JP2003162218A - Gradient tints diagram and method for displaying the same - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a gradient tints diagram which is closer to the appearance of an actual landform and highly realistic by scientifically classifying and color- coding the landform with undulations based on vegetation index data, land use data and amount of undulations. <P>SOLUTION: A landform is divided into a plurality of altitude classes based on vegetation index data and land use data. The altitude class is further divided into one or more undulation zones based on the amount of undulations, and a plurality of ranges of 'the number of altitude classes × the number of undulation zones' are obtained. The plurality of ranges are color-coded in different colors to generate a gradient tints diagram 1. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a step chart in which undulating terrain is divided into a plurality of bands according to the altitude and the amount of undulation, and the bands are displayed in different colors. The division of multiple bands and the determination of colors are performed scientifically based on vegetation index data, land use data, and the amount of undulations in order to obtain a staircase diagram that is close to the actual appearance.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, as a method for displaying undulating terrain, a contour map represented by a curve connecting points of equal elevation from the standard sea level, or terrain divided into constant contour zones, There are step diagrams and the like in which the colors are graded in stages. Also, with the development of computers, these maps can be easily processed and produced on computers based on elevation data and the like. Further, since the map data is digitized as three-dimensional coordinates, it is possible to easily convert not only a planar step drawing but also a stereoscopic bird's-eye view by coordinate conversion. In addition, it is possible to freely adjust colors using image software, and many colors can be used to represent the terrain as a continuous change in color tone. Also, the shadow of the terrain that occurs when the sun rays are radiated from an appropriate direction,
It can be calculated by a computer, and by combining this shadow and the step chart, it was easy to grasp the topographical relief in three dimensions.

[0003]

However, in the conventional step chart, the terrain division standard and the color determination for each altitude are as follows.
It was done by relying on the sensibilities of designers and other humans who make dansai diagrams, and was not based on scientific grounds, and lacked a sense of realism. Further, as described above, by displaying the shade on the stepped color map, it becomes easy to grasp the relief of the terrain, but it is not sufficient to realistically express the gradual relief or the like.

The present invention is intended to solve the above-mentioned problems, and it is possible to perform scientific classification and color coding of undulating terrain based on vegetation index data, land use data and undulation amount. The goal is to obtain a highly realistic stepped chart that is closer to the appearance of the actual topography. Then, the three-dimensional grasp and understanding of the terrain is easy to perform, and it is intended to obtain a stepped color chart which is excellent in terrain and has an excellent aesthetic appeal to human sensitivity. In addition to displaying the stepped chart in different colors, by attaching a texture suitable for the mountain surface and displaying the shade when the light source is illuminated, it is possible to enhance the sense of realism and obtain a stepped chart with excellent aesthetics.

[0005]

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides a step chart of the first invention in which the terrain is divided into a plurality of elevation divisions based on vegetation index data and land use data. The altitude section is further divided into one or a plurality of undulation zones based on the amount of undulation, and a plurality of zones of the number of elevation sections × the number of undulation zones are color-coded with different colors.

The second invention is the first step of dividing the terrain into a plurality of elevation divisions based on the vegetation index data and the land use data, and one or more of the elevation divisions based on the amount of relief. It is a method of displaying a step chart including a second step of dividing into undulation zones to form a plurality of zones of the number of elevation zones × the number of undulation zones, and a third step of color-coding each zone with a different color.

The step chart of the third invention is based on the vegetation index data and the land use data to determine the topography of mountains, forests,
Agricultural land and cities are classified, and mountainous areas are altitude division 1 with an altitude of 2000 m or more, elevation classification 2 with an altitude of 1700 m or more and less than 2000 m, altitude classification 3 with an altitude of 1400 m or more and less than 1700 m, and altitude classification 4 with an altitude of 1100 m or more and less than 1400 m. The forest land is defined as the altitude classification 5 above 700 m and less than 1100 m and the altitude classification 6 above 200 m and less than 700 m, the farmland is classified as altitude above 100 m and less than 200 m, and the city is above 50 m and less than 100 m. 9x undulations formed by dividing the altitude division 8 and 9 altitude divisions with an altitude elevation of 0m or more and less than 50m into 9 elevation divisions, and further dividing this elevation division into one or more undulation zones based on the amount of undulations. A plurality of bands of the number of bands are color-coded with different colors.

