JPH08169812A - Composition for oral cavity - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To obtain a composition for oral cavity especially useful as a toothpaste, having a good feeling in use, by using agar as a main component of a film forming substance of a capsule, blending the capsule with a nonionic surfactant. CONSTITUTION: This composition for oral cavity comprises a capsule containing agar as a main component of a film forming substance and a nonionic surfactant, very low in leakage of contents such as a pharmacodynamically effective component during production an preservation, is capable of stably maintaining the contents, readily releasing in the oral cavity in use and has a good feeling when used. A polyoxyethylene or a polyoxypropylene copolymer (especially preferably 1,000-15,000 average molecular weight) is preferable as the nonionic surfactant. The composition for oral cavity can be made into a desired shape such as toothpaste, liquid dentifrice, mouth wash, mouth rinse or gingiva massaging cream.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention contains a capsule which can stably retain the contents during production and storage and can easily release the contents during use, and has a good feeling in use, particularly a kneaded product. The present invention relates to an oral composition suitable as a toothpaste.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Some oral compositions containing useful ingredients such as various medicinal ingredients, flavors, pigments and the like contain a capsule containing the useful ingredients. In this way, the oral composition containing the capsule is improved in stability of the useful ingredient, and the medicinal ingredient is administered in an appropriate amount in the proper place in the oral cavity, and the effect of adding a flavoring agent and a pigment is used. It is excellent in that it can be expressed in the oral cavity.

As such a capsule-containing oral composition, an opaque composition in which an insoluble salt is deposited while covering the capsule film with at least a part of the core substance being a colored oily substance buried in the capsule film Microcapsules (Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 63-48580) containing opaque microcapsule agents containing dyes; dentifrices filled with a fragrance material (Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 49-453), granular Automatic fluidized granular delivery system (JP-A-1-193216), shellac, glycerin fatty acid ester, and edible composition for imparting enhanced flavor and sweetness to an edible composition comprising a flavor of form and a matrix encapsulating the same. Perfume inclusion cyclodextrin granules coated with a coating material consisting of excipients and granular toothpaste A granular toothpaste composition (Japanese Patent Publication No. 58404/1993) containing a flavor component and having a varying flavor, which contains capsules containing a flavor component; a water-soluble drug solid powder for core-forming heat; Fine granules prepared by dispersing fine particles dispersed in a plastic resin or high melting point wax-like substance with a core forming thermoplastic resin or a high melting point wax-like substance having a lower melting point than the high melting point wax-like substance are blended. Toothpaste (Japanese Patent Publication No. 50-25011), vitamins, herbal medicines, and water-soluble drugs such as extracts thereof are used as core substances, which are coated with lipophilic substances such as wax-like substances, and hydrophilic substances such as gelatin. Capsule-coated double capsule and oral composition containing the same (JP-A-61-22511)
There is known a capsule containing a medicinal component such as Japanese Patent No. 5).

When the capsule composition is blended with the oral composition as described above, the content is stably retained in the capsule composition during production and storage, while the content composition is retained during use. It is important that is easily released into the oral cavity. For example, in order to stably retain the contents in the capsule, it is necessary to use a lipophilic substance such as wax as the film-forming substance to increase the capsule thickness or modify the film-forming substance. However, in this case, there is a problem in that the capsule is less likely to be broken during use and the usability is impaired. In order to easily release the contents into the oral cavity during use, a hydrophilic substance such as gelatin is used as the film-forming substance to reduce the film thickness,
It is necessary to include a capsule destroying agent. However, in this case, the content is likely to leak at the stage of manufacturing the oral composition by mixing the capsule with other components or while the oral composition is stored, and the storage stability is impaired. There's a problem.

As described above, many oral compositions containing capsules are known, but none of them has enough of these two requirements.

[0006]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention solves the above-mentioned problems and the contents such as medicinally active ingredients are very little leaked during the production and the storage, and the contents can be stably held and used. The object of the present invention is to provide a composition for oral cavity which contains a capsule which can be easily released in the oral cavity, has a good feeling in use, and is particularly suitable as a toothpaste.

