JPH08198484A - Automatic protecting paper peeling device - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To securely and excellently peel a pressure sensitive adhesive double coated tape, which is stuck to a reel after the pretreatment for paper joint, or the surface side protecting paper of a tab at the appropriate time. CONSTITUTION: The automatic protecting paper peeling device is formed of a rotary driving mechanism 8 for normally and reversely rotating the reel P, to which the pre-treatment for paper joint is already performed and which is supported by a reel supporting device 2 arranged in a paper feeding part of a rotary press, and a nozzle 9 arranged in the paper feeding part of the rotary press freely to be elevated and for peeling a pressure sensitive adhesive double coated tape for paper joint, which is attached to the outer surface of the tip of the reel P by blowing the compressed air (a) in the tangent direction of the reel P after pre-treatment for paper joint and toward the tip of the reel P, and the surface side protecting paper of a tab T for locking the tip of the reel P with the outer surface.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a pre-bonded newspaper for paper splicing, which is disposed in a paper feeding section of a rotary printing press for newspapers, magazines, books and the like and is supported by a web supporting device of the rotary press. The present invention relates to a protective paper automatic peeling device for automatically peeling a front side protective paper of a double-sided adhesive tape for paper splicing and a front side protective paper of a tab from a paper roll for printing or a paper roll for commercial printing.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Generally, newspaper printing webs carried into a paper feed unit of a printing press are preliminarily spliced so that automatic paper splicing can be performed at the paper feed unit of the rotary press. Pre-processed.

Conventionally, the paper splicing pretreatment has been performed manually or by an automatic paper splicing pretreatment device disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-295354. That is, in this paper splicing pretreatment, as shown in FIG.
A double-sided adhesive tape t is attached to the surface of the leading end to form a paper splicing adhesive layer, and the leading end is fixed to the outer surface of the web P by the tab T. is there. As the tab T, a substantially rectangular tab T or a T-shaped tab T is used as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, and each of them has an adhesive layer Tb on the front and back surfaces. It is formed by stacking protective paper T'on the core paper Ta.

The paper roll P which has been subjected to the pretreatment for paper splicing.
After peeling off the double-sided adhesive tape t and the protective paper on the front surface of the tab T to expose the adhesive layer, as shown in FIG.
It is mounted on the roll paper support device 21 arranged in the paper feed unit 0,
It is rotated by the rotary drive device 22 to the rotary press 20 at the same peripheral speed as the web P'in use which is fed at a constant speed. Then, when the remaining amount of the used paper roll P ′ is reduced, the end portion of the used paper roll P ′ is pressed against the start end of the new paper roll P by the pressing device 23. As a result, the terminal end of the web P'in use and the starting end of the new web P are attached and connected by the adhesive layer for splicing the paper or the adhesive layer of the tab T, and the tab T is cut. As a result, the start end portion of the new paper roll P comes off the outer surface of the paper roll P,
It is continuously supplied to the rotary press 20.

[0005]

The peeling of the double-sided adhesive tape t and the front surface side protective paper of the tab T, which are adhered to the front end portion of the paper roll P, is performed immediately before the automatic paper splicing (the paper roll P is rolled up). It is preferable to do this after mounting on the supporting device 21).
The reason is that if the protective paper is peeled off in advance, dust or the like will adhere to the adhesive layer exposed until the paper P is used, and the adhesive strength will decrease, and automatic paper splicing can be reliably performed. Because it will disappear. In addition, the adhesive layer of the double-sided adhesive tape t and the tab T, after the double-sided adhesive tape t and the tab T are attached to the front end portion of the paper roll P, the operator peels the front side protective paper by hand,
Alternatively, it is exposed by being automatically peeled off.

By the way, when the protective paper is manually peeled off, the time when the protective paper is peeled off can be suitably selected so that dust or the like does not adhere to the adhesive layer. However, in this case, since the worker has to peel off the front side protective paper one by one, it is not possible to fully automate the process, and it takes manpower to peel off the front side protective paper, resulting in a high labor cost. There was a problem of inviting. In addition, an adhesive layer forming device of an automatic paper splicing pretreatment device disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-295354, and the Japanese Utility Model Publication No.
In the case of automatically peeling off the protective paper using the tab surface side protective paper peeling device disclosed in JP-A-22524,
Labor costs can be reduced without requiring manpower. However, in this case, since the protective paper is peeled off before the web P is mounted on the web support device 21 of the rotary press 20, dust or the like is exposed on the adhesive layer exposed before the web P is used. There is a problem that the adhesive strength is reduced and the automatic paper splicing cannot be performed reliably.

