JPH08136948A - Liquid crystal display device - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To provide a liquid crystal display element having excellent electrooptical characteristics by taking advantage of the characteristics of a switching element layer. CONSTITUTION: This liquid crystal display device is constituted by superposing a first substrate constituted by forming plural pieces of striped upper electrodes 31 respectively in parallel on an upper electrode substrate 11 and forming an upper oriented film 21 thereon and a second substrate formed by successively forming plural pieces of striped lower electrodes 32 respectively in parallel on a lower electrode substrate 12 and successively forming a nonlinear resistance film and lower oriented film 22 thereon apart a prescribed spacing in such a manner that the surfaces formed with the respective films face each other and that the extension directions of the upper electrodes 31 and the lower electrodes 32 are made perpendicular and sealing a liquid crystal layer 50 between both substrates. The device is so constituted that the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 50 is about 2 to 3.5μm, the thickness of the nonlinear resistance film 1 is about 0.3 to 0.5μm and the thickness of the oriented films 21, 22 is about 0.04 to 0.07μm.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device having a liquid crystal display element in which liquid crystal display elements are formed such that the surfaces on which transparent electrodes are formed face each other with a predetermined gap therebetween and liquid crystal is sealed therebetween. Regarding

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In a liquid crystal display device, for example, two transparent insulating substrates made of glass or the like are superposed on each other with a predetermined gap so that the surfaces on which a transparent electrode for display and an alignment film are laminated face each other. The substrates are bonded together by a frame-shaped sealing material provided at the edge between the substrates, and liquid crystal is sealed inside the sealing material between the substrates from a liquid crystal sealing port provided in a part of the sealing material. A liquid crystal display element is provided, which is sealed and further provided with polarizing plates on the outside of both substrates.

JP-A-6-43497 proposes a liquid crystal display element having a switching element layer capable of reducing the number of photolithography processes for forming a film pattern.

That is, in this liquid crystal display element, as described in the publication, a plurality of first wirings are formed in parallel on a first transparent insulating substrate.
The first insulating film, the semiconductor film, and the second insulating film are laminated in this order over the entire surface of the substrate to cover the wiring, and a switching element having a three-layer structure is formed. The second substrate, which is arranged so as to face the first substrate, is orthogonal to the first wiring on the surface facing the first substrate when viewed from the direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. A plurality of second wirings are formed in parallel in each direction.

In this switching element, each of the first insulating film, the semiconductor film, and the second insulating film corresponds to a capacitor, and these capacitors form an equivalent circuit in which three capacitors are connected in series. The liquid crystal layer capacitance is connected in series to the circuit of the switching element.

When an applied voltage is applied to such a circuit and a voltage higher than the threshold voltage peculiar to the semiconductor film is applied to the switching element layer, the voltage-current characteristic of the semiconductor film rises, and the switching element layer Becomes conductive. At this time, the charges formed in the semiconductor film are trapped in the interface states between the semiconductor film and the first and second insulating films. This charge remains as polarization charge even if the applied voltage is zero, and holds the voltage in the circuit.

According to such a principle, the divided voltage of the held voltage is held in the liquid crystal capacitor connected in series with the switching element layer. Therefore, the switching element layer is
Acts as a switch.

[0008]

In the prior art, it is difficult to operate as a switching element layer because the definition of the thickness of each layer forming the liquid crystal display element has not been clarified.

That is, the thickness of the switching element layer is
For example, when the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is reduced to about 1/50, a large voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer in order for the switching element layer to apply a voltage exhibiting switching characteristics. For example,
If an attempt is made to obtain 0.2V as the threshold voltage of the switching element layer, a voltage of 11V or more will be applied to the liquid crystal layer, which cannot be put to practical use as an actual product.

An object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display device having a liquid crystal display element having excellent electro-optical characteristics by utilizing the characteristics of the switching element layer by defining the thickness of each layer constituting the liquid crystal display element. Especially.