[0007]

Means for Solving the Problems As a result of intensive studies for achieving the above object, the present inventors have used agar as a main component of a film forming substance of a capsule, and use this capsule as a nonionic surfactant. By blending with it, it was found that the medicinal ingredients can be stably retained inside the capsule, the capsule can be easily broken during use, and the medicinal ingredients can be released into the oral cavity. Heading out, the present invention has been completed.

The present invention provides an oral composition characterized by containing a capsule containing agar as a main component of a film-forming substance and a nonionic surfactant. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, the present invention will be described. In the present invention, the "capsule" is a product in which contents such as a medicinal component, a dye and a flavoring agent are coated with a film.

[0009]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Agar is used as a main component of a film forming substance of a capsule, and as this agar, one having a high solubility in water is preferable, and particularly, the solubility in water at 95 ° C. under a normal pressure is 1 or more, Particularly, those having a number of 3 or more are preferable because the operation of forming the coating is easy. Further, as this agar, one having a jelly strength (indicated by a load amount when a load is applied from above to an agar gel having a concentration of 1.5% for 20 seconds per cm ² ) of 500 g / cm ² or more is sufficient. It has a high gel strength and the capsule is not broken during the production of the oral composition, which is preferable.

Further, in the present invention, a hydrophilic polymer or a lipophilic polymer may be blended with the agar for the purpose of improving the feeling of use. As the hydrophilic polymer substance, gelatin, sodium alginate, carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,
Examples thereof include gum arabic, guar gum, xanthan gum, casein, pectin, albumin and polyvinyl alcohol. Examples of the lipophilic polymer substance include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, cetyl alcohol. , Stearyl alcohol, ethylene glycol distearate, sorbitan tristearate, ceresin,
Examples thereof include wax-like polymer substances such as paraffin wax, polyolefin wax, beeswax, and carnauba wax. These can also be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.

When a hydrophilic polymer substance or a lipophilic polymer substance is added to the agar as a film-forming substance, the hydrophilic polymer substance or the lipophilic polymer substance is added in an amount of 1 to 100 parts by weight based on the weight of the agar. % Is preferably blended, especially 1 to
It is preferable to add 20% by weight to improve the feeling of use without deteriorating the stability of the contents and the release property in the oral cavity.

The content of the capsule is not particularly limited as long as it is a medicinal component, a flavoring agent, a pigment or the like which is usually used in a composition for the oral cavity, and in the present invention, the parent among them is particularly preferable. Those that are oily are preferred. This content can be in a desired form such as liquid, powder, gel or the like depending on the form of the oral composition, the production method and the like.

Examples of the medicinal component include anticaries agents, antimicrobial agents, vitamins, enzymes and anti-inflammatory agents,
More specifically, sodium fluoride, tin fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, vitamin E, vitamin C, dextranase, mutanase, sodium chloride, glycyrrhizinate, glycyrrhetinic acid, azulene, dihydrocholesterol, chlorhexidine, epi Dihydrocholesterol, isopropylmethylphenol, trichlorocarbanilide, triclosan, halocarban, hinokitiol, allantoin, tranexamic acid, propolis, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, copper chlorophyllin sodium, lysozyme chloride and the like can be mentioned. . Examples of the flavoring agent include flavoring aldehydes, esters, alcohols and the like, and more specifically, spearmint oil, peppermint oil, clove oil, sage oil, eucalyptus oil, laurel oil, cinnamon oil, cinnamon oil. , Lemon lime oil, grapefruit oil, menthol, carvone, methyl salicylate, ethyl salicylate, eugenol, camphor,
Examples thereof include ginger, ethyl acetate, diethyl ketone, eucalyptol, pepper, rose, isopropylmethylphenol, maltol, anethole and the like. Examples of the pigments include inorganic or organic pigments, and more specifically, inorganic pigments such as cobalt blue, cobalt green, yellow iron oxide, titanium oxide, mica, zinc dust, and aluminum powder, blue No. 1, red. Lake pigments such as tar dyes such as No. 2, copper chlorophyll, β-
Examples include carotene and hinokitiol iron complex salt.

