JPH10127609A - Living body identifying device - Google Patents
Living body identifying deviceInfo
- Publication number
- JPH10127609A JPH10127609A JP8293581A JP29358196A JPH10127609A JP H10127609 A JPH10127609 A JP H10127609A JP 8293581 A JP8293581 A JP 8293581A JP 29358196 A JP29358196 A JP 29358196A JP H10127609 A JPH10127609 A JP H10127609A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- image
- living body
- light
- blood vessel
- images
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 210000004204 blood vessel Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 108010054147 Hemoglobins Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 102000001554 Hemoglobins Human genes 0.000 description 7
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 5
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 108010064719 Oxyhemoglobins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000003484 anatomy Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001367 artery Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V40/00—Recognition of biometric, human-related or animal-related patterns in image or video data
- G06V40/10—Human or animal bodies, e.g. vehicle occupants or pedestrians; Body parts, e.g. hands
- G06V40/14—Vascular patterns
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明はＩＤカード読み取り
装置や暗証番号入力装置など、個人識別を行う装置に関
する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a device for personal identification, such as an ID card reader and a password input device.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】これまで、立入制限区域への入室や銀行
預金入出力等の際、ＩＤカードや暗証番号によって個人
識別を行っていた。2. Description of the Related Art Heretofore, when entering a restricted access area or inputting / outputting a bank account, personal identification has been performed using an ID card or a password.
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】従来用いられている磁
気カードや暗証番号による個人識別では、紛失や盗難な
どによって他人に流用され、機密情報漏洩や資産横領の
危険性がある。そこで、他人の流用の可能性のない簡便
な個人識別装置及び方法が必要である。In the conventional personal identification using a magnetic card and a personal identification number, there is a danger of leaking confidential information and embezzling assets due to loss or theft of the personal information. Therefore, there is a need for a simple personal identification device and method that does not have the possibility of being diverted to others.
【０００４】[0004]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明では個人の生体構
造の画像を個人情報(氏名，暗証番号，磁気カード等)と
対応付けてデータベース内に登録し、個人識別の際に登
録してある生体構造部位の画像計測を行い、データベー
スとマッチングする。生体構造(特に内部構造)は他人に
流用される可能性はなく、前記課題を解決することが可
能である。具体的には、光を用いて計測される血管パタ
ーンと生体外部形状を用いる。According to the present invention, an image of an individual's anatomy is registered in a database in association with personal information (name, personal identification number, magnetic card, etc.) and registered at the time of personal identification. Image measurement of the anatomical site is performed and matched with the database. The living body structure (particularly, the internal structure) has no possibility of being diverted to another person, and can solve the above-mentioned problem. Specifically, a blood vessel pattern and an external shape of a living body measured using light are used.
【０００５】[0005]
【発明の実施の形態】生体の光透過性は非常に低いが、
光の波長６００ｎｍから１３００ｎｍまでの赤色から赤
外にかけては比較的透過性が高い。そして、この波長領
域では血中ヘモグロビンの光吸収が支配的となる。その
ため、例えば、手の掌側より光を照射し手の甲側から透
過光を撮像すると、甲側表面近傍の太い血管像を見るこ
とができる。この血管の走行は個人差が大きく、画像と
して抽出すれば個人識別に使用することが可能である。
本発明は、生体の血管像あるいはその血管が走行する部
位の生体外部形状を簡便に撮像し、それぞれの画像を個
人識別に用いることを特徴とする。BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Although the light transmittance of a living body is very low,
The light has a relatively high transmittance from the red to infrared wavelengths of 600 nm to 1300 nm. In this wavelength region, light absorption of hemoglobin in blood becomes dominant. Therefore, for example, when light is irradiated from the palm side of the hand and transmitted light is imaged from the back side of the hand, a thick blood vessel image near the back surface of the hand can be seen. The running of the blood vessel has a large individual difference, and if it is extracted as an image, it can be used for individual identification.
The present invention is characterized in that an image of a blood vessel of a living body or an external shape of a living body at a site where the blood vessel runs can be easily captured, and each image is used for personal identification.
【０００６】図１は本発明の一実施例の基本的な装置構
成を示す。FIG. 1 shows a basic apparatus configuration of an embodiment of the present invention.