A fourth aspect of the invention is to classify the terrain into mountains, forests, farmlands and cities based on the vegetation index data and the land use data, and to classify the mountains as an altitude division 1 with an altitude of 2000 m or more.
And altitude division 2 above 1700m and below 2000m
And altitude division 3 above 1400m and below 1700m
And, it is set as the altitude division 4 above the altitude of 1100 m and less than 1400 m, the forest land is the altitude classification 5 above the altitude of 700 m and less than 1100 m, and the altitude classification 6 above the altitude of 200 m and less than 700 m, and the farmland is the altitude classification above 100 m and less than 200 m. And the city is classified into the altitude division 8 above 50 m and below 100 m, and the altitude classification 9 above 0 m and below 50 m 9
The first step of dividing into two elevation divisions and this elevation division
A step chart consisting of a second step of further dividing into one or a plurality of undulating zones based on the amount of undulation to form a plurality of zones of 9 × undulating zones, and a third step of color-coding each zone with a different color It is a display method.

Further, different textures may be attached to each altitude classification.

In addition, the elevation division may display a shadow.

[0011]

The present invention is constructed as described above,
The staircase diagram of the invention is color-coded by scientifically dividing the topography based on the vegetation index data, land use data, and the amount of relief of the area. Therefore, as in the conventional method, the terrain is mechanically or sensibly divided into fixed heights without considering vegetation and land use conditions, and the gradual chart of the present invention is compared with the gradual chart in which the human sense and preference are used to color-code. Is close to the appearance of the actual terrain,
It will be a product with a great sense of authenticity and an excellent aesthetic appearance for viewing. As a result, it is possible to grasp the difference in elevation of the terrain and the undulation of the undulations step by step by changing the color, and it is possible to better understand the topographical features and to make a high contribution to map education. .

Next, the second method for obtaining the above stepped color diagram is
This is an invention, and in the first step, the terrain is divided into a plurality of altitude sections based on the vegetation index data and the land use data. Further, the vegetation index data and the land use data can be obtained based on appropriate materials provided by government agencies, companies, universities, research facilities and the like.

Next, in the second step, the altitude section is further divided into one or a plurality of undulating zones based on the amount of undulations to form a plurality of zones corresponding to the number of altitude zones × the number of undulating zones. In addition, when dividing each elevation division into undulations, in the case of flat terrain with a small amount of undulations, the number of undulations may be reduced or only one may be provided. The number of undulations may be increased. Then, in the third step, a different color is assigned to each band to obtain a step chart. At the time of this color coding, the color is determined for each altitude classification corresponding to the color of the actual topography. Then, in each elevation division, by gradually changing the saturation and brightness for each undulation,
The amount of relief is expressed by a continuous change in color.

[0014] Also, when creating a step drawing, 3000 m
There is a gap in the standard altitude between the topography of Japan, which has mountains in the front and back, and the topography of the world, which has mountains of higher altitude, and the vegetation and land use conditions are also very different. Therefore, as the third and fourth inventions, a step chart suitable for Japanese terrain and a display method thereof have been obtained. Here, the weather observation satellite N
OAA Monthly Normalized Vegetation Index (Cloudless Mosaic) Data (1
Km mesh) and 1 of all Japan issued by GSI
00m mesh National Land Numerical Information Land use data is used.

