JPH07237793A - Method for intermittent feed of extensible web and device therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To permit the working free from the strain by preventing the extension and slackening of a web on a working device and improve the high speed working adaptability, as for the intermittent feed of an extensible web n which the extensible web material is supplied intermittently by each constant length into a working device. CONSTITUTION:The feed quantity by the first subtransfer roller 30 and the second subtransfer roller 35 which are arranged on the web feed direction upstream side of a working device 10 is set larger than the feed quantity by a main transfer means 20 arranged on the downstream side of the working device 10 and a web 1 is transferred. After the completion of the transfer, the second subtransfer roller 35 is set into a nipping state, and the nipping state of the first subtransfer roller 30 is released, and the web 1 is sucked by a suction means 40, and the slack of the web 1 at the working device part is removed. After the working by the working device 10, the first subtransfer roller 30 is put into a nipped state, and the suction of the web by the suction means 40 is released, and the nipping state of the second subtransfer roller 20 is released, and the slack of the web 1 is released to the upstream side in the feeding direction.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a stretchable web intermittent feed for intermittently feeding a stretchable web-like material (hereinafter, simply referred to as "web") to a processing device by a predetermined length. More particularly, the present invention relates to a stretchable web feeding method suitable for feeding a web such as a nonwoven fabric to a punching press device.

The present invention also relates to an apparatus for carrying out the method for intermittently feeding a stretchable web as described above.

[0003]

2. Description of the Related Art It is generally quite difficult to intermittently feed a stretchable web such as a non-woven fabric by a fixed length, and in particular, punching is performed in a state where tension is applied to a web fed at a fixed length. When such processing is performed, a problem occurs that the punched web does not have a regular size. Further, the web after being punched is easily deformed, and it is very difficult to feed the web in a constant length with high accuracy and without generating residual stress.

Conventionally, a method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 62-235160 is known as an intermittent feeding method for accurately and easily feeding a fixed length without deforming a stretchable web. In this method, two pairs of drive rollers and a nip roller, which sandwich an elastic web and are driven to rotate intermittently, are provided in front of and behind the web feeding direction of the processing device, and the feed amount of the drive roller on the feeding side is set. The feed amount of the driving roller on the discharge side is set to be larger than that of the driving roller, and the rotation of the driving roller is stopped at the time of processing by the processing device, and after completion of the processing, the pressing to one of the two nip rollers is released each time. In this way, the slack of the web is removed.

According to the above method, the feed amount of the drive roller on the supply side is made larger than the feed amount of the drive roller on the discharge side, so that tension on the web on the processing device can be avoided.

[0006]

However, on the other hand, in this method, the web may be loosened on the processing apparatus. In such a case, there arises a problem that the processed shape is distorted or the processing interval becomes uneven.

Further, in the above publication, as a specific method for removing the slack of the web when the pressing of the nip roller against the drive roller is released after the processing is finished, for example, tension is applied to the web by using a dancer roller. . However, in the method of applying tension to the web by using gravity as described above, the dancer roller bounces and the tension is not constant as the feed speed of the web increases, and there is a theoretical limit to the slack removal time. There is a drawback that the tension is continuously applied to the web even after the removal. Therefore, for example, when this method is applied to feed the non-woven fabric, which is the material for the liner for 3.5-inch floppy discs, to the punching machine, the behavior of the dancer roller will increase if the machining speed exceeds 1 sheet / second. This causes instability, resulting in inconsistent web feed amount and processed shape.

The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and prevents the web from being tensioned or loosened on a processing apparatus, thereby enabling processing without distortion and, in addition, high-speed processing suitability. Another object of the present invention is to provide an excellent method for intermittently feeding a stretchable web.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for carrying out the above method.