As the contents of the capsule, oils and fats, waxes, hydrocarbons, higher fatty acids, higher alcohols, esters, essential oils, silicone oils and the like are further mixed as an excipient. be able to.

As the oils and fats, natural oils and fats such as soybean oil, bran oil, jojoba oil, avocado oil, almond oil, olive oil, cacao butter, sesame oil, persic oil, castor oil, coconut oil, mink oil, beef tallow, lard and the like. Alternatively, hardened oils obtained by hydrogenating these natural fats and oils, myristic acid glycerides, 2-ethylhexanoic acid glycerides, tricaprylic acid glycerides, tricapric acid glycerides, and other synthetic triglycerides can be mentioned. Examples of waxes include carnauba wax, whale wax, beeswax, and lanolin. As hydrocarbons, liquid paraffin,
Vaseline, paraffin, microcrystalline wax, ceresin, squalane, pristane and the like can be mentioned. Examples of higher fatty acids include lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, lanolinic acid and isostearic acid. Examples of higher alcohols include lauryl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, lanolin alcohol, cholesterol and 2-hexyldecanol. Examples of the esters include cetyl octanoate, myristyl lactate, cetyl lactate, isopropyl myristate, myristyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl adipate, butyl stearate, decyl oleate and the like. Examples of the essential oils include peppermint oil, jasmine oil, camphor oil, cypress oil, spruce oil, ryu oil, turpentine oil, cinnamon oil, helgamot oil, mandarin oil, ginger oil, pine oil, lavender oil, bay oil, glove oil, Hiba oil, rose oil, eucalyptus oil, lemon oil, peppermint oil, rose oil, sage oil and the like can be mentioned. Examples of silicones include dimethylpolysiloxane.

The production method of the capsule is not particularly limited, and known production methods such as chemical methods such as interfacial polymerization method and submerged curing coating method, and physicochemical methods such as coacervate method. Although a physical method such as a fluidized bed method can be applied, the double nozzle dropping method is particularly preferable.

The capsule used in the present invention preferably has an average particle size of 0.3 to 3 mm, and particularly 0.5 to 3 m.
m, more preferably 0.5 to 2 mm is preferable because it is easily broken by brushing and the usability is good. 80% of capsules have a particle size in the range of 0.3 to 3 mm
Above all, particularly those having a particle size distribution of 90% or more, and further 95% or more are preferable. Further, the breaking strength per capsule is preferably 0.1 to 20 g, and particularly 1
It is preferably 20 g, more preferably 1 to 10 g because the content can be prevented from leaking during production and storage and can be easily destroyed during use to release the content. This breaking strength is indicated by the amount of load when the capsule (coating) is broken by continuously applying a load from above to one capsule taken out from the dentifrice composition. The breaking strength in the present invention is the compression tester KES-F.
3 (manufactured by Kato Iron Works Co., Ltd.) at a speed of 50 seconds / mm. Furthermore, the coating rate of agar in the capsule (percentage weight of the agar relative to the total weight of the capsule) is 1 to 50.
%, More preferably 1 to 30% by weight,
In particular, the amount of 1 to 15% by weight is preferable because it imparts appropriate destructiveness at the time of use and the content can be easily released.

The content of the capsule in the oral composition of the present invention is preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight, and particularly preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight so that the effects of the medicinal ingredients and the like are moderately achieved. It is preferable because it can be expressed and the feeling of use is good.

