JPH0649441A - Flame-retardant thermal storage material - Google Patents
Flame-retardant thermal storage materialInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0649441A JPH0649441A JP4201582A JP20158292A JPH0649441A JP H0649441 A JPH0649441 A JP H0649441A JP 4201582 A JP4201582 A JP 4201582A JP 20158292 A JP20158292 A JP 20158292A JP H0649441 A JPH0649441 A JP H0649441A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- flame
- storage material
- heat storage
- retardant
- latent heat
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】この発明は、相変化に伴い発生す
る潜熱を利用した蓄熱材を難燃化したもの、すなわち難
燃蓄熱材に関するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a flame-retardant heat storage material that utilizes latent heat generated by a phase change, that is, a flame-retardant heat storage material.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】プラスチックの難燃化には、水酸化アル
ミニウムや水酸化マグネシウムなどの水酸化物や、リン
系あるいはリン酸エステル系難燃材や、塩素化パラフィ
ンやテトラブロムビスフェノールＡなどのハロゲン系難
燃材さらに三酸化アンチモンなどを添加するのが一般的
な方法である。2. Description of the Related Art For making flame-retardant plastics, hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, phosphorus-based or phosphate ester-based flame-retardant materials, halogens such as chlorinated paraffin and tetrabromobisphenol A. It is a general method to add a flame-retardant material and antimony trioxide.
【０００３】一方、潜熱蓄熱材は、その固相−液相間の
相転移に伴う潜熱を利用して、大量の熱を蓄えるもので
あるが、近年、この潜熱蓄熱材をマトリックス中に分散
したり、カプセル化したりして固定して利用できる蓄熱
材が開発されてきている。このような蓄熱材は、融点が
低く、一般に引火点も低いため、従来のプラスチックの
難燃化と同様の方法では有効な難燃化は難しい。On the other hand, the latent heat storage material stores a large amount of heat by utilizing the latent heat accompanying the phase transition between the solid phase and the liquid phase. In recent years, this latent heat storage material is dispersed in a matrix. A heat storage material that can be fixed and used by encapsulation or encapsulation has been developed. Since such a heat storage material has a low melting point and generally has a low flash point, effective flame retardation is difficult by a method similar to that of conventional plastics.
【０００４】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】一般に燃焼は、プラス
チックから発生する可燃性ガスと酸素および燃焼により
生じる熱によって継続する。従来のプラスチックの難燃
化は、添加する難燃材から発生する不燃性ガスで可燃性
ガスを希釈したり、燃焼による炭化を促進したりして炭
化層を形成し、燃焼面を被覆して可燃性ガスおよび酸素
の供給を遮断したり、燃焼を促進するラジカルＨＯを捕
捉したり、あるいは、添加した難燃材から燃焼時に遊離
する水による冷却効果で燃焼を停止させるものである。Combustion generally continues with the combustible gases and oxygen evolved from the plastic and the heat generated by the combustion. Conventional plastics are made flame-retardant by diluting the combustible gas with non-combustible gas generated from the added flame-retardant material, or promoting carbonization by combustion to form a carbonized layer and coating the combustion surface. The supply of combustible gas and oxygen is interrupted, radicals HO that promote combustion are captured, or the combustion is stopped by the cooling effect of the water released from the added flame retardant at the time of combustion.
【０００５】前記のような潜熱蓄熱材とポリオレフィン
の溶融混合物からなる蓄熱材は、燃焼により容易に溶融
してしまい、また、その溶融粘度も低いという欠点を有
する。そのため、燃焼部に可燃性ガスを供給しやすい状
態となって、従来の難燃材の効果を充分に発揮できな
い。そこで、この発明は、潜熱蓄熱材とポリオレフィン
の溶融混合物を含んでなる蓄熱材を効果的に難燃化した
難燃蓄熱材を提供することを課題とする。The heat storage material composed of a molten mixture of the latent heat storage material and the polyolefin as described above has a drawback that it is easily melted by combustion and has a low melt viscosity. Therefore, it becomes easy to supply the combustible gas to the combustion section, and the effect of the conventional flame-retardant material cannot be sufficiently exhibited. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a flame-retardant heat storage material in which a heat storage material containing a molten mixture of a latent heat storage material and a polyolefin is effectively made flame-retardant.