[0010]

An intermittent feeding method for a stretchable web according to the present invention is, as described in claim 1, a stretchable web for intermittently feeding a stretchable web by a constant length to a processing device. In the intermittent feeding method for the elastic web, a main conveying means is provided downstream of the processing device in the web feeding direction, and a nip-type first sub-conveying roller is provided upstream of the processing device in the web feeding direction. A nip-type second sub-transport roller is provided on the upstream side in the web feeding direction, and means for adsorbing the web is provided at a position apart from the web pass line between the both sub-transport rollers. The amount is set to be larger than the feeding amount by the main conveying means, at least the first sub-conveying roller is set in a nip state, and the first sub-conveying roller, the second sub-conveying roller and the main conveying means are used to make a wafer. Transported and after completion of the transport, the second
While the nip state of the sub-transport roller is released, the nip state of the first sub-transport roller is released, the web is sucked by the suction means, and the slack is removed by pulling back the web in the processing device portion. After the web is subjected to a predetermined processing by the processing device and then the first sub-transport roller is put in the nip state, the suction of the web by the suction means is released and the nip state of the second sub-transport roller is released to release the web. The feature is that the slack is released to the upstream side in the feeding direction.

The processing device is a press device for punching, for example.

On the other hand, the above-mentioned web has a round hole at the center, as described in claim 3, for example.

Further, in this method, more preferably, the feed amount by the second sub-transport roller is set larger than the feed amount by the first sub-transport roller.

The intermittent feeding device for stretchable webs according to the present invention is, as described in claim 5, for intermittent feeding of stretchable webs for intermittently feeding a stretchable web to the processing device by a constant length. An apparatus, which is composed of a main conveyance means disposed on the downstream side of the processing apparatus in the web feed direction, a feed roller, and a nip roller capable of pressing the feed roller via the web, A first sub-conveying roller disposed upstream in the direction of the web, a feed roller, and a nip roller capable of pressing the feed roller through the web, and further disposed upstream of the first sub-conveying roller in the web feeding direction. The second sub-conveyance roller and the means for adsorbing the web arranged at a position apart from the web pass line between the sub-conveyance rollers are provided. The feeding amount is set to be larger than the feeding amount by the main conveying means, and by sucking the web by the suction means, it is possible to pull back the web in the processing device portion and remove the slack. It is what

The main conveying means may be, for example, a rotating roller, and a mechanism for vacuum-sucking the web onto the peripheral surface of the rotating roller to prevent slippage with the web. Can be used.

Further, as the main conveying means, for example, as described in claim 7, it is constituted by a rotating roller and a nip roller which presses against the rotating roller via a web to prevent slipping between them. Can also be used. In this case, a mechanism for vacuum-sucking the web may be additionally provided on the peripheral surface of the rotating roller.

Further, as the main conveying means, for example, as described in claim 8, a rotating roller is provided, and a protrusion engaging with a hole formed in the web is formed on the peripheral surface of the rotating roller at the same interval as the intermittent feeding pitch. It is also possible to use a plurality provided at a pitch. Also in this case, a mechanism for vacuum-sucking the web can be additionally provided on the peripheral surface of the rotating roller.

On the other hand, more preferably, the nip roller forming the first or second sub-transport roller is rotatably driven by receiving power.

As means for adsorbing the web from a position away from the pass line, for example, as described in claim 10, an adsorbing plate having an adsorbing surface provided with a plurality of small holes for sucking air, A passage is used that is connected to the small hole and a negative pressure source that can control ON / OFF of the negative pressure supply and is connected to the passage.

More preferably, the means for sucking the web can adjust the distance between the pass line of the web and the suction surface, thereby changing the pullback length of the web. Configured to get.

[0021]

As described above, the web is conveyed by setting the feed amount by both sub-conveying rollers to be larger than the feed amount by the main conveying means, and at least setting the first sub-conveying roller in the nip state. Then, the web is slightly loosened in the processing device portion between the main transport means and the first sub-transport roller, and the web is not deformed by the tension.

After the completion of the conveyance, the second sub-conveying roller is brought into the nip state while the nip state of the first sub-conveying roller is released, and the web is adsorbed by the adsorbing means from a position apart from the web pass line. Since the web cannot be pulled from the upstream side of the second sub-conveying roller in the nip state, it is favorably pulled back from the downstream side of the first sub-conveying roller and the slack of the web in the processing device portion is removed. It

At this time, if the distance between the suction surface of the suction means and the pass line of the web is appropriately set, the tension applied to the web after the suction is completed can be almost zero. That is, since the tensile force is not applied to the web after the adsorption is completed, it is possible to prevent the elongation due to the excessive tension of the web.

