JPH0683479B2 - Video signal recording device and recording / reproducing device - Google Patents

Description

Description: FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a video signal in which a luminance signal and a chromaticity signal are time-division multiplexed, and in particular, a chromaticity signal is line-sequential and a synchronization signal is positively multiplexed. The present invention relates to a recording / reproducing device.

[Background of the Invention]

The two chromaticity signals (C ₁ and C ₂ ) are time-division multiplexed with the luminance signal (Y) alternately line-sequentially every horizontal scanning period, and the horizontal and vertical synchronization signals are the maximum amplitude of the luminance signal or chromaticity signal. A proposal has been made to adopt a so-called positive-polarity multiplexed video signal in a high-definition television system at a level that does not exceed the standard, and a device for receiving this high-definition video signal is described in the Technical Report of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan. VOL7, NO.44 (March 1984), by Ninomiya, Otsuka, and Izumi in the article entitled "High-definition Television Satellite 1-Channel Transmission System (MUSE)". However, no technology for properly recording and reproducing the above high-definition video signal in a recording / reproducing device such as a VTR is disclosed, and realization of such a recording / reproducing device becomes an important issue for practical application of a high-definition television. There is.
In particular, the above high-definition video signal has a bandwidth more than twice that of the video signal in the conventional TV system, so to record this in a conventional home VTR, the relative speed of the tape head is more than doubled. It is necessary to set the video signal to 1
So-called segment recording in which recording is performed by dividing the field into two or more is essential. The method of separating the positive sync signal multiplexed from the temporally continuous video signal is disclosed in the above document, but so-called skew and jitter occur in the VTR in which the segment recording described above is performed. However, the reproduced video signal becomes discontinuous in time and the time axis also fluctuates, which makes it difficult to separate the positive sync signal, and separates the line-sequential chromaticity signal, and also separates the luminance signal and the chromaticity signal. However, there is a problem in that correct signal reproduction cannot be performed.

[Object of the Invention]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to record and reproduce a video signal in which a luminance signal and a chromaticity signal are time-division multiplexed and a video signal having a positive sync signal can be stably and faithfully recorded and reproduced without malfunction. To provide a device.

[Outline of Invention]

The present invention, when recording a video signal in which a luminance signal and a chromaticity signal are time-division multiplexed, separates a positive sync signal contained therein, and based on the separated output, the maximum amplitude of the luminance signal or the chromaticity signal. A negative sync signal having a predetermined amplitude level exceeding 0 is generated, and the negative sync signal is converted into a recording video signal inserted and then recorded, and the video signal obtained by reproducing it is The negative sync signal is separated, and the time axis of the reproduced video signal is processed based on the separated output to restore a stable video signal with no time axis fluctuation, or the time-division multiplexed luminance signal and chromaticity signal Discrimination and separation are performed to obtain a decoded video signal on the regular time axis.

Example of Invention

 An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG.

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a rotary head type magnetic recording / reproducing apparatus in which a luminance signal Y and two chromaticity signals C ₁ and C ₂ are line-sequentially time-division multiplexed and a video signal having a positive sync signal is recorded. The operation will be described with reference to the waveform diagram of FIG. 2 in the case where the above-mentioned high-definition video signal is applied as an example of the video signal to be recorded.

In FIG. 1, 100 is an input terminal for the video signal M.
As shown in FIG. 2a, the video signal M has two chromaticity signals C ₁ and C _{2 which} are line-sequential and whose time axis is compressed to 1 / K so that a horizontal blanking period of the luminance signal Y is obtained. are time-division multiplexed and horizontal synchronizing signals S ₁ to multiplexed horizontal scanning lines of the chroma signal C ₁ with a slope of falling edges, rising of the multiplexed horizontal scanning lines of the chroma signal C ₂ Horizontal sync signal with slope
Both S ₂ have a signal format of positive polarity multiplexed with an amplitude level that does not exceed the maximum amplitude of the luminance signal Y or the chromaticity signals C ₁ and C ₂ . In addition, the positive horizontal synchronizing signals S ₁ and S ₂
The frame pulse used for separating the video signal has the same positive polarity as the vertical synchronizing signal, and is multiplexed within the vertical blanking period of the video signal (not shown).