【０００７】画像の撮像には、生体固定部１に被識別者
２の任意部位（本実施例では手）を固定し、光源３（ハ
ロゲンランプ等）から照射光を２回間欠的に照射し、各
照射毎に透過光画像を撮像器４（ＣＣＤカメラ等）で撮
像する。生体固定部には、毎回同じ位置に被識別者２の
任意部位を固定できるように、指等のガイド(図示略)を
設置しておく。光フィルタホルダ５には、透過光波長の
中心波長がλ１の光フィルタ６と、透過光波長の中心波
長がλ２の光フィルタ７が固定されており、各撮像毎に
モータ８を駆動して２種類の光フィルタを切り替える。
従って、撮像器４で撮像された各画像は、各々異なる波
長の透過光画像である。ここで、光源３からの光照射お
よび光フィルタ６及び７の切り替え及び撮像の時刻は同
期している。これらは全て演算装置９で制御されてい
る。To capture an image, an arbitrary portion (a hand in this embodiment) of the person to be identified 2 is fixed to the living body fixing portion 1 and irradiation light is intermittently irradiated twice from a light source 3 (eg, a halogen lamp). The transmitted light image is captured by the image pickup device 4 (CCD camera or the like) for each irradiation. A guide (not shown) such as a finger is installed on the living body fixing portion so that an arbitrary portion of the identification target 2 can be fixed at the same position each time. An optical filter 6 having a center wavelength of the transmitted light wavelength of λ1 and an optical filter 7 having a center wavelength of the transmitted light wavelength of λ2 are fixed to the optical filter holder 5. Switch between different types of optical filters.
Therefore, each image picked up by the image pickup device 4 is a transmitted light image having a different wavelength. Here, the light irradiation from the light source 3, the switching of the optical filters 6 and 7, and the imaging time are synchronized. These are all controlled by the arithmetic unit 9.
【０００８】また、各画像毎に濃淡値の正規化を行うた
めに、生体固定部に生体任意部位をおかない状態で、各
光フィルタ６及び７の画像を定期的あるいは各撮像時に
撮像し、正規化補正用画像として記憶装置１０に保存す
る。各生体透過光画像は、アナログ−デジタル変換され
２枚の濃淡のデジタル画像（以降デジタル濃淡画像と略
す）となり、１または複数ある演算装置９に転送され、
画像記憶装置１０に保存される。Further, in order to normalize the gray level for each image, images of the optical filters 6 and 7 are taken periodically or at the time of each image pickup, without placing any living body in the living body fixing portion. The image is stored in the storage device 10 as a normalization correction image. Each living body transmitted light image is converted from analog to digital into two grayscale digital images (hereinafter abbreviated as digital grayscale images) and transferred to one or a plurality of arithmetic units 9.
It is stored in the image storage device 10.
【０００９】各生体透過光画像は、保存された各正規化
補正用画像で画像除算することで正規化補正される。光
フィルタの透過光波長の中心波長λ１及びλ２を適切に
選択すれば、保存された２枚のデジタル濃淡画像の差分
画像から血管走行画像を容易に抽出することができる
（その理由に関しては後述する）。Each living body transmitted light image is normalized and corrected by dividing the image by each of the stored normalization correction images. By appropriately selecting the center wavelengths λ1 and λ2 of the transmitted light wavelength of the optical filter, a blood vessel running image can be easily extracted from the difference image between the two stored digital gray images (the reason will be described later). ).
【００１０】演算装置９では、任意の１枚のデジタル濃
淡画像から血管走行部位における外形形状の二値画像
（以降外形形状画像と略す）を、差分画像から血管走行
の二値画像（以降血管走行画像と略す）を、それぞれ画
像処理を行うことで得る。外形形状画像と血管走行画像
から被識別者の特徴画像を合成し、既に記憶装置１１に
データベースとして登録された被識別者の特徴画像との
パターンマッチングを行い識別を行う。画像処理及びパ
ターンマッチングに関するフローの詳細は後述する。被
識別者２の情報（氏名，暗証番号，磁気記憶カード等）
は入力装置１２により入力する。The arithmetic unit 9 outputs a binary image of the outer shape (hereinafter abbreviated as an external shape image) of the blood vessel running region from any one digital gray image, and a binary image of the blood vessel running (hereinafter referred to as a blood vessel running image) from the difference image. (Abbreviated as image) are obtained by performing image processing. The identification image of the identified person is synthesized from the external shape image and the blood vessel running image, and the identification is performed by performing pattern matching with the characteristic image of the identified person already registered as a database in the storage device 11. Details of the flow relating to image processing and pattern matching will be described later. Information of the identified person 2 (name, password, magnetic storage card, etc.)