As described above, if the web in the processing unit is processed without slack or elongation, it is possible to prevent the processed shape from being distorted or the processing intervals from becoming uneven.

When the slack of the web is removed by suction, the response becomes faster than when the slack is removed by gravity using a counter roller or the like, and the tension does not fluctuate, so that high speed feeding is possible. For example, according to this method, when feeding the above-mentioned liner material for a 3.5-inch floppy disk, high-speed feeding with an intermittent feeding period of about 0.5 seconds is possible.

For the above reasons, according to the present invention, it becomes possible to perform processing without distortion on the web at high speed.

[0027]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be described in detail below based on the embodiments shown in the drawings. FIG. 1 shows an intermittent feeding device for a stretchable web according to an embodiment of the present invention. This device, as an example, delivers liner material 1 for 3.5 inch floppy disks. This liner material 1, which is a web-shaped material, is made of non-woven fabric, for example, and has a width of 86 mm.
Is. In the apparatus of this embodiment, the liner material 1 is
It feeds at regular intervals intermittently at a mm pitch, and the diameter is at the center.
A circular hole 2 of 36 mm is formed, and the peripheral portion thereof is fed to the processing device 10 for processing into a predetermined shape (the processing shape is shown in FIG. 2).

The processing apparatus 10 punches the circular hole 2 in the central portion of the liner material 1 and punches dies 11a and 11b for trimming the circular hole 2 into a continuous octagonal shape.
And a punching press device including a press mechanism (not shown). The liner material 1 is punched by the processing device 10 and then subjected to processing such as cutting into octagons one by one by a device (not shown).

On the other hand, the intermittent feeding device of this embodiment basically has a main feeding roller 20 and a feeding roller 31 as main feeding means.
And a nip roller 33, and a first sub-conveying roller 30 disposed upstream of the processing device 10 in the liner material feeding direction.
Between the second sub-conveying roller 35, which is composed of the feed roller 32 and the nip roller 34 and is arranged further upstream of the first sub-conveying roller 30 in the liner material feeding direction, and between the sub-conveying rollers 30 and 35. The liner material 1 is composed of a suction means 40 for suctioning the liner material 1 away from the pass line.

The liner material 1 is sequentially wound on the fixed free roller 51, the counter roller 52, and the fixed free rollers 53 and 54 from the upstream side in the feeding direction thereof, and then the second sub-conveying roller 3
5, the vicinity of the suction means 40, the first sub-transport roller 30, the processing device 1
It is sent along a path line that sequentially passes through 0 and the main transport roller 20.

The main transport roller 20 has a diameter of 109.5 mm so that the circumferential length is four times the liner material feed pitch: 86 mm.
Is formed in. Further, four hump-shaped circular protrusions 21 having substantially the same diameter as the circular holes 2 formed in the liner material 1 are provided on the peripheral surface 20a at 90 ° intervals. To be precise, these circular protrusions 21 are shown in plan view (1) and side view in FIG.
As shown in (2), the length a of the arc formed by the roller peripheral surface 20a and the diameter A in the width direction in the side view are equal to each other.
It has an elliptical planar shape. As a result, when the liner material 1 is wound around the main transport roller 20, the circular hole 2 of the liner material 1 is tightly fitted into the circular protrusion 21.

The main transport roller 20 is hollow, and a large number of through holes 20b communicating with the hollow portion are opened in the peripheral surface 20a. These through holes 20b have, for example, a diameter of 2 to
The length is 3 mm and they are arranged at intervals of about 8 to 20 mm. The roller peripheral surface 20a may be either a knurled surface or a smooth surface.

The main conveying roller 20 having such a shape is rotatably supported around a fixed shaft 23 having a sufficient thickness through a bearing by a so-called outer ring rotating method, and a timing pulley for driving is provided there. (Not shown) is attached directly. The main transport roller 20 is intermittently rotated by 90 ° via this timing pulley. A small roller gear cam or parallel index cam is preferably used as a means for obtaining power for intermittent feeding.