On the other hand, in recent years, a person skilled in the art has developed a protective material peeling device capable of automatically peeling the protective paper at the time most suitable for automatic paper splicing, and has been disclosed as Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 5-24056. . That is, this peeling device is arranged in the vicinity of the paper roll supporting device of the rotary press, and it is possible to automatically peel the protective paper from the pre-processed paper roll for paper splicing mounted on the paper roll supporting device. It is a thing.

However, since the peeling device peels only the protective paper on the front surface side of the tab, the protective paper of the double-sided adhesive tape for splicing must be peeled in advance.
As a result, there has been a problem that the adhesive strength of the double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape is reduced, and automatic paper splicing cannot be performed reliably. Further, since the peeling device is configured to peel the protective paper by adsorbing the protective paper of the tab with the adsorbing member and moving the adsorbing member in this state, the adhesive layer of the tab and the protective paper are in a completely adhered state. In the case of the above, there is a problem that the protective paper cannot be reliably peeled due to a peeling error or a suction error.

The present invention was created in order to solve the above problems, and its purpose is to provide a double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape and a front surface protective paper for a tab, which are attached to a pre-treated paper roll for paper splicing. Another object of the present invention is to provide a protective paper automatic peeling device capable of reliably and satisfactorily peeling the protective paper at a suitable time.

[0010]

In order to achieve the above object, a protective paper automatic peeling device of the present invention is a paper splicing pretreatment supported by a paper roll supporting device provided in a paper feeding section of a rotary press. A rotation drive mechanism that rotates the completed roll paper forward and backward, and a feed unit of the rotary press that can move up and down, and presses compressed air in the tangential direction of the pre-processed roll paper for splicing and toward the tip side. Consists of a front side protective paper of a double-sided adhesive tape for paper splicing that is sprayed and attached to the outer surface of the front end of the paper roll, and a nozzle that separates the front side protective paper of the tab that fastens the front end of the paper roll to the outer surface. It was done.

The nozzle is composed of an air pipe longer than the width of the web and nozzle holes formed at predetermined intervals in the air pipe, so that compressed air can be blown over the entire width of the web. It is preferable.
Further, it is preferable to attach a positioning roller to the nozzle so as to be able to come into contact with the outer surface of the paper roll so that the nozzle hole is oriented in the tangential direction of the paper roll when the positioning roller comes into contact with the outer surface of the paper roll. Further, it is preferable to dispose a collecting bag for collecting the protective paper peeled off by the nozzle in the paper feeding section of the rotary press so as to be movable up and down.

[0012]

The pre-processed paper for splicing (paper for newspaper printing or commercial printing) that has been conveyed to the paper feed section of the rotary press is fed to the paper feed supporting device arranged in the paper feed section of the rotary press. It is rotatably supported. When the paper roll is supported by the paper roll support device and reaches a predetermined position, the nozzle descends to bring the positioning roller into contact with the outer surface of the paper roll. At this time, each nozzle hole of the nozzle faces the tangential direction of the paper roll by the positioning roller. When each nozzle hole of the nozzle faces the tangential direction of the web, compressed air is ejected from the nozzle over the entire width direction of the web and toward the leading end of the web in this state, and the web is driven by the rotation drive mechanism. Slowly rotate the paper in the winding direction. As a result, the front surface protective paper of the double-sided adhesive tape and the front surface protective paper of the tab are automatically peeled off. Then, the peeled protective paper is collected in a collecting bag that is lowered to a position below the nozzle.