[0011]

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention forms a plurality of first wirings in parallel on a first insulating substrate, and forms a plurality of wirings on the first wirings. First
A plurality of second wirings are formed in parallel on the first substrate on which the second insulating film is formed, and the second substrate is formed on the second insulating substrate.
A second substrate in which a non-linear resistance film and a second insulating film are sequentially formed on the wiring, the surfaces on which the first insulating film and the second insulating film are formed face each other, and The first wiring and the second wiring are overlapped with a predetermined gap so that the first wiring and the second wiring intersect each other when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface,
In a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal display element in which a liquid crystal layer is sealed between the first substrate and the second substrate, the liquid crystal layer has a thickness of about 2 to 3.5 μm, The resistance film has a thickness of about 0.3 to 0.5 μm, and the first insulating film and the second insulating film have a thickness of about 0.04 to 0.0.
It is characterized in that it is 7 μm.

Further, the first insulating film and the second insulating film are characterized in that they are alignment films whose surfaces facing each other are subjected to an alignment treatment.

[0013]

In the present invention, the liquid crystal display device has the above structure,
By defining the thicknesses of the liquid crystal layer, the non-linear resistance film, and the first and second insulating films as described above, a high voltage can be applied to the non-linear resistance film, and the non-linear resistance film functions as a switch and the voltage It is possible to provide a liquid crystal display device having a wide margin and excellent optical characteristics.

[0014]

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of a main part of a liquid crystal display element according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Reference numeral 11 denotes an upper electrode substrate (first insulating substrate) made of, for example, transparent glass, 31 denotes an upper electrode (first wiring) made of a transparent electrode, 21 denotes an organic polymer resin such as polyimide, and has a surface. On the upper alignment film (first
Insulating film), 50 is a liquid crystal layer, 12 is a lower electrode substrate (second insulating substrate) made of transparent glass, 32 is a lower electrode (second wiring) made of a transparent electrode, and 23 is a smooth film made of an insulator. Reference numeral 1 is a non-linear resistance film functioning as a switching element layer, 22 is a lower alignment film (second insulating film) made of an organic polymer resin such as polyimide, the surface of which is subjected to an alignment treatment, and 62 is a liquid crystal display element. Although the smoothing film 23 is formed between the upper electrodes 31 on the upper electrode substrate 11 side as well as between the lower electrodes 32 on the lower electrode substrate 12 side, it is not shown.

A plurality of upper electrodes 31 formed in parallel on the upper electrode substrate 11 and a plurality of lower electrodes 32 formed in parallel on the lower electrode substrate 12 are viewed from a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. In this case, they are formed in orthogonal directions.

That is, first, a plurality of stripe-shaped upper electrodes 31 are formed on the upper electrode substrate 11, and an upper alignment film 21 is formed thereon with a thickness of about 0.04 to 0.07 μm. The surface is subjected to orientation treatment. In addition, the lower electrode substrate 12
A plurality of stripe-shaped lower electrodes 32 on the upper electrode 31
Is formed in a direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the above, and the non-linear resistance film 6 is formed thereon to a thickness of about 0.3 to 0.5 μm. This nonlinear resistance film 1 is made of, for example, ZnO ₂ (zinc oxide), SnO.
₂ (tin oxide) or TiO ₂ (titanium oxide) and SiO
Apply the mixed solution with ₂ (weight ratio 1: 9) and apply about 200-2
Formed by firing at 50 ° C. Further, a lower alignment film 22 is formed thereon to a thickness of about 0.04 to 0.07 μm, and the surface is subjected to an alignment treatment. Next, the upper electrode substrate 11 and the lower electrode substrate 12 are respectively provided with an upper alignment film 21 and a lower alignment film 22.
Are overlapped with each other with a predetermined gap so as to face each other, are provided around the edges thereof, and have a frame-like shape provided with a liquid crystal encapsulation port (not shown here; see 51 in FIG. 4) for injecting liquid crystal. Both substrates are adhered by a sealing material (not shown here, see reference numeral 52 in FIG. 4). After that, liquid crystal is sealed in the gap and the liquid crystal sealing port is sealed. The liquid crystal layer 50 has a thickness of about 2 to 3.5 μm, and the upper electrode 31 and the lower electrode 32 have a thickness of about 0.1 to 0.3 μm.

