JPH09177011A - Paving material and structure - Google Patents
Paving material and structureInfo
- Publication number
- JPH09177011A JPH09177011A JP34089495A JP34089495A JPH09177011A JP H09177011 A JPH09177011 A JP H09177011A JP 34089495 A JP34089495 A JP 34089495A JP 34089495 A JP34089495 A JP 34089495A JP H09177011 A JPH09177011 A JP H09177011A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- pavement
- paving
- paving material
- rubber
- main body
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 26
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 abstract description 26
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000043261 Hevea brasiliensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002969 artificial stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009194 climbing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、例えば歩車道等の
舗装面を構成するために路盤上に敷き詰めるブロック状
の舗装材に関するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a block-shaped paving material to be paved on a roadbed to form a paving surface such as a pedestrian road.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】舗装面を構成するために路盤上に敷き詰
めるブロック状の舗装材としては、平板状の舗装用ブロ
ックが知られている。従来の一般的な舗装用ブロック
は、例えば７０％〜１００％が砕石又は砂利を主体とし
た骨材から構成されている。このような舗装用ブロック
の線膨張係数は３×１０-6〜１５×１０-6／℃程度にな
る。セメントコンクリートやセメントからなる舗装用ブ
ロックもこれと同等の線膨張係数を有する。2. Description of the Related Art A flat pavement block is known as a block-shaped pavement material laid on a roadbed to form a pavement surface. A conventional general pavement block is composed of, for example, 70% to 100% of aggregate mainly composed of crushed stone or gravel. The linear expansion coefficient of such a paving block is about 3 × 10 −6 to 15 × 10 −6 / ° C. Cement concrete and pavement blocks made of cement also have the same linear expansion coefficient.
【０００３】前記従来の舗装用ブロックを用いて舗装を
行う場合には、敷きモルタルを用いて舗装用ブロックを
路盤上に敷き詰めていき、隣接する舗装用ブロック同士
の間は目地モルタルで固定する。この目地モルタルも舗
装用ブロックの本体部分と同等な線膨張係数を有する。[0003] When paving is performed using the above-mentioned conventional paving blocks, the paving blocks are spread on the roadbed using a spreading mortar, and the space between adjacent paving blocks is fixed with joint mortar. This joint mortar also has a linear expansion coefficient equivalent to that of the main body of the paving block.
【０００４】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】舗装用ブロックの線膨
張係数を５×１０-5／℃とし、１０ｍ連続して施工し、
温度変化が４０℃あるとすると、２０ｍｍ程度の膨張が
生じる。従って、従来の舗装用ブロックと目地モルタル
等を用いた従来の舗装構造によれば、特に広い範囲を施
工した場合には、舗装用ブロック同士がせりあがって舗
装面に凹凸が生じ、破損状態になってしまう。The pavement block has a linear expansion coefficient of 5 × 10 −5 / ° C., and is constructed continuously for 10 m.
If the temperature change is 40 ° C., an expansion of about 20 mm occurs. Therefore, according to the conventional pavement structure using the conventional pavement block and joint mortar, etc., especially when a wide range is constructed, the pavement blocks are raised and unevenness is generated on the pavement surface, resulting in a damaged state. turn into.
【０００５】本発明は、施工後の温度変化に伴う温度応
力によって舗装面に生じるせりあがり現象を防止するこ
とにより、舗装面の平坦性と見栄えを確保することがで
きる舗装用ブロック及び舗装構造を提供することを目的
としている。[0005] The present invention provides a pavement block and a pavement structure capable of securing the flatness and appearance of a pavement surface by preventing a rising phenomenon occurring on the pavement surface due to a thermal stress caused by a temperature change after construction. It is intended to provide.
【０００６】[0006]
【課題を解決するための手段】請求項１に記載された舗
装材は、路盤上に敷き詰められて舗装面を構成する舗装
材において、板状の本体と、前記本体の側面に設けられ
た熱膨張吸収部材とを有することを特徴としている。The pavement material according to claim 1 is a pavement material that is spread over a roadbed to form a pavement surface. In the pavement material, a plate-shaped main body and heat provided on the side surface of the main body are provided. It is characterized by having an expansion absorbing member.
【０００７】請求項２に記載された舗装材は、請求項１
記載の舗装材において、前記熱膨張吸収部材が、前記本
体の側面に沿って周状に設けられた弾性部材であること
を特徴としている。The paving material described in claim 2 is the same as in claim 1.