Then, in the first step, the terrain is classified into mountains, forests, farmlands, and cities based on the above data, and these are further divided to obtain nine elevation divisions described later. First of all, in the mountainous area, altitude division 1 with an altitude of 2000 m or more, and altitude 170
Altitude division 2 from 0m to less than 2000m and altitude 1400
Altitude division 3 above 1m and below 1700m, and altitude 1100m
It will be divided into altitude sections 4 above 1400 m. Then, the forest land is divided into an altitude section 5 having an altitude of 700 m or more and less than 1100 m and an altitude section 6 having an altitude of 200 m or more and less than 700 m. In addition, farmland is above 100m and above 200m
Altitude is less than 7 and the city is above 50m and above 100
It is divided into an altitude section 8 of less than m and an altitude section 9 of 0 m or more and less than 50 m.

Next, in the second step, each of the nine elevation sections is further divided into one or a plurality of undulating zones based on the amount of undulations to form zones of 9 × number of undulating zones. The undulation amount is obtained from the 10m mesh numerical elevation data nationwide held by the applicant. Then, in the third step, a different color is assigned to each band. When assigning this color, it is preferable to take into consideration the geographical factor that the area with a steep undulation generally has less vegetation, and the area with less vegetation has a smaller saturation. Then, the reference color is determined for each of the nine altitude categories based on the color obtained from the aerial photograph of the actual topography. Next, in consideration of the geographical factor, the saturation of the reference color is gradually reduced in each elevation segment to determine the color of the undulating band each time the amount of undulation increases. With such color coding, it is possible to display the step chart in realistic colors, and it is possible to express the height and undulations of the terrain step by step with continuous colors, providing an excellent sense of reality and grasping the terrain. It becomes clear and easy to do.

Further, the step chart may be displayed only by the gradual change in color as described above, but a texture suitable for the mountain surface of each altitude section may be created and the texture may be attached. By sticking this texture, it is possible to obtain a more detailed and aesthetically superior stepped color diagram as compared with the case of only color.

Further, the computer software can easily calculate the shadow obtained when light is emitted from an appropriate direction based on the elevation data of the terrain. When this shade is displayed on the stepped color diagram of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a more three-dimensional and more realistic feeling, to more clearly grasp the ups and downs, and to improve aesthetics.

[0019]

EXAMPLE An example of the present invention will be described in detail below. In this embodiment, the area is divided into nine elevation sections, each elevation section is further divided into five undulating zones, and is divided into a total of 45 zones, and each zone is color-coded with different colors to obtain a step chart. There is. As basic data for performing this division, in this embodiment, the NOA monthly normalized plant index (cloudless mosaic) data of 1 Km mesh obtained from the meteorological observation satellite NOAA and the 100 m mesh national land of Japan issued by the Geographical Survey Institute. Numerical information Land use data is used. Further, the calculation of the amount of relief uses the 10 m mesh numerical elevation data of all over Japan held by the applicant. The NOAA monthly normalized plant index data used in this example is 20 degrees north latitude.
Data of a block of 30 degrees × 30 degrees of 50 degrees and 120 degrees to 150 degrees east longitude is used. This 30 ° × 30 ° block is divided into 1 km meshes, and numerical values corresponding to −1 to +1 are recorded as vegetation index data for each mesh. Generally, when the vegetation index data is 0.2 or more, It becomes a land with a lot of vegetation such as grasslands and forests.

The "cumulative frequency curve of vegetation index of 0.2 or more" created based on the above vegetation index data is shown in FIG. 1, and the "country land numerical information cumulative use frequency curve of land use data created based on land use data. Is shown in FIG. In addition, "frequency distribution of undulations for each altitude category" created based on the amount of undulations
Is shown in FIG.

In order to create a step chart based on these pieces of information, in the first step, the terrain is classified into mountains, forests, farmlands and cities based on the graphs shown in FIGS. It is further divided into nine elevation sections. First, the mountain area is an area where the cumulative frequency of vegetation with a vegetation index shown in FIG. 1 of 0.2 or more, that is, grasslands, forests, etc. is higher than the altitude corresponding to 96%. Here, the lower limit of the cumulative frequency is set to 96% because the error from the true value is statistically −
The probability of entering from 2σ to + 2σ (the range of twice the standard deviation value σ), that is, the cumulative frequency is about 96%, and it is assumed that those within the probability limit of 96% are classified as reliable. Stipulated in. Considering these points, the mountainous area is divided into four elevation sections as follows.