An air flow path 24 for adsorbing a web is provided in the central portion of the fixed shaft 23. This air flow path 24 has an angle range necessary and sufficient for adsorbing the web (from FIG.
In the range of time), it is open to the peripheral surface of the fixed shaft. The air flow path 24 is connected to a negative pressure source (not shown), and the main transport roller 20
When rotating, air is sucked from the air flow path 24. Then, the through hole 20b in the peripheral surface 20a of the main transport roller 20
Since air is sucked from the liner material 1, the liner material 1 is attracted to the main transport roller 20. A labyrinth seal is provided between the fixed shaft 23 and the main transport roller 20 to prevent a decrease in suction force and noise generation due to air leakage.

Next, the sub-transport rollers 30 and 35 will be described. Each of the feed rollers 31 and 32 forming them is 180
The liner material 1 is intermittently fed by rotating by °. Therefore, these feed rollers 31 and 32 are provided with a feed amount (perimeter of 1
/ 2) is slightly larger than 86 mm, that is, the feed roller 31 has a diameter of 86.5 mm and the feed roller 32 has a diameter of 87 mm. As the feed rollers 31 and 32, those made of metal such as stainless steel and having a surface subjected to knurling to prevent slippage are preferably used.

On the other hand, the nip rollers 33 and 34 are moved up and down at arbitrary timings independent of each other by an air cylinder, a cam, etc. (not shown), and the feed rollers 31 and 32, respectively.
To the nip position to press through the liner material 1 respectively,
There may be a nip release position distant therefrom. It is desirable that the surfaces of these nip rollers 33 and 34 have a rubber lining to prevent them from slipping.

Although it is possible to feed a plurality of webs at the same time by simply moving the nip rollers 33 and 34 respectively following the feed rollers 31 and 32, in order to obtain a more accurate feed amount, , These nip rollers 33 and
It is desirable that 34 also be connected to a power source and driven. In that case, the diameter and the rotation angle of the nip rollers 33 and 34 are selected so that the feed amount per time is the same as that of the feed rollers 31 and 32, and the material is the same as that of the feed rollers 31 and 32. It is desirable to knurl the surface to prevent slippage.

Next, the suction means 40 will be described. The suction means 40 includes a hollow box-shaped suction plate 41 having a square suction surface 41a having a width of 100 mm, which is slightly larger than the width 86 mm of the liner material 1, and a length comparable to the width.
The negative pressure passage 42 communicating with the hollow portion of the suction plate 41
And a negative pressure tank 43 and a vacuum pump 44 connected to the negative pressure passage 42, and a negative pressure supply which is provided in the negative pressure passage 42.
It is composed of an electromagnetic or mechanical on-off valve 45 which is controlled to be turned off.

The suction surface 41a of the suction plate 41 is provided with a large number of through holes (not shown) having a diameter of, for example, 2 to 3 mm, which communicate with the inner hollow portion and are spaced from each other by about 8 to 20 mm. ing. And this suction plate 41
Is disposed at a position where the suction surface 41a is separated from the pass line of the liner material 1 by a predetermined distance.

Further, particularly in this embodiment, the cover 46 is provided such that the liner material 1 is placed between the cover 46 and the suction surface 41a so as to face the suction surface 41a. If such a cover 46 is provided, the liner material 1 can be adsorbed to the adsorption surface 41a at a higher speed.

Next, the intermittent feeding operation of the liner material 1 will be described. First, the nip roller 33 of the first sub-transport roller 30 is set to the above-mentioned nip position, and the liner material 1 is sandwiched between the nip roller 33 and the feed roller 31. While maintaining this nip state, the main transport roller 20 moves 90 °
Each of 31 and 32 is simultaneously driven to rotate 180 ° clockwise in FIG. The nip roller 34 of the second sub-transport roller 35
However, it is desirable to set the nip position immediately after the slack of the liner material 1 is removed by the counter roller 52 as described later.

The main transport roller 20 and the feed roller 31,
By the rotation of 32, the liner material 1 is intermittently fed by one pitch. With this single conveyance, the liner material 1 is calculated to have a distance of 0.5 m between the main conveyance roller 20 and the first sub-conveyance roller 30.
and a slack of 0.5 mm also occurs between the first sub-transport roller 30 and the second sub-transport roller 35. Since the feed amount of the liner material 1 is larger toward the upstream side, there is no fear that the liner material 1 will be stretched by being pulled even if the amount of slack changes to some extent due to a slip between the roller and the liner material 1.