FIG. 1B is a diagram showing an equivalent circuit of the liquid crystal display element 62 shown in FIG.

C _R is the capacitance of the non-linear resistance film 1, C _Z is the capacitance of the lower alignment film 22 and the upper alignment film 21, C _L is the capacitance of the liquid crystal layer 50, V _R is the voltage across the capacitance C _R , and V _Z is the capacity C _Z
Is a voltage applied to both ends of V, V _L is a voltage applied to both ends of the capacitance C _L , and E is an AC power supply.

FIG. 1C is a diagram showing the voltage-current characteristics of the nonlinear resistance film 1. V _th is the threshold voltage of the nonlinear resistance film 1.

That is, the voltage V applied to the nonlinear resistance film 1
_{When R} becomes equal to or higher than the threshold voltage V _th of the nonlinear resistance film 1, a voltage for turning on the liquid crystal is applied to the liquid crystal layer 50. That is, the non-linear resistance film 1 functions as a switch.

FIG. 2A is a diagram showing the electro-optical characteristic of the liquid crystal display element 62 shown in FIG. 1A when the threshold voltage V _th of the nonlinear resistance film 1 is 0.2V. Figure (b)
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing electro-optical characteristics of a liquid crystal display element having no non-linear resistance film for comparison. The horizontal axis represents drive voltage (V), and the vertical axis represents light transmittance (%) and contrast ratio. T _os the transmittance of the selection unit, T _on the transmittance of the non-selected portion, CR is the contrast ratio.

As is clear from the comparison between FIGS. 2A and 2B, the drive voltage is slightly higher, but the contrast ratio C
R is improved from 21 to 26.

As described above, in this embodiment, the liquid crystal display element 62 has the above structure, and the liquid crystal layer 50, the non-linear resistance film 1,
By defining the thicknesses of the lower alignment film 22 and the upper alignment film 21 as described above, a voltage of, for example, 0.2 V or more can be applied to the nonlinear resistance film 1, and the nonlinear resistance film 1 functions as a switch. The voltage margin is widened, and the optical characteristics can be improved. Further, in the simple matrix type liquid crystal display element, the operating voltage of the non-selected portion can be increased, and a liquid crystal display element having excellent electro-optical characteristics can be provided. In addition, thin film transistors (TFTs) and metals
Since the manufacturing process is simpler than that of an active matrix type liquid crystal display element in which an insulating film-metal element (MIM) or the like is provided as a switching element, the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

FIG. 3 shows an arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules on the electrode substrate (for example, a rubbing direction), a twisting direction of liquid crystal molecules, and a polarizing plate when the liquid crystal display element 62 of the liquid crystal display device to which the present invention is applied is viewed from above. Polarization axis (or absorption axis) of
The direction and the optical axis direction of the member that brings about the birefringence effect are shown, and FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a main part of the liquid crystal display element 62.

Twisting direction 10 of liquid crystal molecules and twist angle θ
Is a rubbing direction 6 of the alignment film 21 on the upper electrode substrate 11, a rubbing direction 7 of the alignment film 22 on the lower electrode substrate 12, and a positive dielectric anisotropy sandwiched between the upper electrode substrate 11 and the lower electrode substrate 12. It is defined by the type and amount of the optical rotatory substance added to the nematic liquid crystal layer 50 having the property.