Altitude category 1: Altitude 2000 m or more Vegetation index 0.2 or more Accumulation frequency corresponding to 99% or higher Altitude altitude category 2: Altitude category 1700 m or more and less than 2000 m Accumulation frequency of vegetation index 0.2 or more is 98% or more 99% Altitude range corresponding to less than 3: Altitude range 1400m or more and less than 1700m Accumulation frequency of vegetation index 0.2 or more corresponding to 97% or more and 98% or less Altitude range altitude 4: Accumulation frequency of altitude 1100m or more and less than 1400m Vegetation index 0.2 or more Altitude range corresponding to 96% or more and less than 97%

Further, the forest land is set to an altitude corresponding to 80% of the cumulative frequency of forests and fields in the land use data shown in FIG. 2, and is divided into two altitude categories as follows.

Altitude 5: Altitude 700m or more 1100m
Less than the altitude corresponding to the cumulative frequency of 80% of forests, less than the lower limit altitude of the altitude category 4 Altitude category 6: Altitude 200m or more and less than 700m Altitude above the cumulative frequency of 80% of the fields, less than the lower limit altitude of the altitude category 5

Further, the farmland has an altitude corresponding to a cumulative frequency of 80% of the fields and building sites shown in FIG. 2, and the altitude classification is defined as follows.

Altitude classification 7: Altitude 100 m or more and less than 200 m Altitude range corresponding to cumulative frequency of 80% for fields and building sites

Further, the city is an area where the cumulative frequency of building land and others shown in FIG. 2 is lower than the altitude corresponding to 80%, and the cumulative frequency of the vegetation index 0.2 or more shown in FIG.
Lowlands below 0% are dense urban areas with almost no vegetation and are divided into the following two altitude categories.

Altitude classification 8: Altitude 50m or more and less than 100m Altitude range corresponding to cumulative frequency of 20% or more of vegetation index 0.2 or more and cumulative frequency of building land and others to 80% Altitude classification Altitude classification 9: Altitude 0m to 50m Under vegetation index Lower elevation range corresponding to 20% cumulative frequency of 0.2 or more

Next, in the second step, the above-mentioned nine elevation sections are further divided into five undulation zones based on the amount of undulation to form a total of 45 zones. Further, the undulation amount is calculated from the 10m mesh numerical elevation data (within a 20m grid) nationwide in Japan owned by the applicant, as described above,
"Distribution frequency cumulative frequency distribution for each altitude category" is shown in FIG. Based on the graph of FIG. 3, every 20% of the cumulative frequency of undulations,
Each elevation segment is divided into five undulating zones. The undulation amount of the undulation zone in each altitude section is as described in the graph of FIG. 3 and Table 1 described later.

Then, in the third step, different colors are assigned to the 45 bands divided as described above. When assigning this color, we do not use human sensitivity, we compare a large number of aerial photographs of the actual terrain, we compare it, and in areas with steep undulations, vegetation is generally small, It is preferable to consider the geographical factor that the less vegetation is, the less saturated the area is. Then, care is taken so that the colors between the bands maintain continuity.

In view of these, in the present embodiment, in the altitude category 1 where there is little vegetation, the color is brownish color close to the ground color, and in the other altitude categories, the hue is changed little by little between the adjacent altitude categories. It is expressed in green, and the colors are clearly distinguished visually so that continuity is maintained between adjacent elevation divisions. In addition, in each elevation classification, the saturation is highest in a band with a small amount of undulation, the saturation is decreased as the amount of undulation is increased, and the color is divided into five types with the same hue but different saturation in stages. is doing.

Table 1 shows the altitude divisions and the amount of undulations obtained in the first to third steps, and the 45 zones divided by these. In addition, in Table 1, examples of colors applied to 45 bands are also shown by HSB values. This HSB value is the Ad of Adobe Systems Incorporated, which is commonly used in computers.
It was decided by obe Photoshop 5.5, and H is the hue (Hu
e) and S represent saturation, and B represents brightness.

