of the map display method, a constant brightness is provided when the section gradient is a steep slope of 45 ° ≦ α. This means that most of the real terrain is 45 °
Since the gradient is as follows, the portion where the gradient is 45 ° or more
This is because there is no particular problem even if it is handled as a gradient of °.

Next, the saturation of the color to be arranged in the fine section is determined. The determination of the saturation is performed as follows. It is the section orientation and section gradient of the fine section that are used to determine the saturation.

The section gradient of the fine section is 5 ° ≦ α <30.
In the case of sunshine section, that is, in the case of 180 ° ≦ θ <360 °, the saturation is determined by Expression 9.

(Equation 9)

The section gradient is 5 ° ≦ α <30 °, and the section orientation is 0 ° ≦ θ <45 ° or 135 ° ≦ θ <180 °.
In the case of the shaded area, the saturation is determined by Expression 10.

(Equation 10)

When the section gradient is 5 ° ≦ α <30 °,
In the case of a shade section in which the section direction is 45 ° ≦ θ <135 °, the saturation is determined by Expression 11.

[Equation 11]

Further, the section gradient of the fine section is 30 ° ≦
α, the section orientation is 180 ° ≦ θ <225 ° or 315 °
In the case of the sunshine section where ≦ θ <360, the saturation is determined by Expression 12.

(Equation 12)

Further, the section gradient of the fine section is 30 ° ≦
In the case of α, in the case of a sunshine section where the section direction is 225 ° ≦ θ <315 °, the saturation is determined by Expression 13.

(Equation 13)

Further, the section gradient of the fine section is 30 ° ≦
α, the section orientation is 0 ° ≦ θ <45 ° or 135 ° ≦ θ <
In the case of 180 shaded sections, the saturation is determined by Expression 14.

[Equation 14]

Further, the section gradient of the fine section is 30 ° ≦
In the case of α, in the case of a shade section where the section direction is 45 ° ≦ θ <135 °, the saturation is determined by Expression 15.

(Equation 15)

Here, S is a value for determining the saturation. This S takes a value from 0 to 100, and the larger the numerical value, the higher the color saturation and the higher the color transparency.

According to the above equations (10) to (15), the saturation of the color arranged in the shaded section increases as the section gradient increases. This expresses the cleanliness of the air at high altitudes and increases the terrain's psychological sensation by increasing the transparency of the colors arranged there as the section gradient substantially corresponding to the altitude increases. . In the sunshine section, the saturation of the section having the same section direction is the same. As a result, the sunlit section is expressed as the sun and the shaded section is expressed as the shade. According to these formulas, the saturation of the color arranged in the sunshine section is larger than the saturation of the color arranged in the shade section having the same section gradient as that of the sunshine section. In addition, when the sunshine section is 180 ° ≦ θ <225 ° or 315 ° ≦ θ <360, and when 225 ° ≦ θ <315 °
Are divided into 180 ° ≦ θ <225 ° or 315 ° ≦ θ <360, which is close to the shaded section, and 225 ° ≦ θ, which is particularly close to the center in the sunlit section.
This is because a finer color display can be performed by separately handling <315 °. In this case, a high saturation color is given to a portion near the center of the sunshine section. For the same reason, the shade section is also divided into two sections. In the shaded section, a portion closer to the center is given a lower saturation color than the other portions.

In spite of the above description, in this embodiment, the fine section having a slope gradient of 0 ° ≦ α <5 ° is
It is assumed that a fixed color having values of hue H = 229, lightness I = 20, and saturation S = 80 is arranged. A portion where the slope gradient is 5 ° or less is usually a flat ground, and the same color is arranged to display a flat surface. In addition, it may be necessary to write roads, rivers, and the like on a flat ground.

Then, the colors having the hue, lightness, and saturation determined as described above are arranged in each fine section. Thus, the display of the map is completed.

Next, a specific example in the case where the above-described map display method is executed will be described with reference to FIG. X in FIG. 4 is a map surface. A is a plane obtained by enlarging the map plane X, and is divided into 1 to 18 fine sections. B in the figure represents the ground surface when the topography in each of the fine sections 1 to 18 is three-dimensionally reproduced.