【０００６】[0006]
【課題を解決するための手段】この発明は、上記課題を
解決するために、潜熱蓄熱材とポリオレフィンの溶融混
合物中に難燃材が含まれてなる難燃蓄熱材において、無
機粉体も含まれていることを特徴とする難燃蓄熱材を提
供する。この発明で用いる潜熱蓄熱材は、固相−液相間
の相転移に伴う潜熱を利用して、大量の熱を蓄えるもの
であり、たとえば、パラフィン、脂肪酸、脂肪酸エステ
ルなどの有機系潜熱蓄熱材などが挙げられるがこれらに
限られるものではない。In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention is a flame-retardant heat storage material comprising a flame-retardant material in a molten mixture of a latent heat storage material and a polyolefin, also comprising inorganic powder. A flame-retardant heat storage material is provided. The latent heat storage material used in the present invention stores a large amount of heat by utilizing latent heat associated with the phase transition between the solid phase and the liquid phase. For example, an organic latent heat storage material such as paraffin, fatty acid, and fatty acid ester. However, the present invention is not limited to these.
【０００７】ポリオレフィンは、たとえば、上述のよう
に潜熱蓄熱材を分散、固定、または、カプセル化するた
めのマトリックスとして用いられ、ポリエチレンなどが
挙げられるがこれに限られるものではない。この発明で
は、ポリオレフィンとともに、潜熱蓄熱材のしみだし防
止などのためにエチレン−αオレフィン共重合体を併用
しても良い。Polyolefin is used, for example, as a matrix for dispersing, fixing or encapsulating the latent heat storage material as described above, and examples thereof include polyethylene, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In the present invention, an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer may be used together with the polyolefin in order to prevent the latent heat storage material from seeping out.
【０００８】この発明では、潜熱蓄熱材とポリオレフィ
ンとは従来と同様の方法で溶融混合されて蓄熱材とされ
る。この発明で用いる無機粉体は、たとえば、シリカ、
炭酸カルシウム、硫酸バリウム、タルクやアルミナなど
の粉末で、初期の燃焼熱では分解することのないもので
あり、その粒径は微粒であることが望ましいが、添加時
のベースとなる蓄熱材の粘度によっては混練性が悪くな
ることが考えられるため、数μｍ程度以下、たとえば、
平均粒径は５μｍ以下であり、０．０１〜１μｍの範囲
が好ましい。粒径がこの範囲を下回ると溶融混合物の粘
度が高くなりすぎて混合操作がしにくくなるおそれがあ
り、上回ると難燃作用を十分に高める効果が得られない
おそれがある。無機粉体の添加部数も同様の理由からあ
まり多量に添加することはできないが、数部程度添加す
れば効果は発揮できる。無機粉体は、分散性を高めるた
めに表面処理されていてもよい。In the present invention, the latent heat storage material and the polyolefin are melt-mixed in the same manner as in the prior art to form the heat storage material. The inorganic powder used in the present invention is, for example, silica,
It is a powder of calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, talc, alumina, etc. that does not decompose in the initial combustion heat, and it is desirable that the particle size is fine, but the viscosity of the heat storage material that is the base when added Depending on the situation, the kneading property may deteriorate.
The average particle size is 5 μm or less, preferably 0.01 to 1 μm. If the particle size is less than this range, the viscosity of the molten mixture may become too high, making it difficult to carry out the mixing operation, and if it exceeds the range, the effect of sufficiently enhancing the flame retarding effect may not be obtained. For the same reason, it is not possible to add a large amount of inorganic powder, but the effect can be exhibited by adding a few parts. The inorganic powder may be surface-treated to improve dispersibility.