Reference numeral 10 denotes a positive polarity sync separation circuit which separates the frame pulse from the video signal M from the terminal 100 by the positive polarity sync separation circuit 10 and outputs it as a vertical sync signal V. The signals S ₁ and S ₁ are discriminated and separated from each other, and are output as a horizontal synchronizing signal H corresponding to the positive horizontal synchronizing signal S ₁ . Reference numeral 12 denotes a negative polarity horizontal sync signal forming circuit, which forms and outputs a negative polarity horizontal sync signal H'based on the horizontal sync signal H separated and output from the circuit 10. This negative polarity horizontal sync signal H'is supplied to the negative polarity sync insertion circuit 13, and as shown in FIG. 2B, the positive polarity horizontal sync signal S ₁ of the video signal M from the terminal 100.
In place of the signal S _1, the negative horizontal synchronizing signal H ′
Is inserted. Here, this negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal H '
Is set so that the peak level exceeds the maximum amplitude of the luminance signal Y of the video signal M or the chromaticity signals C ₁ and C ₂ , for example, the maximum amplitude is set to 1 and the peak level of the negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal H ′ is It is inserted with an amplitude that makes 1.3. Also, the pulse width 7 of the negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal H'and the front porch
The levels of P ₁ and the back porch P ₂ may be arbitrary, but here, the levels of the front porch P ₁ and the back porch P ₂ correspond to the 50% level of the luminance signal Y, and the negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal H ′. The falling phase of is set so as to correspond to the phase approximately at the center of the inclined portion of the positive polarity horizontal synchronization signal S ₁ . When the so-called color difference signals such as the difference signal RY between the red original signal R and the luminance signal Y and the difference signal BY between the blue original signal B and the luminance signal Y are used as the chromaticity signals C ₁ and C ₂ , , The level of the back porch P ₂ may be made to coincide with the zero level of the color difference signal. By doing so, the zero level of the color difference signal can be faithfully transmitted, and this zero level is detected during reproduction. The effect that stable color reproduction can be obtained is obtained.

Reference numeral 11 denotes a negative polarity vertical synchronizing signal forming circuit, which forms and outputs a negative polarity vertical synchronizing signal V ′ based on the vertical synchronizing signal V output from the circuit 10. This negative polarity vertical synchronizing signal V'is supplied to the negative polarity synchronizing insertion circuit 13 and is inserted into a part of the vertical blanking period of the video signal M from the terminal 100 (not shown). This negative polarity vertical synchronizing signal V '
Is set so that its peak level exceeds the maximum amplitude of the video signal M, for example, as in the case of the above-mentioned negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal H ', the peak level of the negative polarity vertical synchronizing signal V'is 1.3 as its maximum amplitude. It is inserted with an amplitude such that Thus, the video signal M '(b in FIG. 2) output by inserting the negative sync signal in the circuit 13 is clamped by the clamp circuit 14 and appropriately emphasized in the high frequency range by the pre-emphasis circuit 15. In order to prevent inversion, the clipping circuit 16 limits high frequency components, and then the FM modulation circuit 17 performs FM modulation. This FM
The output from the modulation circuit 17 is amplified by the recording / amplification circuit 18 and then sequentially recorded on the magnetic tape 1 by the two rotary magnetic heads 2. Here, the high-quality video signal M (or M ')
Has a band more than twice the band of the video signal of the conventional television system. Therefore, the rotary magnetic head 2 is rotated at a rotation speed more than twice the band of the conventional video signal. Alternatively, M ') is divided into two or more within one field and sequentially recorded on a plurality of tracks.

Next, at the time of reproduction, the signals recorded by being divided into the plurality of tracks are alternately reproduced from the magnetic tape 1 by the same two rotating magnetic heads 3 as the head 2, amplified by the reproduction amplifier circuit 20, and This circuit 20 outputs signals which are alternately switched and are continuous. The reproduction output signal from the circuit 20 is appropriately equalized by the FM equalization circuit 21, sufficiently amplified and limited in amplitude by the limiter circuit 22, and further the FM demodulation circuit.
After being demodulated in 23, the de-emphasis circuit 24 suppresses the high frequency band by the characteristic opposite to that of the pre-emphasis circuit 15 at the time of recording. Therefore, the reproduced video signal M ″ (same as b in FIG. 2) having the same waveform as the recorded video signal M ′ is output from the circuit 24.