[0033]

[Table 1]

As described above, 4 depending on the altitude division and the amount of relief.
Create a step map of the target terrain on the computer with five colors. The color image obtained by this method can be output to an appropriate medium such as an HDD, FDD, MO, CD, CRT screen, color printer, plate-making, and film according to the purpose.

Thus, the step diagram of this embodiment is NOA
A Monthly normalized plant index data and 100m mesh national land numerical information land use data issued by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan,
Also, the 10m mesh digital elevation data nationwide in Japan owned by the applicant is used to divide and color-code based on scientific grounds. It is possible to bring them closer to each other, and it is possible to obtain a highly realistic step drawing. In addition, since the height and relief of the terrain are quantitatively expressed by the gradual color change, it is possible to relatively understand the height difference of the terrain, the ridges, the valleys, etc. We will be able to do better and contribute more to map education.

As another different second embodiment, the step diagram can be formed not only by color but also by adding a texture corresponding to the mountain surface. This texture is created by sampling an appropriate part from an aerial photograph for each of the nine elevation sections. Therefore, by adding a texture close to the appearance of reality, it is possible to further enhance the realism of the stepped color diagram and improve the aesthetics. Further, the work of adding the texture to the step drawing can be easily performed by using a computer. In addition, FIG. 4 shows a conceptual diagram of a step diagram (1) in which a different texture (2) is added for each altitude classification.

The data of the step chart is digitized on a computer as grid-like three-dimensional coordinate data and stored together with color information and the like. Therefore, by converting the coordinates of the three-dimensional coordinate data on a computer, the planar step diagram (1) as shown in FIG. 4 is expressed as a three-dimensional bird's-eye view as in the third embodiment shown in FIG. You can

Further, as a further different fourth embodiment, it is possible to form a step chart by displaying a shadow plot of the prior art, that is, a shade. This plot is a method of mapping the shade (hill shading) obtained when the terrain is illuminated with a light source with an appropriate altitude angle from a certain direction, and can be easily calculated by a computer based on elevation data. . By superimposing this plot on the above-mentioned step chart or the step chart with texture added, it is possible to obtain a step chart with more beautiful aesthetics and a sense of realism, as well as the height difference of the terrain and the amount of undulation are more three-dimensional. It will be easy to grasp. Also,
FIG. 6 shows a conceptual diagram of a step drawing (1) in which a texture (2) and a shadow (3) are added and the bird's-eye view is shown.

In each of the above embodiments, the terrain is divided into 45 zones by dividing into 9 elevation zones and 5 undulation zones. However, the terrain elevation and land usage
Since it is different everywhere in the world, it is not always necessary to divide the elevation division into nine.
It can be divided into arbitrary elevation categories according to the purpose of use by the user. Also, when dividing into undulations, it may be divided into 1 to 4 undulations in flat terrain with small undulations, or may be divided into 6 or more undulations in terrain with severe undulations. . Further, in the above embodiment, the terrain is classified into mountains, forests, farmlands, and cities, and divided by altitude, but deserts, lakes, seas, glaciers, etc. are also included in the classification item depending on the area where the step chart is created. There is a possibility that the basic colors are not only green and brown, but also red, blue, and white.

[0040]

The present invention is configured as described above, and forms a step chart by color coding based on scientific grounds based on vegetation index data, land use data and actual relief amount of a target area. Because it is close to the appearance of the actual terrain, it is possible to obtain a realistic stepped map. Then, by displaying the colors in a stepwise manner by colors that are close to the actual colors and having continuity, it is possible to clearly understand the height difference and undulations of the terrain, and it is possible to better understand the topography, You can get excellent products for map education.