This protective paper automatic peeling device is directed in the tangential direction of the paper roll while rotating the paper splicing pre-processed paper roll, which is supported by a paper roll support device provided in the paper feeding section of the rotary press, in a predetermined direction. Since the compressed air is blown over the entire width direction of the paper roll, the double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape and the protective paper for the tab can be peeled off reliably and satisfactorily at the most suitable time for splicing the paper roll. . Further, since the protective paper is peeled off by compressed air, there is no possibility of damaging the outer surface of the paper roll, the double-sided adhesive tape or the tab. Furthermore, since the roll of paper is rotated in the winding direction while blowing compressed air toward the front end of the roll of paper, the front end of the roll of paper is not flipped up and the tab is not cut.

[0014]

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a protective paper automatic peeling device 1 of the present invention. The protective paper automatic peeling device 1 is arranged in a paper feeding portion of a printing press for newspapers and the like. From the pre-processed roll paper P for splicing supported by the roll paper support device 2 arranged in the paper feed unit, the front side protective paper t'of the double sided adhesive tape t for splicing and the front side protective paper T'of the tab T are shown.
Is automatically peeled.

The paper roll supporting device 2 has a structure similar to that of a conventionally known device, is rotatably mounted on a Y-shaped frame 3 erected on the floor surface, and has a driving device (not shown) such as a motor. ), A reel shaft 4 that is driven to rotate, a pair of three-pronged arms 5 that are arranged so as to face the reel shaft 4 and that can be moved and adjusted along the reel shaft 4, and the tip ends of the three-pronged arms 5 are rotatable. A support shaft 6 that is provided and can be inserted into the tubular core material of the paper roll P, and a cylinder 7 that is provided on one of the three-pronged arms 5 and that moves the support shaft 6 forward and backward along the reel shaft 4.
And so on. Thus, the paper roll support device 2 is
By inserting the support shaft 6 into the cylindrical core material of the paper roll P that has been conveyed to the paper feed section of the rotary press by the paper roll transport vehicle or the like, and rotating the three-pronged arm 5 to lift the web roll P from the transport car. , The web P can be rotatably supported,
Further, by rotating the three-pronged arm 5 while supporting the paper roll P, the paper roll P is fed to the paper feed position (the one-dot chain line position in FIG. 2), the protective paper peeling position (the solid line position in FIG. 2), and the paper splicing position ( (Not shown), the paper roll mounting position (the position indicated by the chain double-dashed line in FIG. 2), and the like.

The protective paper automatic peeling device 1 of the present invention comprises a rotation drive mechanism 8 for rotating the pre-paper joining pre-processed paper P supported by the paper roll support device 2 in forward and reverse directions, and the paper web P.
9, a nozzle 9 for blowing compressed air a onto the outer surface of the nozzle, a nozzle elevating mechanism 10 for moving the nozzle 9 up and down, a collecting bag 11 for collecting the peeled protective paper t ′, T ′, and the like. Is a control device such as a computer (not shown)
Is automatically controlled according to a preset signal from

The rotary drive mechanism 8 comprises a paper roll support device 2
The web P that is supported by and is in the splicing position is rotated forward (see FIG. 2).
2) and the reverse direction of the paper P at the protective paper peeling position (direction of arrow B in FIG. 2). The rotary drive mechanism 8 includes a plurality of servo motors 8
a is used, each servo motor 8a is provided at the tip of the other three-pronged arm 5, and the support shaft 6 can be rotated forward and backward. It should be noted that the servomotor 8a rotates the paper P forwardly at the same peripheral speed as the paper P in use being fed to the rotary press at a constant speed when the paper P is at the splicing position. Is controlled to slowly rotate the paper P backward at least about one and a half turns when the paper is in the protective paper peeling position.