As described above, since the video signal M ′ is divided into a plurality of fields and recorded in one field, the reproduced video signal M ″ causes phase discontinuity (so-called skew) at the joint due to expansion and contraction of the magnetic tape 1. , Also rotating magnetic head 2,3
However, according to the present invention, the original video signal can be restored in a stable and reliable manner without being affected by such a change in the rotational axis or the running phase of the magnetic tape 1. You can

Hereinafter, the operation is performed by using the decoder 28 for the reproduced video signal M ″.
A case in which the luminance signal Y and the two chromaticity signals C ₁ and C ₂ which are time-division-multiplexed are separated and restored to the normal time axis will be described.

The reproduced video signal M ″ from the circuit 24 is supplied to each of the decoder 28, the negative polarity sync separation circuit 25, and the positive polarity sync separation circuit 27. In the negative polarity sync separation circuit 25, the reproduced video signal M ″ is vertically more negative than the reproduced video signal M ″. The sync signal V'and the negative polarity horizontal sync signal H'are separately output. These negative sync signals V'and H'are set so that the peak level thereof exceeds the maximum amplitude of the luminance signal Y or the chromaticity signals C ₁ and C ₂ , and therefore their separation is easy. Even if the signal is divided within one field as described above, or if the time axis changes due to jitter or skew and the signal is discontinuous, these negative polarity synchronizing signals V ', H'are divided for each divided track. Can be independently identified and separated. Also,
The back porch (P ₂ ) is peak-clamped at the peak level of the negative sync signal of the reproduced video signal M ″ or based on the negative horizontal sync signal H ′ output from the circuit 25.
It is possible to perform a keyed clamp, and it is possible to easily perform DC reproduction of the video signal M ″ and zero level detection of the chromaticity signal. In particular, the negative horizontal synchronizing signal H ′ has two chromaticities. Since only one of the signals C ₁ and C ₂ is inserted in the horizontal scanning line in which the chromaticity signal C ₁ is multiplexed, the two chromaticity signals C ₁ and C ₂ can be identified by identifying the negative horizontal synchronizing signal H ′. It is possible to easily and surely discriminate which one of the above.

A negative horizontal synchronizing signal H'which is separately output from the circuit 25.
(C in FIG. 2) is supplied to the delay circuit 26 and is triggered by this negative horizontal synchronizing signal H'and delayed by one horizontal scanning period T (d in FIG. 2) is output from the circuit 26. . Based on the output from the delay circuit 26, the positive sync separation circuit 27
Then, the positive horizontal synchronizing signal S ₂ is discriminated and separated from the reproduced video signal M ″ from the circuit 24 and outputted from the circuit 27 as a horizontal synchronizing signal H ″ (e in FIG. 2). The delay time T in the delay circuit 26 is fixedly set so as to be constant, or the phase of the horizontal synchronizing signal H ″ separately output in the circuit 27 has a positive polarity horizontal synchronizing signal S _{2 having} a slope portion. Specifically, the output signal from the circuit 26 and the positive horizontal sync signal S ₂ of the reproduced video signal M ″ from the circuit 24 are phased in the positive sync separation circuit 27 so as to match the phase of the center of the reproduced video signal M ″. As a result of comparison, an error signal corresponding to the phase difference between the two is output from the circuit 27 and supplied to the circuit 26 as indicated by the broken line in the figure, and the delay time T is automatically variably set according to the error signal. It According to this latter method, even if the reproduced video signal M ″ has a time-axis fluctuation, the positive-polarity synchronization signal S ₂ can be reliably identified and separated by following the time-axis fluctuation.