When the liner material 1 has been conveyed once with the nip roller 34 of the second sub-transport roller 35 set to the nip position, the nip roller 33 of the first sub-transport roller 30 is immediately returned to the nip release position. Be done.

Next, the opening / closing valve 45 of the suction means 40 is opened, and the air is sucked into the plate through the through hole formed in the suction surface 41a of the suction plate 41. As a result, the liner material 1 that has been on the normal pass line and has been separated from the suction surface 41a until then is adsorbed to the suction surface 41. Therefore, all the slack (1 mm) of the liner material 1 existing between the main transport roller 20 and the second sub-transport roller 35 is collected near the suction surface 41a.

Since the suction surface 41a of the suction plate 41 is separated from the pass line of the liner material 1 by a distance necessary and sufficient to remove this slack, by always sucking the liner material 1 as described above, An almost constant amount of slack can be removed at high speed. Further, after the adsorption is completed, the tension applied to the liner material 1 can be made almost 0 (zero), so that the extension due to the excessive tension of the liner material 1 can be prevented. It is desirable that the suction plate 41 has an adjustable distance between the suction surface 41a and the pass line of the liner material 1. By doing so, the pullback length of the liner material 1 can be easily changed and set to the optimum value.

Next, the punching process described above is performed by the processing device 10. However, since the liner material 1 in the portion of the processing device 10 is in a state of neither slack nor elongation, the processed shape is distorted, It is possible to prevent the machining intervals from becoming non-uniform.

When the liner material 1 is securely held by the processing device 10, first of all, the nip roller 33 of the first sub-conveying roller 30.
Is returned to the nip position, and immediately thereafter, the on-off valve 45 is closed to release the suction of the liner material 1 by the suction plate 41, and the nip roller 34 of the second sub-transport roller 35 is returned to the nip release position. As a result, all the slack of the liner material 1 is released to the upstream side of the suction plate 41, and this slack is absorbed by the counter roller 52 that descends by gravity.

A series of steps are completed as described above, and then the first conveyance of the liner material 1 by the main conveyance roller 20 and the feed rollers 31 and 32 is repeated, and the same operation is repeated thereafter. The slack removal by the counter roller 52 may be performed in parallel with the transport of the liner material 1 by the main transport roller 20 and the feed rollers 31, 32. In that case, the slack removal should be performed immediately after the slack removal is completed. 2 Set the nip roller 34 of the sub-transport roller 35 to the nip position.

In this embodiment, by maximally overlapping the operations of the steps described above, it is possible to perform high-speed feed with an intermittent feed cycle of about 0.5 seconds.

Further, in this embodiment, the main transport roller 20 is provided with a circular projection 21 which fits with the circular hole 2 of the liner material 1, and air is sucked from the through hole 20b of the peripheral surface 20a of the main transport roller 20 to liner the liner. By adsorbing the material 1, the main conveyance roller
The slippage between the liner material 1 and 20 is prevented, and the liner material 1 can be precisely fed to a fixed length.

The main transporting means is not limited to the main transporting roller 20 as described above, but other fixed length feeding means that can operate substantially in synchronization with both the sub-transporting rollers 30 and 35 may be used. Of course, in that case as well, it is necessary that the feeding amount of the main feeding means can be set smaller than that of both the sub feeding rollers 30 and 35. As such a fixed-length feeding means, for example, a feeding roller and a nip roller that presses against the feeding roller to prevent slipping of the web, like the sub-conveying rollers 30 and 35, and further grips the web. Means of pulling for a certain length may be mentioned.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a side view showing an intermittent feeding device for a stretchable web according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of a web fed by the apparatus of the above embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a plan view showing the main transport means of the apparatus of the above embodiment (1)
And side view (2)

[Explanation of symbols]

 1 Liner material 2 Circular hole of liner material 10 Machining equipment 11a, 11b Punching die 20 Main transport roller 20a Main transport roller peripheral surface 20b Main transport roller through hole 23 Fixed shaft 24 Air flow path 30 First sub transport roller 31, 32 Feed roller 33, 34 Nip roller 35 Second sub-transport roller 40 Adsorption means 41 Adsorption plate 41a Adsorption surface of adsorption plate 42 Negative pressure passage 43 Negative pressure tank 44 Vacuum pump 45 Open / close valve 51, 53, 54 Fixed free roller 52 Counter roller