Is input by the input device 12.
【００１１】外形形状画像と血管走行画像の合成画像例
を図２に示す。FIG. 2 shows an example of a composite image of the external shape image and the blood vessel running image.
【００１２】次に、２枚の異なる波長の透過光画像の差
分画像より、血管走行画像が抽出される理由に関して説
明する。まず、雑音の少ない質の高い生体透過光画像を
撮像するには、生体透過性の高い波長の照射光を選択し
なければならない。生体透過性の高い光の波長は、生体
の６０〜７０％を構成する水の吸収特性から、おおよそ
６００〜１３００ｎｍである。また、この波長帯の中で
も、生体中に比較的多く存在する血液（特に血中の約４
５％を占めるヘモグロビン）の吸収が少ない６００〜１
０００ｎｍの光が生体透過性が高い波長帯である。Next, the reason why a blood vessel running image is extracted from a difference image between two transmitted light images having different wavelengths will be described. First, in order to capture a high-quality living body transmitted light image with little noise, it is necessary to select irradiation light having a wavelength that is high in living body permeability. The wavelength of light having high biological permeability is approximately 600 to 1300 nm due to the absorption characteristics of water constituting 60 to 70% of the living body. Also, in this wavelength band, blood which is present in a relatively large amount in a living body (in particular, about 4
Low absorption of 5% of hemoglobin)
The light of 000 nm is a wavelength band having high biological permeability.
【００１３】図３に、この波長帯における酸化ヘモグロ
ビン及び還元ヘモグロビンの光吸収特性を示す。縦軸は
分子吸光係数であり、値が大きいほど光の吸収が大き
く、生体透過光強度が低下することを表す。ここで重要
な点は、この波長帯ではヘモグロビンの光吸収特性が波
長に依存して顕著に変化する点と、ヘモグロビン以外の
生体を構成する物質は非常に含有量が少ないか、あるい
はその光吸収特性がこの波長帯では顕著に変化しない点
である。これらの点から、同じ強度かつ波長の異なる光
を照射して２枚の生体透過光画像を撮像すると、血液が
多い部分（即ち血管の走行している部分）で濃淡値が異
なる２枚の画像が得られる。したがって、これらの２枚
の画像の差分画像からは血管走行のある部位が強調され
て得られる。FIG. 3 shows the light absorption characteristics of oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin in this wavelength band. The vertical axis represents the molecular extinction coefficient, and the larger the value, the greater the light absorption and the lower the intensity of light transmitted through the living body. The important points here are that the light absorption characteristics of hemoglobin change significantly in this wavelength band depending on the wavelength, and that the substances constituting the living body other than hemoglobin have a very small content or the light absorption. The characteristic is that the characteristics do not change significantly in this wavelength band. From these points, when two living body transmitted light images are captured by irradiating light having the same intensity and different wavelengths, two images having different grayscale values in a blood-rich portion (that is, a portion where blood vessels are running) are obtained. Is obtained. Therefore, from the difference image of these two images, a part with a blood vessel running is obtained with emphasis.
【００１４】さらに、６００〜１０００ｎｍの光に対す
る生体の散乱特性は極めて高く、体深部の血液によって
吸収された情報は拡散してしまうため、得られる血管走
行画像は画像撮像側の生体表面にある血管走行を示して
いる。人間の血管は、生体表面には静脈、そして生体深
部には動脈が位置していることから、抽出される血管系
は静脈系である。静脈系の血液には還元ヘモグロビンが
多く含まれており、２枚の生体透過画像の血管像をコン
トラスト強く撮像するためには、図３の波長特性から、
例えば７００ｎｍ近傍から２波長選択するように、図１
中光フィルタ６及び７を選択すればよい。Further, the scattering characteristic of the living body with respect to light of 600 to 1000 nm is extremely high, and the information absorbed by the blood in the deep part of the body is diffused. It shows running. Human blood vessels have a vein on the surface of a living body and an artery deep in the body, so that the extracted vascular system is a venous system. The blood of the venous system contains a large amount of reduced hemoglobin, and in order to capture a blood vessel image of two living body transmission images with high contrast, from the wavelength characteristics in FIG.
For example, as shown in FIG.
The medium light filters 6 and 7 may be selected.
【００１５】次に、画像処理及びパターンマッチングの
フローに関して説明する。Next, the flow of image processing and pattern matching will be described.