The decoder 28 is composed of a memory for temporarily storing the reproduced video signal M ″ from the circuit 24, a writing and reading control circuit for the memory, and the like, based on the vertical synchronizing signal V ′ from the circuit 25. Reproduction video signal M ″ from the circuit 24
Of odd-numbered fields and even-numbered fields of the reproduced video signal M "based on the horizontal synchronizing signal H'from the circuit 25 and the horizontal synchronizing signal H" from the circuit 27 for each field. 2 f) is separated and output to the terminal 200. Also, the chromaticity signal C ₁ is separated from the reproduced video signal M ″ based on the horizontal synchronizing signal H ′, and the time axis thereof is expanded K times by the memory so that the terminal 30
Output to 0. As shown in g of FIG. 2, the chromaticity signal C ₁ is returned from the terminal 300 to the original regular time axis and is output intermittently for each horizontal scanning line. In the horizontal scanning line indicated by, the chromaticity signal C ₁ of the preceding horizontal scanning line is complemented and output. Similarly, the chromaticity signal C ₂ is separated from the reproduced image M ″ on the basis of the horizontal synchronizing signal H ″, and the time axis of the chromaticity signal C ₂ is expanded K times by the memory and output to the terminal 400. From this terminal 400, the chromaticity signal C ₂ is returned to the original regular time axis and intermittently output for each horizontal scanning line as shown in h of FIG. In the horizontal scanning line shown, the chromaticity signal C ₂ of the preceding horizontal scanning line is complemented and output. Thus, the terminals 200, 300, and 400 output the luminance signal Y on the regular time axis and the two chromaticity signals C ₁ and C ₂ converted from the line-sequential simultaneous type. By the time buffering action in the memory, the time axis fluctuation caused by the above-mentioned jitter, skew, etc. is removed, and each of the terminals 200, 300, 40
The signal output from 0 has a stable time axis with no fluctuation. Regarding the synchronizing signal, a predetermined synchronizing signal suitable for the television receiver is generated in the decoder 28 based on the synchronizing signals V ', H', H ", inserted into the luminance signal Y, and output to the terminal 200. To be done.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the decoder 28 is used to decode and output the luminance signal Y and the two chromaticity signals C ₁ and C _2. However, instead of the decoder 28, a time axis correction circuit is provided. By using the vertical synchronizing signal V'and the horizontal synchronizing signal H'from the circuit 25, and the horizontal synchronizing signal H "from the circuit 27, the time base fluctuation contained in the reproduced video signal M" from the circuit 24. The video signal having the same signal format as the video signal M input to the terminal 100 is obtained by removing the component and converting the negative sync signal H ′ of the reproduced video signal M ″ into the original positive sync signal S _1. You may make it output a signal.

Further, as the format of the video signal to be recorded, in the embodiment of FIG. 1, as shown in b of FIG. 2, the positive horizontal synchronizing signal S ₁
Although only the negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal H'is replaced, the present invention is not limited to this, and the other positive polarity horizontal synchronizing signal S ₂ is as shown in FIG. Is replaced with a negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal I'having a polarity opposite to that of the negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal H ', or as shown in FIG. 3b, a negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal having the same polarity as the negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal H'. It may be replaced by I ″. In the signal format shown in FIG. 3B, the peak level of the negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal I ″ coincides with the peak level of the negative polarity horizontal synchronizing signal H ′. Alternatively, as shown in the figure, the peak levels of both may be different from each other. Further, as shown in FIG. 3c, the positive horizontal synchronizing signal S _{2 is changed} to the chromaticity signal.
The signal P ₀ may be replaced with a signal P ₀ having a constant level equal to the zero level of C ₁ and C ₂ . According to the signal formats shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the horizontal synchronizing signal can be separated for each horizontal scanning line. Therefore, if these are applied to the embodiment shown in FIG. The circuits 26 and 27 can be eliminated, and the influence of time axis fluctuation can be further reduced. Further, according to the signal format of FIG. 3c, the zero level period of the chromaticity signal can be widened, and therefore, the direct current reproduction and the zero level detection can be performed more reliably during reproduction. In the signal format of FIG. 3c, the horizontal synchronizing signal (H ') is detected only every other horizontal scanning line, but the reproduced video signal is detected in units where the horizontal synchronizing signal H'is detected, that is, two horizontal lines. No problem arises when the time axis processing is performed for each scanning line.