In FIG. 4, in order to align the liquid crystal molecules between the two upper and lower electrode substrates 11 and 12 sandwiching the liquid crystal layer 50 so as to form a twisted spiral structure, a transparent upper layer made of, for example, glass is used. The rubbing method, which is a method of rubbing the surfaces of the alignment films 21 and 22 made of an organic polymer resin made of polyimide, for example, in contact with the liquid crystal on the lower electrode substrates 11 and 12 with a cloth in one direction, is used. ing. The rubbing direction at this time, that is, the rubbing direction, the rubbing direction 6 in the upper electrode substrate 11, and the rubbing direction 7 in the lower electrode substrate 12 are the alignment directions of the liquid crystal molecules. The two upper and lower electrode substrates 1 that have been oriented in this way
1 and 12 are made to face each other with a gap d ₁ so that the rubbing directions 6 and 7 intersect each other at approximately 180 to 360 degrees, and the two electrode substrates 11 and 12 are notched for injecting liquid crystal. Part, that is, a nematic liquid crystal having a positive dielectric anisotropy and having a predetermined amount of an optical rotatory substance, adhered by a frame-shaped sealing material 52 having a liquid crystal sealing port (notch portion) 51. When encapsulated, the liquid crystal molecules form a helical molecular arrangement with a twist angle θ in the figure between the electrode substrates. Reference numerals 31 and 32 are transparent upper and lower electrodes made of, for example, indium oxide or ITO (Indium Tin Oxide). A member for producing a birefringence effect on the upper electrode substrate 11 of the liquid crystal cell 60 thus configured (hereinafter referred to as a birefringence member. Fujimura et al., "STN-LCD retardation film", magazine electronic material 1991 2 Monthly issue No. 3
(See page 7-41) 40, and this member 4
0 and the liquid crystal cell 60 are sandwiched between the upper and lower polarizing plates 15 and 16
Is provided.

The twist angle θ of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal 50 can take a value in the range of 180 ° to 360 °, but is preferably 200 ° to 300 °, but lighting in the vicinity of the threshold value of the transmittance-applied voltage curve. From the practical viewpoint of avoiding the phenomenon that the state becomes an orientation that scatters light and maintaining excellent time division characteristics, the range of 230 to 270 degrees is more preferable. This condition basically makes the response of the liquid crystal molecules to the voltage more sensitive and acts to realize excellent time division characteristics. In order to obtain excellent display quality and the refractive index anisotropy [Delta] n ₁ of the liquid crystal layer 50 a product [Delta] n ₁ of the thickness d ₁
-D ₁ is preferably set in the range of 0.5 μm to 1.0 μm, more preferably 0.6 μm to 0.9 μm.

The birefringent member 40 acts so as to modulate the polarization state of the light passing through the liquid crystal cell 60, and converts what could be colored display by the liquid crystal cell 60 alone into black and white display. Thus the birefringent member 40 refractive index anisotropy [Delta] n ₂ and is extremely important product [Delta] n ₂ · d ₂ of a thickness d _2, preferably 0.8μm from 0.4 .mu.m, more preferably 0.5μm To 0.7 μm.

Further, since the liquid crystal display element 62 utilizes the elliptically polarized light due to the birefringence, the axes of the polarizing plates 15 and 16 and the optical axis of the uniaxial transparent birefringent plate when the birefringent member 40 is used. And the electrode substrate 11 of the liquid crystal cell 60,
The relationship between the liquid crystal alignment directions 12 and 6 is extremely important.

The operation and effect of the above relationship will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 3 shows an axis of a polarizing plate, an optical axis of a uniaxial transparent birefringent member when the liquid crystal display device having the configuration of FIG. 4 is viewed from above,
3 shows the relationship between the alignment directions of liquid crystal molecule axes of an electrode substrate of a liquid crystal cell.

In FIG. 4, 5 is the optical axis of the uniaxial transparent birefringent member 40, 6 is the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules of the birefringent member 40 and the upper electrode substrate 11 adjacent thereto, and 7 is the lower electrode substrate 12. The liquid crystal alignment direction, 8 is the absorption axis or polarization axis of the upper polarization plate 15, 9 is the absorption axis or polarization axis of the lower polarization plate 16, and the angle α is uniaxial birefringence with the liquid crystal alignment direction 6 of the upper electrode substrate 11. The angle β formed by the optical axis 5 of the member 40 is the angle formed by the absorption axis or polarization axis 8 of the upper polarizing plate 15 and the optical axis 5 of the uniaxial transparent birefringent member 40, and the angle γ is the lower polarizing plate 16. Is the angle between the absorption axis or polarization axis 9 of the liquid crystal and the liquid crystal alignment direction 7 of the lower electrode substrate 12.