【００１６】まず、図４に画像処理のフローを示す。st
ep１では、中心波長がλ１及びλ２のデジタル透過光画
像が入力され、step２で２枚の画像間の差分を計算す
る。前述したように、２枚の差分画像は、生体表面近傍
の血管走行のみの濃淡画像を表している（step３）。こ
の血管走行濃淡画像に対し任意の閾値を設けて、血管走
行二値化画像をstep４−１で取得する。一方、中心波長
λ１あるいはλ２の透過画像のうち１枚を用い、任意の
閾値を用いて二値化処理し、血管走行している部位の外
形形状を取得する（step４−２）。取得した、血管走行
二値画像と外部形状二値画像をstep５で融合する。First, FIG. 4 shows a flow of image processing. st
In ep1, digital transmitted light images having center wavelengths of λ1 and λ2 are input, and the difference between the two images is calculated in step 2. As described above, the two difference images represent grayscale images of only the blood vessel running near the surface of the living body (step 3). An arbitrary threshold value is provided for this blood vessel running gray image, and a blood vessel running binary image is obtained in step 4-1. On the other hand, one of the transmission images of the center wavelength λ1 or λ2 is used, and a binarization process is performed using an arbitrary threshold to obtain an outer shape of a part where the blood vessel is running (step 4-2). The acquired blood vessel running binary image and the external shape binary image are fused in step 5.
【００１７】図５に、得られた融合画像から個人識別す
るための、パターンマッチングのフローを示す。Ａから
図４に示した処理結果である融合画像が入力される。記
憶装置１１（図１）に保存されているデータベースに
は、あらかじめ取得された被識別者２（図１）の血管走
行部位の外形形状と血管走行の二値画像の融合画像（図
２参照）が登録されている。従って、step６で被識別者
の名前、あるいは暗証番号あるいはＩＤカード等で被識
別者情報を入力（図１中入力装置１２より入力する）
し、被識別者の融合画像を呼び出す。呼び出した被識別
者の融合画像を、画像処理フローで処理された融合画像
とパターンマッチングを行う（step７）。step８では、
パターンマッチング結果がある任意の許容誤差範囲以内
であれば、step９−１に進み許可情報を発行し、許容誤
差範囲外であればstep９−２に進み不許可情報を発行す
る。FIG. 5 shows a flow of pattern matching for identifying an individual from the obtained fused image. From A, a fusion image that is the processing result shown in FIG. 4 is input. In the database stored in the storage device 11 (FIG. 1), a fusion image of the external shape of the blood vessel running region of the identified person 2 (FIG. 1) and the binary image of the blood vessel running acquired in advance (see FIG. 2) Is registered. Therefore, in step 6, the information of the person to be identified is input using the name of the person to be identified, or a personal identification number or an ID card (input from the input device 12 in FIG. 1).
Then, the fusion image of the identified person is called. The called fusion image of the identified person is subjected to pattern matching with the fusion image processed in the image processing flow (step 7). In step 8,
If the pattern matching result is within a certain allowable error range, the process proceeds to step 9-1 to issue permission information. If the pattern matching result is out of the allowable error range, the process proceeds to step 9-2 to issue non-permission information.
【００１８】本実施例には、２波長の透過光画像を用い
た、個人識別装置の基本構成について説明したが、その
他にも図１中光源３及び撮像装置４を同じ側に配置し反
射画像で同様の処理を行ってもよい。また、精度向上の
ために、複数の生体部位を撮像し個人識別に用いたり
（例えば両手を用いる）、波長数をさらに増やす（実質
的には光フィルタを増やす）ことも容易である。In this embodiment, the basic structure of the personal identification device using the transmitted light image of two wavelengths has been described. In addition, in FIG. 1, the light source 3 and the imaging device 4 are arranged on the same side and the reflected image is displayed. May perform the same processing. Further, in order to improve the accuracy, it is easy to image a plurality of living body parts and use them for personal identification (for example, using both hands) or to further increase the number of wavelengths (substantially increase the number of optical filters).
【００１９】[0019]
【発明の効果】生体外部構造画像と生体内部の血管走行
画像を用い、他人に流用出来ない個人識別方法を提供す
る。According to the present invention, there is provided an individual identification method which cannot be diverted to another person by using an image of a structure outside a living body and a blood vessel running image inside the living body.
