JPH085112Y2 - Car spoiler - Google Patents
Car spoilerInfo
- Publication number
- JPH085112Y2 JPH085112Y2 JP9055291U JP9055291U JPH085112Y2 JP H085112 Y2 JPH085112 Y2 JP H085112Y2 JP 9055291 U JP9055291 U JP 9055291U JP 9055291 U JP9055291 U JP 9055291U JP H085112 Y2 JPH085112 Y2 JP H085112Y2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- spoiler
- mounting
- vehicle body
- fixing
- synthetic resin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Landscapes
- Connection Of Plates (AREA)
- Vehicle Interior And Exterior Ornaments, Soundproofing, And Insulation (AREA)
Description
【0001】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本考案は、高速走行中に衝突事故
を起こした時に、車体への取着部分から外れて跳ね飛ぶ
のを防止し、外れて飛んだスポイラーによって周囲にい
る人や物に危害が及ぶ恐れを解消出来る様に構成した自
動車用スポイラーに関する。[Industrial application] The present invention prevents a person from jumping off from the attachment part to the vehicle body when a collision accident occurs while traveling at high speed, and a person or an object around which the spoiler flies off. The present invention relates to a spoiler for an automobile, which is configured to eliminate the risk of damage to the vehicle.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】走行中の自動車の車体後方は負圧状態に
なるので、この後方域には乱流が生じて路上の砂塵や雨
水を巻き上げ後方視界を妨げるばかりでなく、車体後部
を持ち上げる浮力が生じて走行安性定が損なわれる不都
合も生ずる。この様な不具合の発生を防ぐ方策として、
気流整流作用と、揚力抑制機能とを併せ備えたスポイラ
ーを車体の後部に取付けることが行われて来た。このス
ポイラーは、その外形を流体力学的に計算された形状に
成形する必要があり、又、成るべく軽量に作ることが望
ましので、その素材としては、成形・加工性が極め優
れ、然も、軽量性、耐蝕性を備えた合成樹脂が使われて
いる。例えば、ポリウレタン樹脂を素材とし、車体への
取付用インサートを一体に埋設した、反応射出成形製品
等はその代表例である。2. Description of the Related Art Since a rear part of a vehicle body of a running vehicle is in a negative pressure state, a turbulent flow is generated in the rear part of the vehicle body to wind up dust and rainwater on the road to hinder the rearward visibility and to lift the rear part of the vehicle body. This also causes the inconvenience that the traveling stability is impaired due to the occurrence of. As a measure to prevent such problems from occurring,
It has been practiced to attach a spoiler having both air flow rectifying action and lift suppressing function to the rear part of the vehicle body. This spoiler needs to have its outer shape molded into a shape calculated hydrodynamically, and since it is desirable to make it as light as possible, its material is extremely excellent in moldability and workability. , Synthetic resin with light weight and corrosion resistance is used. A typical example thereof is a reaction injection molded product or the like in which a polyurethane resin is used as a material and an insert for mounting on a vehicle body is integrally embedded.