The nonionic surfactant used in the present invention includes polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl allyl ether, polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block copolymer. ,
Sucrose fatty acid ester, glycerin fatty acid ester, propylene glycol fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester, alkyl glycoside fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sucrose fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene glycol fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, alkyl glycoside, fatty acid monoester Examples thereof include ethanolamide, polyoxyethylene fatty acid monoethanolamide, polyoxyethylene fatty acid diethanolamide, polyoxyethylene castor oil, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, and polyoxyethylene beeswax derivative. Of these, polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block copolymers, sucrose fatty acid esters, alkyl glycosides, polyoxyethylene sucrose fatty acid esters, and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil are preferable. Further, among these nonionic surfactants, those having low fluidity are preferable because they have a high effect of greatly reducing leakage of the contents of the capsule, and in the present invention, polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block copolymers are preferable. Is preferable, and particularly, the average molecular weight is 100.
A polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block copolymer having a molecular weight of 0 to 15,000 is preferable.

These nonionic surfactants may be used either individually or in combination of two or more, preferably in an oral composition in an amount of 1 to 40% by weight, more preferably 3 to 30% by weight.
It is preferable that the content of the capsule is extremely small because leakage of the contents of the capsule can be enhanced and stability is improved, and the feeling of use is good.

In addition to the above-mentioned components, the oral composition of the present invention includes oral vehicles generally used in oral preparations, such as abrasives, binders, wetting agents, other surfactants, flavors and sweeteners. Preservatives, preservatives, water and the like can be added.

Among these, as abrasives, calcium hydrogen phosphate for toothpaste, calcium carbonate, calcium pyrophosphate, insoluble sodium metaphosphate, potassium metaphosphate, silicic acid anhydride, hydrous silicic acid, aluminum silicate, zirconium silicate, bentonite , Zeolite, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, resin, and the like, and of these, calcium hydrogen phosphate for toothpaste, calcium carbonate, silicic acid anhydride, hydrous silicic acid, zeolite, and aluminum hydroxide are preferable. Examples of the binder include sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, alginate, carrageenan, gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, tragacanth gum, starch, sodium polyacrylate and the like. Furthermore, as a wetting agent,
Examples thereof include polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, glycerin, maltitol, and xylitol. Among these, sorbitol,
Glycerin is preferred. The oral composition of the present invention can be blended with other surfactants such as anionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants, but these surfactants are used in comparison with nonionic surfactants. The amount is preferably 10% by weight or less, particularly 5% by weight or less, and further 3% by weight or less.

The amount of these oral vehicles to be blended differs depending on the form of the oral composition. For example, in the case of a liquid composition, other vehicles except abrasives and binders can be blended, and usually the vehicle. It is preferable to add 1 to 30% by weight of a wetting agent and 50 to 96% by weight of water. Further, in the case of a paste composition, all kinds of the above-mentioned vehicles can be blended, but usually 1 to 75% by weight of an abrasive and 5% by weight or less of a binder, particularly 0.1% by weight or less. ~
It is preferable to add 5% by weight, further 0.5 to 5% by weight, a wetting agent and water in a total amount of 10 to 85% by weight. Furthermore, it is preferable to add 0.01 to 5% by weight of the flavor and the sweetener in total.

The oral composition of the present invention can be made into a desired form such as a toothpaste, a liquid toothpaste, a mouthwash, a mouth rinse, a gingival massage cream and the like.

[0025]

The oral composition of the present invention contains a capsule containing agar as a film-forming substance as a main component and a nonionic surfactant. Therefore, leakage of the contents of the capsule during production and storage is very small, so the change in the components is small over a long period after production,
High quality can be maintained. In addition, since the capsule film is easily destroyed and the contents are released during use, it is possible to more reliably administer a desired amount of contents locally in the oral cavity together with the small change in the components. . Furthermore, the oral composition of the present invention has a good feeling in use, and is particularly suitable as a toothpaste.

[0026]

The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

Production Example 1 A capsule was produced according to the following formulation and production method. In addition, as agar, trade name UP-37 (solubility 10, jelly strength 700 g / cm ² ; manufactured by Ina Food Industry Co., Ltd.) was used.