In order to execute the above-described map display method, it is necessary to obtain the section orientation and the section gradient of each of the fine sections 1 to 18 as described above. Here, these are obtained for the fine section 10 and the fine section 13 as representatives. In the case of this specific example, the ground surface I corresponding to the fine section 10
Is assumed to be θ = 200 °, the section gradient is α = 25 °, and the section orientation of the ground surface II corresponding to the fine section 13 is θ = 45 °, and the section gradient is α = 3 °. .

In this case, the colors to be arranged in the fine sections 10 are determined as follows. First, the hue is determined from the section orientation of the ground surface II. The section azimuth θ is 200, and this fine section 10 is a sunshine section.
It will be $ 91. This is an almost yellow hue. Further, the lightness is such that the fine section 10 is a sunshine section and the section gradient is 5
Since α ≦ α <30, I = 90 from Expression 3.
Further, the saturation is obtained from Expression 12 as 30.

On the other hand, the color to be arranged in the fine section 13 is determined as follows. In the case of the fine section 13, the section gradient is α
= 3 ° and 5 ° <α, the color of the fine section 13 is determined independently of the value of θ, and the hue H = 229 and the lightness I
= 20 and saturation S = 80.

As described above, the fine section 1 to the fine section 18
Are sequentially determined, and the determined colors are allocated to the fine sections 1 to 18 provided on the map surface A to display the map. Then, by continuously performing this, the map plane X is displayed.

According to the map display method of the present invention, the colors arranged on the map are changed using two variables, so that abundant color expression can be achieved by changing all three elements of the colors. Therefore, the undulation can be increased regardless of the topography on the map.
And the map displayed by the above display method is extremely useful for climbers and other people who need accurate grasp of the terrain,
Excellent effects can be expected even when used for educational materials. Further, the map displayed by the display method of the present invention also has beauty enough to withstand viewing. Incidentally, if a computer processing is performed using an algorithm corresponding to the above-described mathematical expression, the map display method of the present invention can be easily executed.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing the concept of a sunlit section, a shaded section, and a slope direction.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a Munsell hue circle.

FIG. 3 is a brightness table showing a brightness change.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for specifically explaining a map display method according to the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

 1-18 Fine section X Map surface A Map surface B Ground surface

Claims (5)

[Claims] 1. A map in which a map is divided into a plurality of fine sections, a section orientation and a section gradient are determined for each of the fine sections, and colors arranged in the fine sections based on the section orientation and the section gradient of the fine section. A map display method for determining the hue, lightness, and saturation of the image, and arranging the colors having the hue, lightness, and saturation determined as described above in each fine section. 2. A method for determining the hue of a color to be arranged in the fine section based on the section direction of the minute section, and determining the brightness of the color to be arranged in the minute section based on the section direction and the section gradient of the minute section. 2. The map display method according to claim 1, wherein the determination is made, and the saturation of a color to be arranged in the fine section is determined based on the section orientation and the section gradient of the fine section. 3. Assuming that parallel light is incident on the map, and when the minute section is a sunshine section in which the direction of the section and the direction of the incident light are forward, the color of the color arranged in the minute section is determined. If the hue is a warm hue, and the minute section is a shade section where the direction of the section and the direction of incident light are opposite, the hue of the color arranged in the minute section is a cool hue, and When the fine section is a sunshine section, the lightness of the color to be arranged in the fine section is increased as the section gradient is larger, and when the fine section is a shaded section, the brightness is increased as the section gradient is increased. In the case where the brightness of the color to be arranged is reduced, the saturation of the color to be arranged in the minute section is increased as the section slope of the minute section is large, and the minute section is a sunshine section in the minute section having the same section gradient. Of colors to be arranged 3. The map display method according to claim 2, wherein the degree is set to be larger than the saturation of a color arranged when the minute section is a shaded section. 4. A fine section whose gradient is equal to or less than a predetermined gradient and which can be regarded as a flat ground, is provided with the same color having a predetermined hue, lightness, and saturation in the fine section. How to display the described map. 5. A map displayed by the map display method according to any one of claims 1 to 4.