【0003】[0003]
【考案が解決しようとする課題】然し乍ら、上記成形製
品は重量が重くなる上に、材料費や成形費も嵩む難点が
あるので、中空状で軽量な成形製品を比較的簡易に作り
易い、ブロー成形や回転成形技術等によってスポイラー
を作ることも考えられている。処が、この様な中空状の
スポイラーには、取付用インサートを一体に埋設するこ
とが困難である。尤も、取付用インサートを埋設しなく
ても、スポイラーを車体に取り付ることは出来る。然
し、比較的高速で走行中に衝突事故を起こして、スポイ
ラーに強い衝撃力が及ぼされると、取付用インサートを
欠くものは、車体への取付部分に強い集中応力が生じて
この部分で応力破壊され易く、跳ね飛ばされたスポイラ
ーが周囲の人や物に危害を及ぼす恐れが多分にある。そ
こで、国によっては、衝突事故発生時の外力によってス
ポイラーが車体から外れ、周囲に跳ね飛ぶ恐れを生じな
い構造にすることを、法規制によって義務付けている位
である。そこで、本考案の目的は、合成樹脂製の中空状
スポイラーに就いて、衝突事故発生時の外力によってそ
の取付部分が壊れても、車体から分離して周囲に跳ね飛
ばない様に構成した自動車用スポイラーを提供するにあ
る。However, since the above-mentioned molded product has the drawback that the weight becomes heavy and the material cost and the molding cost also increase, it is relatively easy to make a hollow and lightweight molded product. It is also considered to make a spoiler by molding or rotational molding technology. However, it is difficult to embed the mounting insert integrally in such a hollow spoiler. However, the spoiler can be attached to the vehicle body without embedding the mounting insert. However, when a collision accident occurs while traveling at a relatively high speed and a strong impact force is exerted on the spoiler, those lacking the mounting insert will generate strong concentrated stress at the mounting part on the vehicle body and stress destruction at this part. It is easy to get rid of, and there is a possibility that a spoiler that is thrown off may cause harm to people and things around. Therefore, in some countries, legislation obliges the structure to prevent the spoiler from being separated from the vehicle body by the external force in the event of a collision and jumping around. Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide a hollow spoiler made of synthetic resin for an automobile, which is constructed so that it will not separate from the vehicle body and bounce around even if its mounting part is broken by external force in the event of a collision accident. To provide a spoiler.
【0004】[0004]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記の目的を達成する為
の本考案による自動車用スポイラーは、合成樹脂製で中
空状をなし、その長手方向の両端近くに夫々車体への取
付部2を設けると共に、該取付部2の近傍に夫々挿通孔
7を設けたスポイラー本体1と、前記両端近くの挿通孔
7,7を通して、前記スポイラー本体1の内空部に挿通
させた、ワイヤー乃至はロープ状をして強靭な括り付材
6と、該括り付材6の両末端に夫々設けた、ループ部や
連結金具等の連結部10と、前記スポイラー本体1を車
体に取り付けた状態で、前記連結部10を夫々車体に固
定させる固定手段3とを備える構成とした。前記固定手
段3としては、前記取付部2を車体に固定させる取付ボ
ルトをこれに宛て、前記連結部10は、この取付ボルト
3に掛止させる様にするとよい。To achieve the above object, an automobile spoiler according to the present invention is made of synthetic resin and has a hollow shape, and mounting portions 2 to the vehicle body are provided near both ends in the longitudinal direction thereof. Along with the spoiler body 1 provided with insertion holes 7 in the vicinity of the mounting portion 2 and through the insertion holes 7 and 7 near the both ends, the wire or the rope-shaped member is inserted into the inner space of the spoiler body 1. And the tough binding member 6, the connecting portions 10 such as loops and connecting fittings provided at both ends of the binding member 6, and the spoiler main body 1 attached to the vehicle body, A fixing means 3 for fixing the parts 10 to the vehicle body is provided. As the fixing means 3, a mounting bolt for fixing the mounting portion 2 to the vehicle body may be directed thereto, and the connecting portion 10 may be hooked on the mounting bolt 3.
【0005】[0005]
【作用】中空状のスポイラーの内空部をその長手方向に
挿通させた括り付材6は、両末端に設け連結部10,1
0を、固定手段3,3によって車体に固定されている。
万一、衝突事故が発生して、その衝撃力が、比較的強度
の劣る合成樹脂製のスポイラーの車体への取付部2に集
中応力として加わり、この取付部2が応力破壊されて
も、強靭なワイヤー状の括り付材6、及びその両末端の
連結部10、そして、車体に固着されて連結部10を固
定させる固定手段3に迄に破壊力が及ぶことはまず無い
ので、スポイラーはこの括り付材6に引っ掛った状態に
なって、周囲に跳ね飛ぶのが防がれる。The bundling member 6 in which the inner space of the hollow spoiler is inserted in the longitudinal direction thereof is provided at both ends, and the connecting portions 10 and 1 are provided.
0 is fixed to the vehicle body by fixing means 3 and 3.