(Capsule formulation) Coating liquid formulation: Agar 5% by weight Purified water 95% by weight Contents liquid formulation: Tri (caprylic acid / capric acid) glycerin ^{* 1} 40% by weight l-Menthol 50% by weight Ethanol 10% by weight * 1: Coconard MT (manufactured by Kao Corporation), triglyceride of a mixture of caprylic acid and capric acid

(Capsule Production Method) A capsule agent was produced by a double nozzle dropping method. However, the nozzle diameter of the content liquid was 0.8 mm, the nozzle diameter of the coating liquid was 1.0 mm, the temperature of the coating tank and coating line was set to 75 ° C, and the temperature of the cooling liquid was set to 25 ° C.

The capsule thus obtained had a particle size of 1 mm and a coating rate of 8.5%. The particle size was measured with a caliper. The coating rate (weight percentage of the film-forming substance relative to the total weight of the capsule) was determined by measuring the total weight of one capsule, then breaking the capsule, and measuring the weight of only the coating portion. Each value is an average value of 20 pieces. The same measurement was performed below. In addition, one of the capsules was destroyed and the amount of 1-menthol inside was analyzed by gas chromatography (Yokogawa Hewlett Packard;
5890), it was 45.8%. As described above, since agar is excellent in film forming property and jelly strength, the loss of contents during the production was small.

Production Example 2 A capsule was produced in the same manner as in the following formulation and Production Example 1.

(Capsule formulation) Coating liquid formulation: agar (the same as in Production Example 1) 5% by weight purified water 95% by weight Contents liquid formulation: tri (caprylic acid / capric acid) glycerin 40% by weight copper chlorophyllin sodium 50 Wt% ethanol 10 wt%

The capsule thus obtained had an average particle size of 1 mm and a coating rate of 9.8%. One of the capsules was destroyed and the amount of sodium copper chlorophyllin inside was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (Hitachi; L-6.
000), it was 45.1%.

Comparative Production Example 1 A capsule was produced in the same manner as in the following formulation and Production Example 1.

(Capsule formulation) Coating liquid formulation: Gelatin 30% by weight Purified water 70% by weight Content liquid formulation: Tri (caprylic acid / capric acid) glycerin 40% by weight l-Menthol 50% by weight Ethanol 10% by weight

The capsule thus obtained had an average particle size of 1 mm and a coating rate of 21.5%. One of the capsules was destroyed to obtain the amount of 1-menthol inside Production Example 1
It was 39.3% when quantified by the same method.
As described above, gelatin is inferior in strength, so that the loss of contents during manufacture was large.

Comparative Production Example 2 A capsule containing 80% by weight of hydrogenated castor oil and 20% by weight of sodium copper chlorophyllin was produced by the following production method. First, copper chlorophyllin sodium was well dispersed in molten hydrogenated castor oil. Then, it was spray-cooled to produce capsules having an average particle size of 1 mm. When one of the capsules was destroyed and the amount of sodium copper chlorophyllin was quantified in the same manner as in Production Example 2, 20.
It was 1%.

Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 Dentifrice having the composition (expressed in% by weight) shown in Table 1 was produced by a conventional method.

Test Example 1 The dentifrice of each Example and Comparative Example was stored at 40 ° C., and in that case, the capsule content (l
-Amount of menthol or copper chlorophyllin sodium (expressed in% by weight) was measured with time in the same manner as in Production Examples 1 and 2 to evaluate stability. Table 1 also shows the measurement results and the results of the breaking strength (average value of 20 pieces) measured by the above method.

[0040]

[Table 1]

As is apparent from Table 1, the leakage of the contents was very small only when both the capsule containing agar and the nonionic surfactant were used as the film-forming substance.