The paving material described above is characterized in that the thermal expansion absorbing member is an elastic member provided circumferentially along a side surface of the main body.
【０００８】請求項３に記載された舗装構造は、板状の
本体の側面に熱膨張吸収部材を設けた複数の舗装材を路
盤上に敷き詰め、一方の舗装材の熱膨張吸収部材が、こ
れに隣接する他方の舗装材に実質的に当接するようにし
たことを特徴としている。In the pavement structure according to a third aspect of the present invention, a plurality of paving materials having a thermal expansion absorbing member provided on the side surface of a plate-shaped main body are spread on a roadbed, and the thermal expansion absorbing member of one paving material is It is characterized in that it substantially comes into contact with the other pavement material adjacent to.
【０００９】[0009]
【発明の実施の形態】本発明の実施の第１の形態を図１
及び図２を参照して説明する。図１に示す舗装材１は、
板状の本体２と、本体２の側面に設けられた熱膨張吸収
部材としての弾性部材からなる。本体２は、一般的に使
用されている舗装用材料からなる。例えば、砕石又は砂
利を主体とした骨材を含む従来の舗装用材料、各種コン
クリート、自然石、人工の擬石材料等を用途に応じて採
用できる。本体２の形状（外形状及び厚さ）は用途に応
じて任意に設定する。一例として、本例では厚さ６０ｍ
ｍ程度で、外形が一辺３００ｍｍ程度の正方形とする。FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the present invention.
This will be described with reference to FIG. The pavement material 1 shown in FIG.
It is composed of a plate-shaped main body 2 and an elastic member provided on the side surface of the main body 2 as a thermal expansion absorbing member. The main body 2 is made of a commonly used pavement material. For example, conventional pavement materials including aggregates mainly composed of crushed stones or gravel, various types of concrete, natural stones, artificial artificial stone materials, and the like can be adopted according to applications. The shape (outer shape and thickness) of the main body 2 is arbitrarily set according to the application. As an example, in this example, the thickness is 60 m
m and a square with a side of about 300 mm.
【００１０】前記本体２の側面には、周状に連続して弾
性部材としてのゴム３が取り付けられている。本例のゴ
ム３は合成ゴムであるが天然ゴムでもかまわない。ゴム
３の弾性及びその厚さは次のように設定する。即ち、本
例の舗装材１を路盤上に敷き詰めて隣接する一方の舗装
材１のゴム３が他方の舗装材１のゴム３に接するように
し、考えうる気候条件下で本例の舗装材１が熱膨張した
際に、隣接する舗装材１，１間の距離の変化を吸収して
舗装面にせりあがり等の変形が生じない程度とする。A rubber 3 as an elastic member is attached to a side surface of the main body 2 continuously in a circumferential manner. The rubber 3 in this example is a synthetic rubber, but may be a natural rubber. The elasticity of the rubber 3 and its thickness are set as follows. That is, the pavement material 1 of this example is laid on the roadbed so that the rubber 3 of one adjacent pavement material 1 is in contact with the rubber 3 of the other pavement material 1, and the pavement material 1 of this example under conceivable climatic conditions. When is thermally expanded, the change in the distance between the adjacent pavement materials 1 and 1 is absorbed so that deformation such as climbing on the pavement surface does not occur.
【００１１】図２は、前記舗装材１を用いた舗装構造を
示す。この舗装構造は、広場、歩道等に適する。路床４
の上には５０ｍｍの厚さでクラッシャーラン５を設け、
その上に３０〜５０ｍｍの厚さで空練モルタル（１：
３）６又は砂の層を設け、その上に前記舗装材１を敷き
詰めて舗装面を構成する。隣接する舗装材１の各ゴム３
は互いに接している。又は、隣接する舗装材の各ゴムの
間に目地を設ける構造でもよい。本例においては舗装材
１の厚さは６０ｍｍとし、そのゴム３の厚さは０．５〜
５ｍｍとする。FIG. 2 shows a pavement structure using the pavement material 1. This pavement structure is suitable for open spaces, sidewalks, and the like. Subgrade 4
A crusher run 5 with a thickness of 50 mm is provided on the
An empty kneading mortar having a thickness of 30 to 50 mm (1: 1)
3) A layer of 6 or sand is provided, and the paving material 1 is spread over the layer to form a pavement surface. Each rubber 3 of the adjacent pavement material 1
Touch each other. Alternatively, it may be a structure in which joints are provided between the rubbers of the adjacent pavement materials. In this example, the thickness of the paving material 1 is 60 mm, and the thickness of the rubber 3 is 0.5 to
5 mm.