Should a collision accident occur, the impact force will be applied as concentrated stress to the mounting portion 2 of the synthetic resin spoiler, which is relatively inferior in strength, to the vehicle body, and even if this mounting portion 2 is stress-damaged, it will be tough. Since the wire-like binding member 6, the connecting portions 10 at both ends thereof, and the fixing means 3 that is fixed to the vehicle body and fixes the connecting portion 10 are unlikely to have a destructive force, the spoiler is It becomes a state of being caught by the binding material 6, and it is prevented from splashing around.
【0006】[0006]
【実施例】以下に、図1乃至図3を参照し乍ら、本考案
による自動車用スポイラーA、この場合はリヤスポイラ
ーの一実施例を説明する。図示の様に中空状に成形され
たスポイラー本体1は硬質合成樹脂製で、ブロー成形、
回転成形、射出成形その他の適宜の成形技法によって作
られている。その全長は車体後部の横幅に略等しく、両
端は尖頭状に形成すると共に、自動車のボデーBの外表
面の曲面に沿う様に湾曲させている。スポイラー本体1
の下面の両末端近くは、ボデーBへの取付部2,2を一
体に突設している。尚、図1と図2とでは、取付部2の
形状を幾分相異させて描いている。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of a vehicle spoiler A, in this case a rear spoiler, according to the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. As shown in the figure, the spoiler body 1 formed in a hollow shape is made of hard synthetic resin, and blow molding,
It is made by rotational molding, injection molding or any other suitable molding technique. The overall length is substantially equal to the lateral width of the rear part of the vehicle body, both ends are formed in a pointed shape, and are curved so as to follow the curved surface of the outer surface of the body B of the automobile. Spoiler body 1
Mounting portions 2 and 2 to the body B are integrally provided near both ends of the lower surface of the body. 1 and 2, the shape of the mounting portion 2 is drawn slightly different.
【0007】各取付部2の下面には、スポイラー本体1
をボデーBに取り付ける取付ボルト3を組み付けたブラ
ケット4を、2本のタッピン螺5によって取り付けてい
る。又、スポイラー本体1の下面には、各ブラケット4
に隣接させて、以下に述べる括り付材6を挿通させる挿
通孔7,7を設けている(図示2参照)。On the lower surface of each mounting portion 2, the spoiler body 1
The bracket 4 assembled with the mounting bolts 3 for mounting on the body B is mounted by the two tapping screws 5. Also, on the bottom surface of the spoiler body 1, each bracket 4
Insertion holes 7 and 7 through which a binding material 6 described below is inserted are provided adjacent to (see FIG. 2).
【0008】図1に示したこの実施例の括り付材6は、
スポイラー本体1の内空部をその長手方向に挿通させ得
る長さのステンレススチール製のワイヤー(又はロー
プ)で、太さは約1.5mmである。この括り付材6に
は、軟質塩化ビニール等を素材として作られた軟質チュ
ーブ8を覆せて、括り付材6がスポイラー本体1の内壁
面に触れた時に接触騒音を発しない様にしている。スポ
イラー本体1の内空部を挿通させた括り付材6の両端
は、図2に示した様にループ状に曲げたうえアルミ環9
でカシメ止めして、ループ状の連結部10を形成させて
いる。尚、11は取付部2の下面に貼着した発泡ネオプ
レンゴム製の防水・緩衝用パッキンである。The bundling material 6 of this embodiment shown in FIG.
The spoiler body 1 is a stainless steel wire (or rope) having a length that allows the inner space of the spoiler body 1 to be inserted in the longitudinal direction thereof, and has a thickness of about 1.5 mm. The tying material 6 is covered with a soft tube 8 made of soft vinyl chloride or the like so that the tying material 6 does not generate contact noise when it comes into contact with the inner wall surface of the spoiler body 1. Both ends of the bundling member 6 which is inserted through the inner space of the spoiler body 1 are bent into a loop shape as shown in FIG.
Then, crimping is performed to form a loop-shaped connecting portion 10. Reference numeral 11 is a waterproof / buffering packing made of foamed neoprene rubber that is attached to the lower surface of the mounting portion 2.