Here, how to measure the angles α, β, and γ in this specification will be defined. In FIG. 8, an intersection angle between the optical axis 5 of the birefringent member 40 and the liquid crystal alignment direction 6 of the upper electrode substrate will be described as an example. The intersection angle between the optical axis 5 and the liquid crystal alignment direction 6 is shown in FIG.
As shown in FIG. ₂ , it can be represented by φ ₁ and φ ₂ , but in the present specification, the smaller corner of φ ₁ and φ ₂ is adopted. That is, since φ ₁ <φ ₂ in FIG. 8A, φ ₁ is defined as an intersection angle α between the optical axis 5 and the liquid crystal alignment direction 6,
Since φ ₁ > φ ₂ in FIG. 8B, φ ₂ is defined as an intersection angle α between the optical axis 5 and the liquid crystal alignment direction 6. Of course, either one may be adopted when φ ₁ = φ ₂ .

In the liquid crystal display device, the angles α, β and γ are extremely important.

The angle α is preferably 50 ° to 90 °, more preferably 70 ° to 90 °, the angle β is preferably 20 ° to 70 °, more preferably 30 ° to 60 °, and the angle γ is preferably. It is desirable to set each to 0 to 70 degrees, and more preferably to 0 to 50 degrees.

If the twist angle θ of the liquid crystal layer 50 of the liquid crystal cell 60 is in the range of 180 ° to 360 °, the above angle is satisfied regardless of whether the twist direction 10 is clockwise or counterclockwise. α, β, and γ may be within the above range.

In FIG. 4, the birefringent member 40 is disposed between the upper polarizing plate 15 and the upper electrode substrate 11, but instead of this position, the lower electrode substrate 12 and the lower polarizing plate 16 are provided.
It may be disposed between and. This case corresponds to the case where the entire structure of FIG. 4 is inverted.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a specific example of the twist angle θ and the like. As shown in the figure, the twist angle θ of the liquid crystal molecules is 240 degrees, and as the uniaxial transparent birefringent member 40, a liquid crystal cell having a parallel orientation (homogeneous orientation), that is, a twist angle of 0 degree was used. Here, the thickness d (μm) of the liquid crystal layer and the spiral pitch p (μ
The ratio d / p of m) was set to 0.67. Alignment films 21 and 22
Was used, which was formed of a polyimide resin film and rubbed. The tilt angle (pretilt angle) at which the alignment film subjected to the rubbing process causes the liquid crystal molecules in contact with the alignment film to be tilted with respect to the substrate surface is 4 degrees. The Δn ₂ · d ₂ of the uniaxial transparent birefringent member 40 is about 0.6 μm. On the other hand, Δn ₁ · of the liquid crystal layer 50 in which the liquid crystal molecules are twisted by 240 degrees
d ₁ is about 0.8 μm.

At this time, by setting the angle α to about 90 degrees, the angle β to about 30 degrees, and the angle γ to about 30 degrees, the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 50 via the upper and lower electrodes 31 and 32 is increased. When the voltage is below the threshold value, light non-transmission, that is, black display, and when the voltage exceeds a certain threshold, light transmission, that is, white and black display is realized. In addition, the axis of the lower polarizing plate 16 is 50
When rotated 90 degrees from 90 degrees, white display was realized when the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 50 was below the threshold value, and black when the voltage was above the threshold value, which was the reverse of the above.

FIG. 6 shows changes in contrast during time-division driving at 1/200 duty when the angle α is changed in the configuration of FIG. Although the contrast was extremely high when the angle α was in the vicinity of 90 degrees, the contrast decreased as the angle deviated. Moreover, when the angle α is small, both the lighting part and the non-lighting part are bluish, and when the angle α is large, the non-lighting part is purple and the lighting part is yellow, and in any case black and white display is impossible. Similar results are obtained for the angle β and the angle γ, but in the case of the angle γ, as described above, when the image is rotated from 50 degrees to 90 degrees, the black and white display is reversed.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing another specific example of the twist angle θ and the like. The basic structure is the same as the specific example shown in FIG.
However, the twist angle of the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer 50 is 260 degrees,
The difference is that Δn ₁ · d ₁ is about 0.65 μm to 0.75 μm. The Δn ₂ · d ₂ of the parallel alignment liquid crystal layer used as the uniaxial transparent birefringent member 40 is about 0.5, which is the same as that in the above-mentioned specific example.
It is 8 μm. The thickness d ₁ (μm) of the liquid crystal layer and the helical pitch p (μm) of the nematic liquid crystal material added with the optically active substance.
And the ratio was set to d / p = 0.72.