【００１２】図３は、前記舗装材１を用いた舗装構造の
他の例を示す。この舗装構造は、軟弱路床、緊急車路、
乗用車程度の車両の進入路等に適する。路床４の上には
５０ｍｍの厚さでクラッシャーラン５を設け、その上に
１００ｍｍの厚さでコンクリート層７を設ける。その上
に３０ｍｍの厚さで空練モルタル（１：３）６を設け、
その上に前記舗装材１を敷き詰めて舗装面を構成する。
隣接する舗装材１の各ゴム３は互いに接している。又
は、隣接する舗装材の各ゴムの間に目地を設ける構造で
もよい。FIG. 3 shows another example of the pavement structure using the pavement material 1. This pavement structure has soft subgrades, emergency lanes,
Suitable for the approach of vehicles such as passenger cars. A crusher run 5 having a thickness of 50 mm is provided on the subgrade 4, and a concrete layer 7 having a thickness of 100 mm is provided thereon. An empty kneading mortar (1: 3) 6 having a thickness of 30 mm is provided thereon,
The pavement material 1 is laid on it to form a pavement surface.
Each rubber 3 of the adjacent paving material 1 is in contact with each other. Alternatively, it may be a structure in which joints are provided between the rubbers of the adjacent pavement materials.
【００１３】図４は、本発明の実施の第２の形態の舗装
材１１を用いた舗装構造を示す。この舗装構造は、歩
道、広場等に適する。路床４の上に、粒度調整砕石Ｍ−
３０又はＭ−４０によって１００ｍｍの厚さで路盤８を
形成する。路盤８の上に厚さ３０ｍｍでサンドクッショ
ン９を形成する。サンドクッション９の上に、舗装材１
を敷き詰めて舗装面を構成する。本例の舗装材１１は前
記舗装材１と同様に板状の本体１２の側面にゴム１３を
有する構成であるが、その本体１２の上面の外縁辺が面
取りしてある。隣接する舗装材１１の各ゴム１３は互い
に接している。又は、隣接する舗装材の各ゴムの間に目
地を設ける構造でもよい。本例においては舗装材１１の
厚さは４０ｍｍとし、そのゴム１３の厚さは０．５〜５
ｍｍとする。FIG. 4 shows a pavement structure using a pavement material 11 according to a second embodiment of the present invention. This pavement structure is suitable for sidewalks, open spaces, and the like. Particle size adjusted crushed stone M-
The roadbed 8 is formed with a thickness of 100 mm by 30 or M-40. A sand cushion 9 having a thickness of 30 mm is formed on the roadbed 8. Paving material 1 on sand cushion 9
To form a pavement surface. The pavement material 11 of the present embodiment has a configuration in which rubber 13 is provided on the side surface of a plate-shaped main body 12 similarly to the pavement material 1, but the outer edge of the upper surface of the main body 12 is chamfered. The rubbers 13 of the adjacent pavement materials 11 are in contact with each other. Alternatively, it may be a structure in which joints are provided between the rubbers of the adjacent pavement materials. In this example, the thickness of the paving material 11 is 40 mm, and the thickness of the rubber 13 is 0.5 to 5 mm.
mm.
【００１４】図５は、図４に示した本発明の舗装材１１
を用いた舗装構造の他の例を示す。この舗装構造は、乗
用車乗り入れ部等に適する。路床４の上に、厚さ２００
ｍｍでクラッシャーランの下層路盤１０ａを形成し、そ
の上に粒度調整砕石Ｍ−３０又はＭ−４０によって１５
０ｍｍの厚さで上層路盤１０ｂを形成する。上層路盤１
０ｂの上に厚さ３０ｍｍで空練モルタル６の層を設け、
その上に舗装材１１を敷き詰めて舗装面を構成する。隣
接する舗装材１１の各ゴム１３は互いに接している。又
は、隣接する舗装材の各ゴムの間に目地を設ける構造で
もよい。FIG. 5 shows the pavement material 11 of the present invention shown in FIG.
5 shows another example of a pavement structure that uses a pavement. This pavement structure is suitable for a passenger car entry part or the like. On the subgrade 4, the thickness 200
mm, the lower roadbed 10a of the crusher run is formed, and the particle size adjusted crushed stone M-30 or M-40 is formed thereon.