【0009】スポイラーAは、スポイラー本体1の各取
付部2,2に夫々上述の如くして取付ボルト3,3を組
み付け、スポイラー本体1の内空部を挿通させた括り付
材6の両端の連結部10,10を、図1,2の様に取付
ボルト3,3の脚部に夫々引っ掛けて、完全に組立を終
えた状態で市場に供給される。この場合、取付ボルト3
が連結部10の固定手段の役割を兼ね備えている。In the spoiler A, the mounting bolts 3 are attached to the respective mounting portions 2 and 2 of the spoiler main body 1 as described above, and both ends of the binding member 6 in which the inner hollow portion of the spoiler main body 1 is inserted. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the connecting portions 10 and 10 are hooked on the legs of the mounting bolts 3 and 3, respectively, and are completely assembled and supplied to the market. In this case, mounting bolt 3
Also serves as a fixing means of the connecting portion 10.
【0010】次に、上記構成の作用を説明する。スポイ
ラーAを、ボデーBの後部上面に取り付けるには、先
ず、ボデーBの取付部2,2が当接される個所に、夫々
取付ボルト3を螺止するボルト孔を明け置く。尤も、ボ
デーBの下側の車体構成部材にボルト孔を明け、ボデー
Bには取付ボルト3の挿通孔を明けて置く方法によって
もよい。次いで、スポイラー本体1の下面に突出してい
る2本の取付ボルト3,3を、ボデーBのボルト孔に挿
通させたうえ、その先端に螺着したナット12を締め付
ければ、ボデーBへのスポイラーAの取り付けは簡単に
終わる。Next, the operation of the above configuration will be described. In order to attach the spoiler A to the upper surface of the rear portion of the body B, first, bolt holes for screwing the attachment bolts 3 are opened at the positions where the attachment portions 2 and 2 of the body B are brought into contact with each other. However, it is also possible to form a bolt hole in the vehicle body component below the body B and to place an insertion hole for the mounting bolt 3 in the body B. Then, the two mounting bolts 3 and 3 projecting from the lower surface of the spoiler body 1 are inserted into the bolt holes of the body B, and the nut 12 screwed at the tip thereof is tightened, whereby the spoiler to the body B is spoiled. Installation of A is easy.
【0011】スポイラーAを取り付けた自動車が、高速
走行中に万一衝突事故を起こせば、強靭性が比較的劣る
合成樹脂製のスポイラー本体1の取付部2には大きな集
中応力が生じて、この取付部2が応力破壊する可能性が
高い。そして、若し破壊すれば、スポイラー本体1が跳
ね飛んで周囲にいる人や物にぶつかって危害を及ぼす恐
れが多分に生ずる。処が、上記スポイラーAは、万一、
スポイラー本体1がボデーBから外れてしまっても、そ
の内空部に挿通させた強靭な括り付材6の両端が、連結
部10を介して、ボデーBに螺止され取付ボルト3に固
定されており、スポイラー本体1は言わば、括り付材6
によってボデーBに括り付けられた状態にある。そし
て、衝突時にこの固定箇所迄が破壊されて、連結部10
が取付ボルト3から脱落する様なことは殆ど起こり得な
いので、たとえ、スポイラー本体1が真ん中で2つに折
れてしまったとしても、車体から分離して跳ね飛ぶこと
が略確実に防止される。If a vehicle equipped with the spoiler A has a collision accident while traveling at a high speed, a large concentrated stress is generated in the mounting portion 2 of the synthetic resin spoiler body 1 which is relatively inferior in toughness. There is a high possibility that the mounting portion 2 will be stress-damaged. If it is destroyed, there is a possibility that the spoiler body 1 bounces off and hits people or objects in the vicinity to cause harm. By the way, the spoiler A
Even if the spoiler body 1 is detached from the body B, both ends of the tough binding material 6 inserted into the inner space of the spoiler body 1 are screwed to the body B through the connecting portions 10 and fixed to the mounting bolts 3. The spoiler body 1 is, as it were, a binding material 6
It is in a state of being bound to body B by. Then, at the time of collision, up to this fixed portion is destroyed, and the connecting portion 10
Is unlikely to fall off the mounting bolt 3, so even if the spoiler body 1 is broken into two in the middle, it is almost certainly prevented from separating from the vehicle body and bouncing off. .