【０００９】無機粉体の粒径は、大きく分けて１次粒子
径とフロック（分子間力等で引き合い固まりとなった多
次粒子）粒子径があり、上で述べた粒径は１次粒子径も
含めたフロック径である。この発明で用いる難燃材とし
ては、たとえば、従来の技術の項で挙げたようなもの
（水酸化物やリン系難燃材など）が挙げられるが、比較
的低温で分解が始まり、燃焼を抑制する効果が現れるも
のが望ましい。そうした点から水酸化マグネシウムより
水酸化アルミニウムの方が低温で分解するため効果的で
ある。また、水酸化物では他の難燃材と比べて添加部数
が多い方が良く、十数部以上添加することが望ましい。
リン系難燃材は、赤リンであれば数部添加することでそ
の効果を発揮するがそれに限定されるものではない。ハ
ロゲン系難燃材では、塩素化パラフィンやテトラブロム
ビスフェノールＡなどが挙げられ、三酸化アンチモンと
の併用でさらに効果が発揮できる。The particle size of the inorganic powder is roughly classified into a primary particle size and a floc (multi-order particle which is agglomerated due to intermolecular force etc.) particle size. It is the flock diameter including the diameter. Examples of the flame-retardant material used in the present invention include those listed in the section of the related art (hydroxide, phosphorus-based flame-retardant material, etc.). It is desirable that a suppressive effect be exhibited. From this point, aluminum hydroxide is more effective than magnesium hydroxide because it decomposes at a low temperature. In addition, it is better for the hydroxide to be added in a larger number of parts than other flame retardant materials, and it is desirable to add a dozen or more parts.
The phosphorus-based flame-retardant material exerts its effect by adding a few parts of red phosphorus, but it is not limited thereto. Examples of the halogen-based flame-retardant material include chlorinated paraffin and tetrabromobisphenol A, which are more effective when used in combination with antimony trioxide.
【００１０】この発明の難燃蓄熱材では、たとえば、潜
熱蓄熱材、ポリオレフィン、難燃材、無機粉体の比率は
特に制限はないが、たとえば、潜熱蓄熱材とポリオレフ
ィンの合計量１００重量部に対して、潜熱蓄熱材５０〜
９０重量部、ポリオレフィン１０〜５０重量部であり、
潜熱蓄熱材とその他蓄熱体形成体の合計量１００重量部
に対して、難燃材１２〜４０重量部、無機粉体１〜５重
量部の各範囲である。難燃材のうち、水酸化物は１０〜
３０重量部、リン系難燃材は１〜５重量部、ハロゲン化
難燃材は１〜５重量部の範囲が好ましい。潜熱蓄熱材の
添加量が上記範囲を上回ると蓄熱時に蓄熱体が形を保持
しないおそれがあり、下回ると蓄熱量が低くなりすぎ蓄
熱体としての意味をなさないおそれがある。難燃材の添
加量が上記範囲を上回るとコスト高になりすぎるおそれ
があり、下回ると難燃効果が十分に得られないおそれが
ある。無機粉体の添加量が、上記範囲を上回ると溶融混
合物の粘度が高くなりすぎて混合操作がしにくくなるお
それがあり、下回ると潜熱蓄熱材とポリオレフィンの材
料が融解したときに粘度の高い溶融物とならずに容易に
滴下したり流動したりするおそれがある。In the flame-retardant heat storage material of the present invention, the ratio of the latent heat storage material, the polyolefin, the flame retardant material, and the inorganic powder is not particularly limited, but for example, the total amount of the latent heat storage material and the polyolefin is 100 parts by weight. On the other hand, latent heat storage material 50-
90 parts by weight, 10 to 50 parts by weight of polyolefin,
The range is 12 to 40 parts by weight of the flame retardant material and 1 to 5 parts by weight of the inorganic powder with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the latent heat storage material and the other heat storage body forming body. Among flame retardants, hydroxide is 10
30 parts by weight, 1 to 5 parts by weight of the phosphorus-based flame retardant, and 1 to 5 parts by weight of the halogenated flame retardant are preferable. If the addition amount of the latent heat storage material exceeds the above range, the heat storage body may not retain its shape during heat storage, and if it is below the above range, the heat storage amount may be too low to make sense as a heat storage body. If the amount of the flame retardant added exceeds the above range, the cost may be too high, and if it is less than the above range, the flame retardant effect may not be sufficiently obtained. If the addition amount of the inorganic powder exceeds the above range, the viscosity of the molten mixture may be too high and the mixing operation may be difficult, and if the addition amount is less than the above range, the latent heat storage material and the polyolefin material may have high viscosity when melted. There is a risk that it may easily drop or flow without becoming a substance.