The upper roadbed 10b is formed with a thickness of 0 mm. Upper subbase 1
0b, a layer of blank kneading mortar 6 having a thickness of 30 mm is provided,
The pavement material 11 is laid on it to form a pavement surface. The rubbers 13 of the adjacent pavement materials 11 are in contact with each other. Alternatively, it may be a structure in which joints are provided between the rubbers of the adjacent pavement materials.
【００１５】以上説明した舗装材１，１１を用いた舗装
構造によれば、温度が上昇して舗装材１，１１の本体
２，１２が熱膨張しても、その膨張はゴム３，１３が圧
縮されることによって吸収される。従って、環境温度の
上昇によって舗装材１，１１の本体２，１２に異常な温
度応力が生じ、これによって舗装材１，１１がせりあが
って舗装面が凹凸になる不都合が生じることはない。即
ち、温度の上昇に係わらず、舗装材からなる舗装面の平
坦性は保たれて歩きや易さには支障が生じず、見栄えや
景観が損なわれることもない。According to the pavement structure using the pavement materials 1 and 11 described above, even if the temperature rises and the main bodies 2 and 12 of the pavement materials 1 and 11 thermally expand, the expansion is caused by the rubbers 3 and 13. It is absorbed by being compressed. Accordingly, an abnormal temperature stress is generated in the main bodies 2 and 12 of the pavement materials 1 and 11 due to the increase in the environmental temperature, so that there is no problem that the pavement materials 1 and 11 are raised and the pavement surface becomes uneven. That is, irrespective of the rise in temperature, the flatness of the pavement surface made of the pavement material is maintained, so that walking and easiness are not hindered, and appearance and scenery are not impaired.
【００１６】以上説明した各例においては、舗装材１，
１１は正方形の本体２，１２の側面に連続して周状にゴ
ム３，１３を設けた構造であったが、本体２，１２の形
状や、弾性体の材質及び設け方はこれに限定されない。In each of the examples described above, the paving materials 1 and
Reference numeral 11 denotes a structure in which rubbers 3 and 13 are provided circumferentially continuously on the side surfaces of the square main bodies 2 and 12, but the shape of the main bodies 2 and 12 and the material and method of providing the elastic body are not limited thereto. .
【００１７】本体２，１２の形状は長方形やその他の多
角形でもよいし、さらに弾性体を間にして多数枚を実質
的に隙間無く敷き詰められるモザイク的な幾何学的形状
のものでもよい。The shapes of the main bodies 2 and 12 may be rectangular or other polygons, or may be a mosaic geometric shape in which a large number of the main bodies 2 and 12 can be laid with substantially no gap therebetween.
【００１８】弾性体の材質は前述した天然及び合成のゴ
ムのいずれでもよい。さらに、本体の熱膨張を吸収する
熱膨張吸収部材としてはゴム等の弾性材に限らず、瀝青
系材料でもよい。The material of the elastic body may be any of the natural and synthetic rubbers described above. Further, the thermal expansion absorbing member for absorbing the thermal expansion of the main body is not limited to an elastic material such as rubber, but may be a bituminous material.
【００１９】熱膨張吸収部材は、本体の側面の全周に設
けてもよいが、適当な間隔をおいて側面の複数箇所に設
けてもよい。その場合、隣接する舗装材の内、一方の舗
装材の熱膨張吸収部材が、他方の舗装材の本体の側面に
当接してもよいし、他方の舗装材の熱膨張吸収部材に当
接してもよい。The thermal expansion absorbing member may be provided on the entire periphery of the side surface of the main body, or may be provided at a plurality of positions on the side surface at appropriate intervals. In that case, of the adjacent pavement materials, the thermal expansion absorbing member of one paving material may abut on the side surface of the main body of the other pavement material, or may abut on the thermal expansion absorbing member of the other pavement material. Is also good.
【００２０】熱膨張吸収部材は、ほぼ一定の厚さで膜状
に設けてもよいが、特別なパターンで形成してもよい。
例えば、図１に示す本発明の舗装材１において、熱膨張
吸収部材としてのゴム３を鋸歯状又は矩形波状に形成し
てもよい。The thermal expansion absorbing member may be provided in a film shape with a substantially constant thickness, or may be formed in a special pattern.
For example, in the pavement material 1 of the present invention shown in FIG. 1, the rubber 3 as the thermal expansion absorbing member may be formed in a sawtooth shape or a rectangular wave shape.