【0012】図3及び4は、本考案の他の実施例を示し
ている。上記実施例との相異点は、取付ボルト3をスポ
イラー本体1の取付部2に固定させる固定手段にある。
即ち、取付ボルト3の基端(下端)に溶接されてその取
付用ベース部となるブラケット3aを、スポイラー本体
1の成形時に、その取付部2に一体埋設している。その
為、取付ボルト3をスポイラー本体1に取り付ける厄介
な手間と、タッピン螺5を省くことが出来る。3 and 4 show another embodiment of the present invention. The difference from the above embodiment is the fixing means for fixing the mounting bolt 3 to the mounting portion 2 of the spoiler body 1.
That is, the bracket 3a that is welded to the base end (lower end) of the mounting bolt 3 and serves as the mounting base portion is integrally embedded in the mounting portion 2 when the spoiler body 1 is molded. Therefore, the troublesome work of attaching the mounting bolt 3 to the spoiler body 1 and the tapping screw 5 can be omitted.
【0013】尚、上記構成に於いて、括り付材6は金属
線材に限られず、例えば、強靭な合成繊維製のロープ等
でも良いし、連結部10は括り付材6のループ部に代え
て金属環等の連結金具の類いであっても良い。又、括り
付材6の両末端に引張力を及ぼす様な、括り付材6の固
定構造を採用すれば、軟質チューブ8を省くことも出来
る。そして、取付部2を車体に固定させる固定構造も、
勿論、図示に限られない等、細部の構成は適宜に設計変
更しても本考案の目的は達成される。In the above structure, the binding material 6 is not limited to the metal wire material, but may be a rope made of tough synthetic fiber, for example, and the connecting portion 10 is replaced with the loop portion of the binding material 6. It may be a metal fitting such as a metal ring. Further, by adopting a fixing structure of the binding material 6 that exerts a tensile force on both ends of the binding material 6, the soft tube 8 can be omitted. Also, the fixing structure for fixing the mounting portion 2 to the vehicle body,
Of course, the object of the present invention can be achieved even if the detailed configuration is not limited to that shown in the drawings and the design is appropriately changed.
【0014】[0014]
【考案の効果】以上の説明によって明らかな様に、本考
案による自動車用スポイラーは、成形・加工性、軽量
性、耐蝕性等に優れた合成樹脂を素材として中空状に形
成されているので、軽量・安価に作成出来る利点に加え
て、万一、衝突事故を起こした場合に、その衝撃力によ
って比較的強度の劣る合成樹脂製スポイラーが破壊され
ても、中空状をしたスポイラー本体の内空部に挿通され
て、その両端を車体に固定された強靭な括り付材が、ス
ポイラーを車体に括り付けた状態に保ってくれる。その
為、スポイラーが車体から分離して跳ね飛び、周辺の人
や物に危害を及ぼす恐れは略確実に解消されると言う、
安全上の極めて重要な長所を併せ備えている。[Effects of the Invention] As is clear from the above description, the spoiler for automobiles according to the present invention is made of a synthetic resin having excellent molding / workability, light weight, corrosion resistance and the like in a hollow shape. In addition to the advantage of being lightweight and inexpensive, in the event of a collision accident, even if a synthetic resin spoiler with relatively low strength is destroyed by the impact force, the inner space of the hollow spoiler body The tough tying material that is inserted into the section and fixed at both ends to the vehicle body keeps the spoiler tied to the vehicle body. For this reason, the spoiler can be separated from the vehicle body and bounce off, which can almost certainly eliminate the risk of harming people and objects in the vicinity.
It also has extremely important safety advantages.
【図1】本考案の一実施例を示す、車体への取付構造の
説明を兼ねた横断面図である。FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of the present invention, which is also used for explaining a mounting structure to a vehicle body.
【図2】同上、取付部の近傍の部分拡大分解斜視図であ
る。FIG. 2 is a partially enlarged exploded perspective view of the vicinity of the mounting portion of the above.
【図3】本考案の他の実施例を示す、スポイラーの取付
部近傍の斜視図である。FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the vicinity of the mounting portion of the spoiler, showing another embodiment of the present invention.