Claims (11)

[Claims] 1. A method for intermittently feeding a stretchable web, wherein a stretchable web-shaped material is intermittently fed to a processing device by a constant length, and a main conveying means is provided downstream of the processing device in a material feeding direction. A nip-type first sub-transport roller on the upstream side of the material feeding direction of the processing device, and a nip-type second sub-transport roller on the upstream side of the first sub-transport roller in the material feeding direction. Each of the means for adsorbing the web-shaped material between the rollers is provided at a position apart from the path line of the web-like material, and the feed amount by the both sub-conveying rollers is set larger than the feed amount by the main conveying means. , At least the first sub-conveying roller is in a nip state, the web-shaped material is conveyed by the first sub-conveying roller, the second sub-conveying roller and the main conveying means, and after the conveyance is completed, the second sub-conveying roller is Ni In the meantime, the nip state of the first sub-transport roller is released, the web-shaped material is adsorbed by the adsorbing means, and the slack is removed by pulling back the web-shaped material in the processing device part. Then, the web-shaped material is subjected to predetermined processing by the processing device, and then the first sub-conveying roller is put into a nip state, and then the material suction of the suction means is released and the nip state of the second sub-conveying roller is set. An intermittent feeding method for a stretchable web, which is released to allow the looseness of the web-shaped material to escape to the upstream side in the material feeding direction. 2. The intermittent feeding method for a stretchable web according to claim 1, wherein the processing device is a press device for punching. 3. The intermittent feeding method for a stretchable web according to claim 1, wherein the web-shaped material has a round hole formed in a central portion thereof. 4. The feed amount by the second sub-transport roller is
The intermittent feeding method according to claim 1, wherein the feeding amount is set to be larger than the feeding amount by the first sub-conveying roller. 5. An intermittent feeding device for a stretchable web for intermittently feeding a stretchable web-shaped material to a processing device by a constant length, the device being arranged downstream of the processing device in a material feeding direction. A first sub-conveying roller which is composed of a main conveying means provided, a feeding roller, and a nip roller capable of pressing the feeding roller through a web-shaped material, and which is arranged on the upstream side in the material feeding direction of the processing device. A feed roller, and a nip roller capable of pressing the feed roller via a web-shaped material.
A second sub-conveying roller arranged further upstream of the sub-conveying roller in the material feeding direction, and a member arranged at a position apart from the web-shaped material path line between the sub-conveying rollers to adsorb the material. And a means for adjusting the amount of feed by the both sub-conveying rollers to be larger than the amount of feed by the main-conveying means, and by adsorbing the web-shaped material on the adsorbing means, An intermittent feeding device for a stretchable web, which is capable of pulling back the web-shaped material in FIG. 6. The main transport means comprises a rotating roller,
The intermittent feeding device according to claim 5, wherein a mechanism for vacuum-adsorbing the web-shaped material to prevent slippage with the material is provided on the peripheral surface of the rotating roller. 7. The main conveying means is composed of a rotating roller and a nip roller for pressing the rotating roller through the web-shaped material to prevent slippage between them. The intermittent feeding device for a stretchable web according to claim 5 or 6. 8. The main transport means comprises a rotating roller,
7. The stretchable web according to claim 5, wherein a plurality of projections engaging with holes formed in the web-shaped material are provided on the peripheral surface of the rotating roller at the same pitch as the intermittent feed pitch. Intermittent feeding device. 9. The intermittent stretchable web according to claim 5, wherein the nip roller forming the first or second sub-transport roller can be driven to rotate by receiving power. Feeder. 10. The suction means for sucking the web-shaped material comprises a suction plate having a suction surface having a plurality of small holes for sucking air, a passage communicating with the small holes, and a negative pressure supply. The intermittent feed device for a stretchable web according to any one of claims 5 to 9, further comprising: a negative pressure source that can be turned on / off and is connected to the passage. 11. The means for adsorbing the web-shaped material is configured so that the distance between the pass line of the material and the adsorption surface can be adjusted, and thereby the pullback length of the material can be changed. 11. The method according to claim 5, wherein
The intermittent feeding device for stretchable web according to any one of claims.