The effects obtained in any of the above cases are the same, and all are the same as the gist of the present invention.

As described above, the first feature of the present invention is that, in the recording system, the luminance signal Y and at least one of the _two color signals C ₁ and C ₂ are time-division multiplexed, and the positive polarity synchronization information ( Positive horizontal sync signal
By inserting negative sync information (negative horizontal sync signal H ′ and negative vertical sync signal V ′) into the input original video signal M having S ₁ and S ₂ and a vertical sync signal (frame pulse) of positive polarity The purpose is to record the generated recording video signal. A second feature of the present invention is that, when generating the recorded video signal, a time gap τ sufficient to insert the negative polarity synchronization information into a part of the input original video signal M is generated. ,
The negative polarity synchronization information is inserted in the time gap.

A third feature of the present invention is that at the time of generating the time gap τ, at least a part of the positive polarity synchronization information included in the input original image signal M is left, and a position different from that remains at the time gap. to generate τ.

A fourth feature of the present invention is that when the time gap τ is generated, the time gap τ is generated by removing at least part of the positive polarity synchronization information included in the input original video signal M. To do so.

A fifth feature of the present invention is that in the recording system, a time gap τ is generated in a part of an original video signal M in which a luminance signal Y and at least one of _two color signals C ₁ and C ₂ are time-division multiplexed. Then, the negative polarity synchronization information is inserted in the time gap at an amplitude level at which at least a part of the back porch level is substantially equal to the reference zero level of the color signal included in the original video signal. is there.

Further, a sixth feature of the present invention is that, in the reproducing system, the negative polarity synchronization information inserted therein is removed from the reproduced video signal recorded and reproduced from the recorded video signal generated by the recording system. It is to convert into a signal.

A seventh feature of the present invention is that the luminance signal Y and two color signals, which are time-division-multiplexed with the converted reproduced video signal.
This is to decode C ₁ and C ₂ and convert them into the original regular time axis, and output the luminance signal and the two color signals separately.

An eighth feature of the present invention is that the converted reproduced video signal is further converted into a signal of the same format as the original video signal M and is output.

Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the embodiment of FIG. 1 described above, but can be applied to all the inventions in line with the gist of the invention, and the same effects can be obtained.

〔The invention's effect〕

As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to faithfully record and reproduce a video signal having a positive sync signal in which a luminance signal and a chromaticity signal are line-sequentially time-division-multiplexed, and segment recording is performed. Even if the video signal is divided and recorded, or if the recording / playback system fluctuates on the time axis, the original video signal can be restored in a stable and reliable manner without being affected by these effects. A high-definition television system recording / reproducing apparatus having the above time-division multiplex signal format capable of stably operating chromaticity signal discrimination, luminance signal separation, and time-base processing of these signals is facilitated. The effect that it can be achieved is obtained.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a recording / reproducing apparatus according to the present invention, FIG. 2 is a waveform diagram for explaining its operation, and FIG. 3 is a video signal to be recorded / reproduced according to the present invention. It is a wave form diagram which shows the other format. 10, 27 …… Positive polarity sync separation circuit, 11 …… Negative polarity vertical sync signal formation circuit, 12 …… Negative polarity horizontal sync signal formation circuit, 13 …… Negative polarity sync insertion circuit, 25 …… Negative polarity sync separation circuit, 26 ・ ・ ・… Delay circuit, 28… Decoder.

Front page continued (72) Inventor Katsuo Mohri 292 Yoshida-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture Home Appliance Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd. (56) References JP-A-52-60523 (JP, A) JP-A-53- 5926 (JP, A)

Claims (12)