【００２１】熱膨張吸収部材を基体の側面の全周に形成
する場合には、液体状のゴム材料を本体の側面に所定厚
さで塗布して設けてもよいし、環状に形成したゴムの帯
を本体の側面に巻き付けて必要に応じて何らかの手段で
固定してもよい。When the thermal expansion absorbing member is formed on the entire periphery of the side surface of the base, a liquid rubber material may be provided by applying a predetermined thickness to the side surface of the main body, or a rubber material formed in an annular shape may be used. The belt may be wrapped around the side of the body and secured by some means as needed.
【００２２】[0022]
【発明の効果】本発明の舗装材とこれを用いた舗装構造
によれば、隣接する舗装材の本体間に熱膨張吸収部材が
設けられるので、本体が熱膨張しても舗装面に凹凸が生
じず、舗装面の平坦性と景観が損なわれることがない。According to the pavement material of the present invention and the pavement structure using the pavement material, since the thermal expansion absorbing member is provided between the main bodies of the adjacent pavement materials, unevenness is generated on the pavement surface even if the main body is thermally expanded. It does not occur and the flatness of the paved surface and the landscape are not impaired.
【図１】本発明の実施の第１の形態における舗装材の平
面図及び断面図である。FIG. 1 is a plan view and a sectional view of a paving material according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】本発明の実施の第１の形態における舗装材を用
いた舗装構造を示す断面図である。FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing a pavement structure using a pavement material according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
【図３】本発明の実施の第１の形態における舗装材を用
いた舗装構造の他の例を示す断面図である。FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing another example of the pavement structure using the pavement material according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
【図４】本発明の実施の第２の形態における舗装材を用
いた舗装構造を示す断面図である。FIG. 4 is a sectional view showing a pavement structure using a pavement material according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
【図５】本発明の実施の第２の形態における舗装材を用
いた舗装構造の他の例を示す断面図である。FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing another example of the pavement structure using the pavement material according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
１，１１ 舗装材 ２，１２ 本体 ３．１３ 熱膨張吸収部材である弾性部材としてのゴム DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1,11 Paving material 2,12 Main body 3.13 Rubber as elastic member which is a thermal expansion absorbing member
Claims (3)
る舗装材において、板状の本体と、前記本体の側面に設
けられた熱膨張吸収部材とを有することを特徴とする舗
装材。1. A pavement material that is paved on a roadbed to form a pavement surface, and has a plate-shaped main body and a thermal expansion absorbing member provided on a side surface of the main body.
に沿って周状に設けられた弾性部材である請求項１記載
の舗装材。2. The paving material according to claim 1, wherein the thermal expansion absorbing member is an elastic member provided circumferentially along a side surface of the main body.
けた複数の舗装材を路盤上に敷き詰め、一方の舗装材の
熱膨張吸収部材が、これに隣接する他方の舗装材に実質
的に当接するようにしたことを特徴とする舗装構造。3. A plurality of paving materials, each having a thermal expansion absorbing member provided on a side surface of a plate-shaped main body, are spread on a roadbed, and the thermal expansion absorbing member of one paving material is substantially attached to the other paving material adjacent to the paving material. The pavement structure is characterized in that it is abutted against each other.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP7340894A JP2802251B2 (en) | 1995-12-27 | 1995-12-27 | Paving materials and pavement structures |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP7340894A JP2802251B2 (en) | 1995-12-27 | 1995-12-27 | Paving materials and pavement structures |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH09177011A true JPH09177011A (en) | 1997-07-08 |
| JP2802251B2 JP2802251B2 (en) | 1998-09-24 |
Family
ID=18341291
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP7340894A Expired - Fee Related JP2802251B2 (en) | 1995-12-27 | 1995-12-27 | Paving materials and pavement structures |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2802251B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102286908A (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2011-12-21 | 杨光原 | Bidirectional interlocking brick as well as pavement and pavement paving method using same |
| CN114808590A (en) * | 2022-04-20 | 2022-07-29 | 罗蓉 | Anti-skid ceramic tile |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH07205123A (en) * | 1994-01-26 | 1995-08-08 | Zoukei:Kk | Concrete product with elastic surface layer and manufacture thereof |
-
1995
- 1995-12-27 JP JP7340894A patent/JP2802251B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH07205123A (en) * | 1994-01-26 | 1995-08-08 | Zoukei:Kk | Concrete product with elastic surface layer and manufacture thereof |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102286908A (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2011-12-21 | 杨光原 | Bidirectional interlocking brick as well as pavement and pavement paving method using same |
| CN114808590A (en) * | 2022-04-20 | 2022-07-29 | 罗蓉 | Anti-skid ceramic tile |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2802251B2 (en) | 1998-09-24 |
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