【図１】本発明の一実施例の生体識別装置のブロック
図。FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a living body identification device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】透過光画像例の説明図。FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram of a transmitted light image example.
【図３】酸化ヘモグロビン及び還元ヘモグロビンの光吸
収特性図。FIG. 3 is a light absorption characteristic diagram of oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin.
【図４】本発明の一実施例の画像処理のフローチャー
ト。FIG. 4 is a flowchart of image processing according to an embodiment of the present invention.
【図５】本発明の一実施例のパターンマッチングのフロ
ーチャート。FIG. 5 is a flowchart of pattern matching according to an embodiment of the present invention.
１…生体固定部、２…被識別者、３…光源、４…撮像
器、５…フィルタホルダ、６…フィルタ、７…フィル
タ、８…モータ、９…演算装置、１０…記憶装置、１１
…記憶装置、１２…入力装置。DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... living body fixing | fixed part, 2 ... identification person, 3 ... light source, 4 ... imaging device, 5 ... filter holder, 6 ... filter, 7 ... filter, 8 ... motor, 9 ... arithmetic unit, 10 ... storage device, 11
... storage device, 12 ... input device.
Claims (4)
源部と相異なる任意波長幅の光透過特性を有する複数の
光フィルタと生体透過光あるいは生体反射光を撮像する
撮像機と生体固定部から成り、生体の任意部位を前記生
体固定部に固定し、前記光源部から発せられる光を前記
生体に照射し、前記光フィルタを順次切り替えながら前
記撮像機で生体透過光画像あるいは生体反射光画像を複
数撮像し、撮像された複数画像より前記生体内部の血管
走行画像及び生体外形画像を抽出し、前記血管走行画像
および前記生体外形画像を、あらかじめ登録された被識
別者の前記血管走行画像および生体外形画像と照合する
ことにより、被識別者を識別することを特徴とする生体
識別装置。1. A light source unit that emits light having a plurality of or continuous wavelengths, a plurality of optical filters having light transmission characteristics of different wavelength widths different from each other, an imaging device that images living body transmitted light or living body reflected light, and a living body fixing unit An arbitrary part of a living body is fixed to the living body fixing portion, and light emitted from the light source portion is irradiated on the living body, and the living body transmitted light image or the living body reflected light image is obtained by the imaging device while sequentially switching the optical filter. A plurality of images, extracting a blood vessel running image and a biological outline image of the inside of the living body from the captured images, the blood vessel running image and the biological outline image, the blood vessel running image of the identified person registered in advance, and A biometric identification device characterized by identifying a person to be identified by comparing the image with a biological shape image.
射の時刻と前記光フィルタの切り替え時刻及び前記撮像
機の撮像時刻を同期せしめる手段を有してなる生体識別
装置。2. The living body identification device according to claim 1, further comprising means for synchronizing a time of light irradiation from the light source unit, a time of switching of the optical filter, and a time of imaging by the imaging device.
幅の光透過特性を有する複数の光フィルタを通して撮像
した複数の濃淡画像から、前記複数の濃淡画像間の差分
を計算し、血管走行画像を抽出する手段を有してなる生
体識別装置。3. A blood vessel running image according to claim 1, wherein a difference between said plurality of grayscale images is calculated from a plurality of grayscale images taken through a plurality of optical filters having light transmission characteristics of different arbitrary wavelength widths. A biometric identification device having means for extracting a biometric.
は生体反射光を撮像する以前あるいは以降に、前記生体
が前記生体固定部に固定されていない状態で、前記光フ
ィルタを切り替えながら参照光画像を撮像する生体識別
装置。4. The reference light image according to claim 1, wherein the optical filter is switched while the living body is not fixed to the living body fixing portion before or after the living body transmitted light or the living body reflected light is imaged. A living body identification device that captures images.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP29358196A JP3567651B2 (en) | 1996-11-06 | 1996-11-06 | Biological identification device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP29358196A JP3567651B2 (en) | 1996-11-06 | 1996-11-06 | Biological identification device |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003386093A Division JP3861870B2 (en) | 2003-11-17 | 2003-11-17 | Biometric identification device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH10127609A true JPH10127609A (en) | 1998-05-19 |
| JP3567651B2 JP3567651B2 (en) | 2004-09-22 |
Family
ID=17796592
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP29358196A Expired - Lifetime JP3567651B2 (en) | 1996-11-06 | 1996-11-06 | Biological identification device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3567651B2 (en) |
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