The nozzle 9 is arranged so as to be able to move up and down in a paper feeding section of a rotary press by a nozzle elevating mechanism 10 which will be described later, and is directed in the tangential direction of the pre-processed paper P for splicing and toward the front end side. And the compressed air a is blown to separate the front side protective paper t'of the double-sided adhesive tape t for splicing and the front side protective paper T'of the tab T, which are adhered to the outer surface of the front end portion of the paper roll P. is there. That is, the nozzle 9 has an air pipe 9a that is longer than the width of the paper P having a closed tip,
Nozzle holes 9 formed at predetermined intervals in the air pipe 9a
b, and compressed air a having a certain pressure or more supplied from an air supply source (not shown) such as a compressor via a hose 12 and a valve (not shown) is blown over the entire width direction of the web P. It is like this. or,
The nozzle 9 has a roll of paper P that is at the protective paper peeling position when descending.
A locating roller 13 that is in contact with the outer surface of the roller and directs the nozzle hole 9b in the tangential direction of the paper roll P is rotatably attached. A silicon roller is used as the positioning roller 13 so that the positioning roller 13 does not stick to the double-sided adhesive tape t or the adhesive surface of the tab T when rolling on the outer surface of the paper P. . Furthermore, the nozzle 9
, A plurality of color identification sensors 14 for confirming peeling of the protective papers t ′ and T ′ are attached to the double-sided adhesive tape t and the tab T in a state of facing each other. The number of the nozzle holes 9b, the pressure of the compressed air a supplied to the nozzles 9, the distance between the nozzle holes 9b and the outer surface of the paper roll P when the protective paper is peeled off, etc.
Front side protective paper t'of the double-sided adhesive tape for paper splicing and the front side protective paper T'of the tab T which are attached to the outer surface of the front end of the
Is set so that the peeling can be reliably performed.

The nozzle elevating mechanism 10 has a standby position (solid line position in FIG. 2) in which the nozzle 9 is separated from the web P so as not to hinder the rotation of the three-pronged arm 5 and the positioning roller 13.
Is abutted on the outer surface of the paper roll P at the protective paper peeling position, and the nozzle 9 can be moved up and down so that the nozzle 9 can take an air ejection position (position indicated by the alternate long and short dash line in FIG. 2) close to the outer surface of the paper roll P. To support. This nozzle lifting mechanism 10
Uses a pair of fluid pressure cylinders 10a,
The fluid pressure cylinder 10a is vertically attached to a stay 15 arranged on the upper part of the Y-shaped frame, and a nozzle 9 is connected to and supported by a rod of the stay 15. The fluid pressure cylinder 10a is drive-controlled so that the nozzle 9 can take the standby position and the air ejection position.

The collecting bag 11 collects the protective papers t'and T'peeled by the nozzle 9. As the collecting bag 11, a net bag whose upper side is opened is used.
The opening area of the mesh bag is set to a size that can reliably collect the peeled protective papers t ′ and T ′. Also, the collection bag 11
Is a standby position (solid line position in FIG. 2) that does not hinder the rotation of the three-pronged arm 5 and a recovery position that receives the peeled protective paper t ′, T ′ by the fluid pressure cylinder 16 attached to the stay 15 in a vertical posture. (The position indicated by the alternate long and short dash line in FIG. 2) is supported so that it can move up and down. Further, a sensor 17 including a photoelectric tube or the like for confirming that the protective papers t ′ and T ′ have fallen into the recovery bag 11 is attached to the opening of the recovery bag 11.

Next, description will be made on the case where the double sided adhesive tape t and the front surface side protective papers t'and T'of the tab T are peeled off from the pre-rolled paper P for splicing by using the automatic protective paper peeling apparatus 1, respectively. To do. The web P that has been transported to the paper feed section of the rotary press by a web transport vehicle or the like is transferred between the three-forked arms 5 of the web support device 2, and the support shaft 6 is inserted into the tubular core to insert the three-arm. By rotating 5 the paper is supported rotatably by the paper roll support device 2. Note that the paper P that has been conveyed to the paper supply unit has been subjected to paper splicing pretreatment as shown in FIG. 5, and the double-sided adhesive tape t and the front adhesive surface of the tab T have protective paper t, respectively. ′ And T ′ are overlaid. Further, the nozzle 9 and the recovery bag 11 are in standby positions (solid line positions in FIG. 2).

When the paper roll P is supported by the paper roll support device 2 and reaches the protective paper peeling position (solid line position in FIG. 2), the fluid pressure cylinder 10a extends to lower the nozzle 9 from the standby position to the air ejection position. At the same time, the fluid pressure cylinder 16 extends to lower the recovery bag 11 from the standby position to the recovery position (see FIG. 4 (A)). When the nozzle 9 descends to the air ejection position, the positioning roller 13 comes into contact with the outer surface of the web P, and the nozzle holes 9b of the nozzle 9 are directed tangentially to the web P and toward the leading end.