Test Example 2 Using the dentifrices of Example 2 and Comparative Example 2, the release amount of the contents (sodium copper chlorophyllin) at the time of use was measured by the following method, and the release easiness was evaluated. First, as shown in Fig. 1, a diameter of 7 m is set on a base (gum) made of epoxy resin.
A glass tube (tooth) having a length of m and a length of 80 mm was bonded and fixed to prepare a tooth model. Next, 1 g of each dentifrice was precisely measured on a toothbrush, and brushed (3 to 4 strokes per second) with a constant load (300 g per brush area) using a scrubbing method on a tooth model. After brushing for 1 minute or 3 minutes, the released copper chlorophyllin sodium was extracted with 100 ml of methanol, and then measured in the same manner as in Production Example 2. The amount released was expressed by the ratio (in weight%) of this measured amount to the amount of copper chlorophyllin sodium when the capsule was formulated. Table 2 shows the results.

[0043]

[Table 2]

As is clear from Table 2, the comparison between Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 revealed that the release amount was obviously higher when the capsule containing agar was used as the film-forming substance. Also,
Although the release amount of Example 2 was not different from that of Comparative Example 4, there was a big difference in the stability shown in Table 1, and the feeling of use when actually used by humans was also found in Example 2. The dentifrice of No. 2 had a better usability.

Example 6

[Table 3] Toothpaste (Component) (wt%) Capsule ^* 2.0 Water-insoluble abrasive granules ^** 6.0 Glycerin 30.0 Polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block copolymer (average molecular weight 10,000) 20 0.0 Sodium lauryl sulfate 0.1 Carrageenan 0.2 Saccharin sodium 1.0 Methylparaben 0.2 Perfume 0.8 Purified water balance

* (Capsule formulation) Film formulation: agar (solubility 1.2, jelly strength 900 g / cm ² ) 5% by weight purified water 95% by weight Content liquid formulation: tri (caprylic acid / capric acid) glycerin 90% by weight % Vitamin E 10% by weight

Capsules were produced according to the production method of Production Example 1. However, the nozzle diameter of the content liquid was 0.40 mm and the nozzle diameter of the coating liquid was 0.50 mm. The thus obtained capsule had a particle size of 0.50 mm (measured by a microscope, average value of 20 capsules), a coating rate of 8.5%, and a breaking strength of 10.5 g / capsule.

** (Water-insoluble granule) 60% by weight of abrasive silica as a water-insoluble material and 30% by weight of synthetic aluminum silicate as a water-insoluble binder
And an aqueous slurry containing 10% by weight of colloidal silica (water content of about 60%) was placed in a stirring mixer,
After stirring and mixing for 0 minutes, water-insoluble granules were produced by a spray granulator. 99% of the total amount of these granules has a particle size of 50-50
The average particle size was 0 μm and the average particle size was 220 μm. About this granule, thermal stress analyzer (manufactured by Seiko Co .; SS-1
0) was used to measure the disintegration strength per granule under a constant load (2 g / min), and the average value per 20 granules measured in the same manner was calculated to be 6.2 g / particle.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a test method for measuring the amount of released contents.

Continuation of front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁶ Identification number Internal reference number FI Technical indication location A61K 47/36 Z (72) Inventor Aiyuki Muroi 2606 Akabane, Kaicho, Haga-gun, Tochigi Kao Corporation Stock Research Institute

Claims (5)

[Claims] 1. An oral composition comprising a capsule containing agar and a nonionic surfactant as main components of a film-forming substance. 2. The nonionic surfactant is selected from polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block copolymer, sucrose fatty acid ester, alkyl glycoside, polyoxyethylene sucrose fatty acid ester and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil. The oral composition according to claim 1, which is one kind or two or more kinds. 3. The oral composition according to claim 1, wherein the nonionic surfactant is a polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block copolymer. 4. A polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block copolymer having an average molecular weight of 1,000 to 150.
The oral composition according to claim 3, which is 00. 5. The oral composition is a toothpaste.
~ The composition for oral cavity according to any one of 4 to 4.