At this time, by setting the angle α to about 100 degrees, the angle β to about 35 degrees, and the angle γ to about 15 degrees, the black and white display similar to the first concrete example can be realized. Also, the reverse black-and-white display is possible by rotating the position of the axis of the lower polarizing plate by 50 to 90 degrees from the above value, which is similar to the first specific example. The tendency with respect to the deviations of the angles α, β, and γ is almost the same as in the first specific example.

In each of the above specific examples, a parallel alignment liquid crystal cell having no twist of liquid crystal molecules is used as the uniaxial transparent birefringent member 40, but a liquid crystal layer in which liquid crystal molecules are twisted by about 20 to 60 degrees is used. There is less color change depending on the angle. Like the above-mentioned liquid crystal layer 50, this twisted liquid crystal layer is formed by sandwiching liquid crystal between a pair of transparent substrates that have been subjected to the alignment treatment so that the alignment treatment directions intersect a predetermined twist angle. It In this case, the bisected angle of the two orientation treatment directions sandwiching the twisted structure of the liquid crystal molecules may be treated as the optical axis of the birefringent member. A transparent polymer film may be used as the birefringent member 40 (uniaxially stretched film is preferable at this time). In this case, PET (polyethylene terephthalate), acrylic resin film and polycarbonate are effective as the polymer film.

Further, although the single birefringent member is used in the above-described embodiments, in addition to the birefringent member 40 in FIG. 4, another birefringent member is provided between the lower electrode substrate 12 and the lower polarizing plate 16. It is also possible to insert a bending member. In this case, Δn ₂ · d ₂ of these birefringent members should be readjusted.

However, as shown in FIG. 9, the upper electrode substrate 11
Red, green, and blue color filters 33R, 33G, 33 on top
B. By providing the light shielding film 33D between the filters, multicolor display is possible. FIG. 7 shows the relationship among the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules, the twisting direction of the liquid crystal molecules, the axis direction of the polarizing plate, and the optical axis of the birefringent member in the above specific example.

In FIG. 9, each filter 33
On the R, 33G, 33B and the light shielding film 33D, a smoothing film 23 made of an insulating material is formed on the light shielding film 33D, and an upper electrode 31 and an alignment film 21 are formed on the smoothing film 23.

FIG. 10 is an exploded perspective view showing a liquid crystal display element 62, a drive circuit for driving the liquid crystal display element 62, and a liquid crystal display module 63 in which a light source is integrated compactly. IC 34 for driving the liquid crystal display element 62
Is mounted on a frame-shaped printed circuit board 35 having a window for fitting the liquid crystal display element 62 in the center. The printed circuit board 35 in which the liquid crystal display element 62 is fitted is fitted in the window portion of the frame-like body 42 formed by plastic molding,
The metal frame 41 is superposed on this, and the claw 43 is bent into the notch 44 formed in the frame-shaped body 42 to fix the frame 41 to the frame-shaped body 42.

A cold cathode fluorescent tube 36 disposed at the upper and lower ends of the liquid crystal display element 62, a light guide plate 37 made of an acrylic plate for uniformly irradiating the liquid crystal display cell 60 with light from the cold cathode fluorescent tube 36, a metal A reflecting plate 38 formed by applying white paint to the plate and a milky white diffusing plate 39 for diffusing light from the light guide plate 37 are fitted into the window portion from the back side of the frame-shaped body 42 in the order of FIG. An inverter power supply circuit (not shown) for illuminating the cold cathode fluorescent tube 36 is provided with a recess (not shown) provided on the back side of the right side of the frame-shaped body 42. The recess 4 of the reflection plate 38 is provided.
It is located at a position opposite to 5. ). Diffuser 3
9, light guide plate 37, cold cathode fluorescent tube 36 and reflector 38
Attaches the tongue piece 46 provided on the reflection plate 38 to the frame-shaped body 42.
It is fixed by bending it in the small edge 47 provided in the.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a laptop personal computer using the liquid crystal display module 63 for the display portion, and FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a state in which the liquid crystal display module 63 is mounted on the laptop personal computer 64. In this laptop personal computer 64, the microprocessor 4
The result calculated in 9 is transferred to the liquid crystal display module 63 by the liquid crystal driving semiconductor IC 34 via the control LSI 48.
Is to drive.