When the nozzle 9 descends to the air ejection position, in this state, the compressed air a is ejected from the nozzle 9 in the tangential direction of the web P and over the entire width direction of the web P, and at the protective paper peeling position. Support shaft 6 of the trifurcated arm 5 at
Is rotationally driven by the servo motor 8a to slowly rotate the web P in the reverse rotation direction (arrow B direction in FIG. 2) for about one and a half turns (see FIG. 4B). As a result, the front side protective paper t'of the double-sided adhesive tape t and the front side protective papers t ', T'of the tab T are automatically peeled off (see FIG. 4C).
At this time, since the compressed air a is blown over the entire widthwise direction of the web P while rotating the web P in the reverse direction, the double-sided adhesive tape t and the protective papers t ′ and T ′ of the tab T are surely and substantially simultaneously. It can be peeled off well,
It cannot be said that the tab T is cut because the leading end of the paper roll P is turned up.

Then, the peeled protective papers t'and T'are
It is collected in the collection bag 11 at the collection position. The peeling of the protective papers t ′ and T ′ is detected by the color identification sensor 14 provided in the nozzle 9 and the sensor 17 provided in the opening of the recovery bag 11. If the protective papers t'and T'are not peeled off, the compressed air a is again jetted from the nozzle 9 and the winding paper P is rotated in the reverse direction by the servomotor 8a, so that the protective papers t'and T '. The peeling work of 'is performed.

When all the protective sheets t'and T'are peeled off, the fluid pressure cylinder 10a is shortened to return the nozzle 9 from the air ejection position to the standby position, and the fluid pressure cylinder 16 is shortened. Then, the recovery bag 11 is returned from the recovery position to the standby position. In this way, the double-sided adhesive tape t and the protective papers t ′ and T ′ of the tab T are peeled off from the pre-rolled paper P for splicing at the protective paper peeling position.

The web P having the protective papers t'and T'peeled off is rotated at the same peripheral speed as the web P in use which is being fed to the rotary press at a constant speed by the rotary drive mechanism 8. After that, the end portion of the web P in use is pressed against the start end of the new web P by the pressing device 19. As a result, the terminal end of the paper P being used and the starting end of the new paper P are attached and connected by the double-sided adhesive tape t and the tab T, and the tab T is cut. As a result, the starting end portion of the new paper roll P comes off the outer surface of the paper roll P and is continuously supplied to the rotary press.

In the above-described embodiment, the servomotor 8a is used as the rotary drive mechanism 8, but in other embodiments, the rotary drive mechanism 8 is provided with a pre-printer provided in the sheet feeding portion of the rotary press. The drive device 18 may be used, and the web P at the protective paper peeling position may be rotationally driven by the drive belt 18a of the pre-drive device 18. In this case, it goes without saying that the drive belt 18a can rotate forward and backward.

In the above embodiment, the nozzle 9 and the recovery bag 11 are moved up and down by the fluid pressure cylinders 10a and 16, but in the other embodiments, the nozzle 9 is not shown. Also, the recovery bag 11 is supported to be vertically movable on a vertical guide rail provided on the stay, and the nozzle 9 and the recovery bag 11 are moved up and down along the guide rail by a drive mechanism including a rack, a pinion, a motor and the like. May be.

In the above embodiment, the double-sided adhesive tape t
Although the adhesive layer for paper splicing is formed by using the adhesive layer having the same width as that of the protective paper t ', in another embodiment, Japanese Patent Application No. 6-48796 is used. The adhesive layer for paper splicing may be formed using the double-sided adhesive tape disclosed in (2 sided adhesive tape in which the width of the protective paper is larger than the width of the adhesive layer). In this case, a gap is formed between the protective paper and the adhesive layer, and the compressed air a is blown into the gap so that the protective paper is reliably peeled with a probability of 100%. .

In the above-mentioned embodiment, the pre-treated splicing paper P for splicing is rotatably supported by the three-pronged arm 5, and the double-sided adhesive tape t and the protective paper t'of the tab T are fed from the winding paper P.
Although T'is peeled off, in another embodiment,
Even if the pre-processed paper P for splicing is rotatably supported by a two-pronged arm (not shown), the double-sided adhesive tape t and the protective papers t ′ and T ′ of the tab T are peeled from the paper P. good.