【図4】同上、スポイラーの取付部近傍の縦断面図であ
る。FIG. 4 is a vertical sectional view of the vicinity of the attachment portion of the spoiler.
【図5】自動車の車体後部にスポイラーを取り付けた状
態の斜視図である。FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a state in which a spoiler is attached to a rear portion of a vehicle body of an automobile.
A スポイラー B ボデー 1 スポイラー本体 2 取付部 3 取付ボルト(固定手段) 3a ブラケット 4 ブラケット 5 タッピン螺 6 括り付材 7 挿通孔 8 軟質チューブ 9 アルミ環 10 連結部 11 パッキン 12 ナット A spoiler B body 1 spoiler body 2 mounting part 3 mounting bolt (fixing means) 3a bracket 4 bracket 5 tapping screw 6 bundling material 7 insertion hole 8 soft tube 9 aluminum ring 10 connecting part 11 packing 12 nut
Claims (3)
突事故発生時に車体への取付部分を破壊された場合に、
車体から分離して跳ね飛ぶのを防ぎ、周囲に危害を及ぼ
す恐れを無くす様に構成したものであって、合成樹脂製
で中空状をなし、その長手方向の両端近くに夫々車体へ
の取付部2を設けると共に、該夫々の取付部2の近傍に
挿通孔7を設けたスポイラー本体1と、前記両端近くの
挿通孔7,7を通して、前記スポイラー本体1の内空部
に挿通させた、ワイヤーやロープ等からなる強靭な括り
付材6と、該括り付材6の両末端に夫々設けた、ループ
部や連結金具等の連結部10と、前記スポイラー本体1
を車体に取り付けた状態で、前記連結部10を夫々車体
に固定させる固定手段3とを備えることを特徴とする自
動車用スポイラー。1. When a synthetic resin spoiler for an automobile has its mounting portion on the vehicle body destroyed in the event of a collision,
It is constructed so as to prevent it from separating from the car body and bouncing off, and eliminating the risk of harm to the surroundings.It is made of synthetic resin and has a hollow shape, and it is attached to the car body near both ends in the longitudinal direction. Wires that are inserted into the inner space of the spoiler main body 1 through the spoiler main body 1 provided with the insertion holes 7 near the respective mounting portions 2 and the insertion holes 7 and 7 near the both ends. A strong binding material 6 made of rope, rope, etc., a connecting portion 10 such as a loop portion or a connecting metal fitting provided at each end of the binding material 6, and the spoiler body 1
A spoiler for an automobile, comprising: fixing means 3 for fixing each of the connecting portions 10 to the vehicle body in a state of being attached to the vehicle body.
に固定させる取付ボルトであり、前記連結部10を、こ
の取付ボルト3に掛止させる様にしたことを特徴とする
請求項1項記載の自動車用スポイラー。2. The fixing means 3 is a mounting bolt for fixing the mounting portion 2 to a vehicle body, and the connecting portion 10 is hooked on the mounting bolt 3. The spoiler for automobiles according to the item.
取付用ベース部3aを、前記スポイラー本体1の取付部
2に埋設したことを特徴とする請求項2項記載の自動車
用スポイラー。3. The automotive spoiler according to claim 2, wherein the mounting bolt 3 has a mounting base portion 3a provided at a base end thereof embedded in the mounting portion 2 of the spoiler body 1.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP9055291U JPH085112Y2 (en) | 1991-10-07 | 1991-10-07 | Car spoiler |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP9055291U JPH085112Y2 (en) | 1991-10-07 | 1991-10-07 | Car spoiler |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH0565773U JPH0565773U (en) | 1993-08-31 |
JPH085112Y2 true JPH085112Y2 (en) | 1996-02-14 |
Family
ID=14001575
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP9055291U Expired - Lifetime JPH085112Y2 (en) | 1991-10-07 | 1991-10-07 | Car spoiler |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH085112Y2 (en) |
-
1991
- 1991-10-07 JP JP9055291U patent/JPH085112Y2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH0565773U (en) | 1993-08-31 |
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