Further, by adding a texture and shading suitable for the mountain surface in addition to color-coding the step chart, a product with a more realistic feeling can be obtained, and the three-dimensional effect is improved, and the height difference of the terrain and the amount of relief can be improved. It will be clearer and the ridges and valleys will be easier to understand. In addition, not only is it geographically superior, but it is also possible to obtain a tiered chart that is superior in terms of aesthetic appeal to human sensibilities.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a graph showing a cumulative frequency curve of index data vegetation index 0.2 or more calculated from NOAA monthly normalized plant index data.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing a cumulative frequency curve of national land numerical information land use data calculated from 100m mesh national land numerical information land use data in Japan.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing a cumulative frequency distribution of undulations for each altitude category calculated from nationwide 10m mesh digital altitude data.

FIG. 4 is a step diagram of the second embodiment of the present invention in which a texture is added.

5 is a bird's-eye view of FIG. 4 in the third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a bird's-eye view showing a texture and a shade in a stepped color diagram according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

1-stage color chart 2 textures 3 shadows

   ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continued front page    (72) Inventor Kennobu Kobayashi             Hokkaido Asahikawa City Daiba Ichijo 2-1-6 Hokkaido             Map inside F-term (reference) 2C032 HB03 HB05 HC22 HC23 HC27                 5B050 BA07 BA17 DA10 EA09 FA02                       FA05

Claims (8)

[Claims] 1. An elevation division formed by dividing the topography into a plurality of elevation divisions based on vegetation index data and land use data, and further dividing this elevation division into one or a plurality of relief zones based on the amount of relief. A multi-layered color chart in which a number of bands x number of undulations are color-coded with different colors. 2. A first step of dividing the terrain into a plurality of elevation zones based on vegetation index data and land use data, and further dividing this elevation zone into one or a plurality of undulation zones based on the amount of undulations. A method for displaying a step chart, comprising a second step of forming a plurality of zones of the number of elevation sections × the number of undulation zones, and a third step of color-coding each zone with a different color. 3. The terrain is classified into mountains, forests, farmlands, and cities based on the vegetation index data and land use data, and the mountains are classified into an altitude section 1 with an altitude of 2000 m or more and an altitude of 1700.
Altitude division 2 from m to less than 2000m and altitude 1400m
Altitude classification 3 above 1700m and altitude classification 4 above 1100m and below 1400m, forest land at altitude 70
Altitude division 5 from 0m to less than 1100m and altitude 200m
Elevation division 6 above 700m and farmland is 10 elevations
Divide the city into altitude categories of 0m to less than 200m and altitude divisions of 50m to less than 100m and 9 altitude categories of altitudes of 0m to less than 50m and 9 altitudes. FIG. 3 is a step chart in which a plurality of bands of 9 × undulations, which are formed by further dividing into one or a plurality of undulations, are color-coded with different colors based on FIG. 4. The terrain is classified into mountains, forests, farmlands, and cities based on the vegetation index data and land use data, and the mountains are classified into an altitude section 1 with an altitude of 2000 m or more and an altitude of 1700.
Altitude division 2 from m to less than 2000m and altitude 1400m
Altitude classification 3 above 1700m and altitude classification 4 above 1100m and below 1400m, forest land at altitude 70
Altitude division 5 from 0m to less than 1100m and altitude 200m
Elevation division 6 above 700m and farmland is 10 elevations
The first step to divide the city into altitude sections 7 from 0m to less than 200m, 9 areas with altitudes from 50m to less than 100m and 9 areas with altitudes from 0m to less than 50m, and this altitude section Is further divided into one or a plurality of undulations based on the amount of undulations to form a plurality of zones of 9 × undulations, and a third step of color-coding each zone with a different color. A method of displaying a multi-colored chart featuring things. 5. The stepped color diagram according to claim 1, wherein different textures are attached to each altitude classification. 6. The method for displaying a step chart according to claim 2, wherein different textures are attached to the respective altitude categories. 7. The stepped color diagram according to claim 1, 3 or 5, wherein the elevation divisions are shaded. 8. The method for displaying a stepped color diagram according to claim 2, wherein the elevation division displays a shade.