In the above embodiment, the protective paper automatic peeling device 1 peels the protective papers t'and T'when the pre-rolled paper P for splicing is in the protective paper peeling position. In another embodiment, the protective paper automatic peeling device 1 peels the protective paper t'and T'when the paper P is at another position (a position other than the paper feeding position and the paper splicing position). You can

In the above-described embodiment, the newspaper printing web P that has been pretreated for splicing using the protective paper automatic peeling device 1 is used.
The protective papers t'and T'are peeled off from the paper, but in another embodiment, the protective papers t'and T'are peeled off from the preprinted commercial printing web P for splicing. May be.

[0033]

As described above, in the automatic protective paper peeling device of the present invention, a nozzle for blowing compressed air to the outer surface of the web and a rotary drive mechanism for rotating the web in the reverse direction are provided in the paper feed section of the rotary press. The compressed air is blown from the nozzle toward the tangential direction of the web while the web is rotated in the specified direction by the rotation drive mechanism. Each of the protective papers can be peeled off automatically. Further, since the compressed air is blown toward the tangential direction of the paper roll and over the entire widthwise direction of the paper roll, the double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape and the protective paper for the tab can be peeled off reliably and satisfactorily at substantially the same time. Further, since the protective paper is peeled off by the compressed air, it does not occur that the outer surface of the paper roll, the double-sided adhesive tape or the tab is damaged. In addition, since the peeled protective paper is collected by the collecting bag, the peeled protective paper does not scatter on the floor surface or the like to cause trouble in the work.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an automatic protective paper peeling device of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic front view of a state in which an automatic protective paper peeling device is arranged in a paper feeding unit of a rotary press.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of line II of FIG.

FIG. 4 is a schematic explanatory view of a state where the protective paper is peeled off by the automatic protective paper peeling device.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a paper roll that has been subjected to a pre-bonding process.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing a tab used for pre-treatment for paper splicing, with a protective paper on a front surface side being peeled off.

FIG. 7 is a schematic explanatory view of a paper feeding unit in the rotary press.

[Explanation of symbols]

1 is a protective paper automatic peeling device, 2 is a roll paper support device, 8 is a rotary drive mechanism, 9 is a nozzle, 9a is an air pipe, 9b is a nozzle hole, 11 is a collecting bag, 13 is a positioning roller, P is a roll paper, and T is Tab, t is double-sided adhesive tape, T'is protective paper for tab, t'is protective paper for double-sided adhesive tape.

Claims (4)

[Claims] 1. A rotary drive mechanism (8) for rotating a paper splicing pretreated paper (P), which is supported by a paper roll support device (2) arranged in a paper feeding section of a rotary press, in forward and reverse directions. The winding paper (P) is arranged in the paper feeding section of the rotary press so as to be able to move up and down, and the compressed air (a) is blown toward the tip end side in the tangential direction of the pre-processed winding paper (P) for paper splicing. Front side protective paper (t ') of double-sided adhesive tape (t) for paper splicing adhered to the outer surface of the front end portion, and front side protection of tab (T) for fixing the front end of the winding paper (P) to the outer surface A protective paper automatic peeling device comprising: a nozzle (9) for peeling the paper (T '). 2. The air pipe (9a), wherein the nozzle (9) is longer than the width of the paper roll (P), and the air pipe (9).
The nozzle holes (9b) formed at a predetermined interval in (a) so that the compressed air (a) can be blown over the entire widthwise direction of the paper roll (P). Automatic protective paper peeling device described. 3. A positioning roller (13) is attached to the nozzle (9) so as to abut the outer surface of the paper roll (P) when descending and direct the nozzle hole (9b) in the tangential direction of the paper roll (P). The automatic protective paper peeling device according to claim 1 or 2. 4. A recovery bag (11) for recovering the protective papers (t '), (T') separated by the nozzle (9) is arranged in the paper feeding section of the rotary press so as to be movable up and down. The automatic protective paper peeling device according to claim 1.