[Claims] 1. At least one of the two chromaticity signals is time-division multiplexed with a luminance signal, and an original video signal having positive polarity synchronization information with an amplitude level not exceeding the maximum amplitude of the luminance signal or the chromaticity signal is recorded. A unit configured to form negative polarity synchronization information based on the positive polarity synchronization information included in the input original video signal; and negative polarity synchronization information from the negative polarity synchronization information forming unit. Means for inserting a recording video signal into at least part of the luminance signal and chromaticity signal of the original video signal; and means for recording the recording video signal from the recording video signal generating means on a predetermined recording medium. And; and the negative polarity synchronization information is inserted at a predetermined amplitude level exceeding the maximum amplitude of the luminance signal or chromaticity signal included in the recording video signal. Recording apparatus of a video signal characterized by and. 2. The recording video signal generating means has a time gap sufficient to insert the negative polarity synchronization information into at least a part between the luminance signal and the chromaticity signal of the input original video signal. 3. The video signal recording apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a means for generating the video signal and inserting the negative polarity synchronization information in the time interval. 3. The recording video signal generating means receives the negative polarity synchronization information from the negative polarity synchronization information forming means,
At least a part of the positive polarity synchronization information included in the input original video signal is left, and a time gap is generated and inserted in at least a part between the luminance signal and the chromaticity signal at a different position. The video signal recording apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the video signal recording apparatus comprises: 4. The recording video signal generating means outputs the negative polarity synchronization information from the negative polarity synchronization information forming means,
Claim 1 characterized by including means for generating and inserting a time gap by removing at least a part of said positive polarity synchronization information contained in said input original video signal. Item 2. A video signal recording device according to item 2 or item 3. 5. The recording video signal generating means outputs the negative polarity synchronization information from the negative polarity synchronization information forming means,
And a means for inserting at least part of the level of the back porch at an amplitude level that substantially matches the reference zero level of the chromaticity signal included in the original video signal to be input. The video signal recording device according to claim 1 or 2. 6. The recording video signal generating means generates a time gap by removing at least a part of the positive polarity synchronization information contained in the input original video signal, and the color gap is generated in the time gap. 3. A video signal recording apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising means for inserting a signal having a constant level substantially the same as the reference zero level of the frequency signal. 7. The negative polarity sync information forming means includes means for forming negative polarity vertical sync information, and the recording video signal generating means includes the luminance signal and chromaticity signal of the input original video signal. Means for generating a time gap sufficient to insert the negative polarity vertical synchronization information in at least a part of the space, and inserting the negative polarity vertical synchronization information from the negative polarity vertical synchronization information forming means in the time gap; The video signal recording apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the video signal recording apparatus comprises: 8. At least one of the two chromaticity signals is time-division multiplexed with a luminance signal, and an original video signal having positive sync information of an amplitude level not exceeding the maximum amplitude of the luminance signal or the chromaticity signal is recorded. Means for forming negative sync information based on the positive sync information contained in the input original video signal input; and the luminance signal and color of the original video signal A time interval sufficient to insert the negative polarity synchronization information is generated in at least part of the frequency signal, and the negative polarity synchronization information from the negative polarity synchronization information forming means is inserted in the time gap to record a video image. Means for generating a signal; means for recording the recording video signal from the recording video signal generating means on a predetermined recording medium; and the recording video signal recorded on the recording medium by the recording means. Means for reproducing; and means for converting the reproduced video signal from the reproducing means into a signal from which the negative polarity synchronization information inserted therein has been removed and outputting the signal, Signal recording / reproducing device. 9. The reproduced video signal conversion and output means decodes the luminance signal and two chromaticity signals, which are time-division-multiplexed with the reproduced video signal, into respective original regular time axis signals. 9. The video signal recording / reproducing apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the video signal recording / reproducing apparatus is configured to include means for converting and outputting a luminance signal and two chromaticity signals separately. 10. The reproduced video signal conversion and output means generates a reference sync signal suitable for signal reproduction in a television receiver based on the negative sync information or the positive sync information contained in the reproduced video signal. 10. The video signal recording / reproducing apparatus according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that it is configured to include means for generating and outputting. 11. A conversion output unit for the reproduced video signal includes a unit for converting and outputting the signal in the same format as the input original video signal. 8. A video signal recording / reproducing apparatus according to item 8. 12. The playback output signal conversion and output means includes means for removing time-axis fluctuations of the playback video signal and converting the playback video signal into a signal having a stable time axis. 12. A video signal recording / reproducing apparatus according to claim 8, 9, 10, or 11.