As described above, according to the above specific example, it is possible to realize a field effect liquid crystal display element having excellent time-division driving characteristics and capable of monochrome and multicolor display.

Although the present invention has been specifically described based on the embodiments, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and it is needless to say that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. . For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, the smoothing film 23 is provided between the upper electrode 31 and the lower electrode 32, but the smoothing film 23 does not necessarily have to be provided.

[0053]

As described above, according to the present invention,
It is possible to provide a liquid crystal display device having a switching characteristic and a liquid crystal display element having a wide voltage margin and excellent optical characteristics and having a low manufacturing cost.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of a main part of a liquid crystal display element according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 1B is an equivalent circuit diagram of the liquid crystal display element shown in FIG. 1A, and FIG. It is a figure which shows the voltage-current characteristic of a resistance film.

FIG. 2A is a diagram showing optical characteristics of a liquid crystal display element according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2B is a diagram showing optical characteristics of a liquid crystal display element not provided with a non-linear resistance film.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a relationship among an arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules, a twisting direction of liquid crystal molecules, a direction of a polarizing plate axis, and an optical axis of a birefringent member in a simple matrix type liquid crystal display device to which the present invention is applicable. FIG.

FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of a main part of an example of a liquid crystal display element.

FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing a relationship among a twist direction of liquid crystal molecules, a direction of an axis of a polarizing plate, and an optical axis of a birefringent member in a liquid crystal display element of another example.

6 is a graph showing the contrast and transmitted light color-crossing angle α characteristics of the example of FIG. 4 of the liquid crystal display device.

FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram showing a relationship among an alignment direction of liquid crystal molecules, a twisting direction of liquid crystal molecules, a direction of an axis of a polarizing plate, and an optical axis of a birefringent member in a liquid crystal display element of still another example.

FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining how to measure intersection angles α, β, and γ.

FIG. 9 is a partially cutaway perspective view of an example of an upper electrode substrate portion of a liquid crystal display element.

FIG. 10 is an exploded perspective view of an example of a liquid crystal display module.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an example of a laptop personal computer.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an example of a laptop computer.

[Explanation of symbols]

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Non-linear resistance film, 11 ... Upper electrode substrate (1st insulating substrate), 12 ... Lower electrode substrate (2nd insulating substrate), 21 ... Upper alignment film (1st insulating film), 22 ... Lower alignment film (Second insulating film), 23 ... Smooth film, 31 ... Upper electrode (first wiring), 3
2 ... Lower electrode (second wiring), 50 ... Liquid crystal layer, 62 ... Liquid crystal display element.

Claims (2)

[Claims] 1. A first substrate, wherein a plurality of first wirings are formed in parallel on a first insulating substrate, and a first insulating film is formed on the first wiring, and a second substrate. A second substrate in which a plurality of second wirings are formed in parallel on the insulating substrate and a non-linear resistance film and a second insulating film are sequentially formed on the second wiring; So that the surfaces on which the insulating film and the second insulating film are formed face each other, and the first wiring and the second wiring intersect each other when viewed from the direction perpendicular to the substrate surface, In a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal display element which is superposed with a predetermined gap therebetween and has a liquid crystal layer sealed between the first substrate and the second substrate, the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is About 2 to 3.5 μm, the thickness of the non-linear resistance film is about 0.3 to 0.5 μm, the first insulating film and the second insulating film Thickness is about 0.04 to 0.07 μm
And a liquid crystal display device. 2. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the first insulating film and the second insulating film are alignment films whose surfaces facing each other are subjected to an alignment treatment.