【００１１】上記無機粉体や難燃材の蓄熱材への添加お
よび成形は、混練押し出し機などによって行い、添加難
燃材の分散は充分良好にしておく必要があるが、特にこ
れに限定されるものではない。添加の順序には特に制限
はない。たとえば、潜熱蓄熱材とポリオレフィンと必要
に応じて加えられるエチレン−αオレフィン共重合体を
溶融混合（または混練）し、難燃材、無機粉体、その他
必要に応じて添加される成分を加えて均一に混合し、こ
の発明の難燃蓄熱材が得られる。この難燃蓄熱材は必要
に応じて所望の形状に成形されてもよい。Addition and molding of the above-mentioned inorganic powder or flame retardant to the heat storage material should be carried out by a kneading extruder or the like, and the added flame retardant should be sufficiently dispersed, but it is not particularly limited thereto. Not something. The order of addition is not particularly limited. For example, the latent heat storage material, the polyolefin, and the ethylene-α-olefin copolymer that is added as necessary are melt-mixed (or kneaded), and the flame-retardant material, the inorganic powder, and other components that are added as necessary are added. By uniformly mixing, the flame retardant heat storage material of the present invention can be obtained. This flame-retardant heat storage material may be formed into a desired shape as needed.
【００１２】[0012]
【作用】この発明の難燃蓄熱材は、潜熱蓄熱材とポリオ
レフィンの溶融混合物中に難燃材が含まれてなるもの
に、さらに無機粉体も含まれているので、燃焼熱により
溶融し始めても、初期の燃焼熱では分解することのない
微粒の無機粉体の働きによって容易に流動したり滴下し
たりせず、燃焼部に可燃性ガスを供給したり、燃焼面積
を広げたりすることを防止する。そのため、従来の難燃
材の効果が充分に発揮でき、効果的な難燃化を図ること
ができる。特に、被覆効果を持つリン系難燃材は微粒の
無機粉体との複合効果が大きい。The flame-retardant heat storage material according to the present invention is one in which the flame-retardant material is contained in the molten mixture of the latent heat storage material and the polyolefin, and the inorganic powder is further contained therein. In addition, it does not easily flow or drip due to the action of finely divided inorganic powder that does not decompose with the initial heat of combustion, and it is necessary to supply a combustible gas to the combustion part or to expand the combustion area. To prevent. Therefore, the effect of the conventional flame-retardant material can be fully exerted, and effective flame retardation can be achieved. In particular, the phosphorus-based flame retardant material having a coating effect has a great combined effect with fine inorganic powder.
【００１３】[0013]
【実施例】以下に、この発明の具体的な実施例および比
較例を示すが、この発明は下記実施例に限定されない。 （実施例１）本実施例は、潜熱蓄熱材として日本精蝋
（株）製のパラフィン（融点５２℃）、ポリオレフィン
として昭和電工（株）製の直鎖状高密度ポリエチレン
「Ｓ６００６Ｍ」（融点１２８℃）、さらに潜熱蓄熱材
のしみだし防止用添加剤として三井石油化学工業（株）
製の「タフマーＰ−０６８０」（エチレン−αオレフィ
ン共重合体、αオレフィンはプロピレン）を加えて混練
した蓄熱材に、難燃材として水酸化アルミニウム、赤リ
ン、ポリリン酸アンモニウムを添加し、さらに無機粉体
として徳山ソーダ（株）製の「レオロシールＨＭ−３
０」（表面処理されたシリカ、粒径（１次粒子径）０．
０１μｍ、比表面積２７０m2／ｇ）を加えて、難燃蓄熱
材とした。EXAMPLES Specific examples and comparative examples of the present invention will be shown below, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples. Example 1 In this example, paraffin (melting point 52 ° C.) manufactured by Nippon Seiro Co., Ltd. was used as a latent heat storage material, and linear high-density polyethylene “S6006M” (melting point 128) manufactured by Showa Denko KK was used as a polyolefin. ℃), and Mitsui Petrochemical Industry Co., Ltd. as an additive for preventing the exudation of latent heat storage materials.
Aluminum hydroxide, red phosphorus, and ammonium polyphosphate as flame retardants are added to a heat storage material obtained by adding and kneading "TAFMER P-0680" (ethylene-α olefin copolymer, α olefin is propylene) manufactured by K.K. "Roleoseal HM-3" manufactured by Tokuyama Soda Co., Ltd. as an inorganic powder
0 "(surface-treated silica, particle size (primary particle size))
01 μm, specific surface area 270 m 2 / g) was added to obtain a flame-retardant heat storage material.
【００１４】前記パラフィン、しみだし防止用添加剤お
よび直鎖高密度ポリエチレンを重量比７：２：１の割合
として、加熱混合した溶融蓄熱材に、前記難燃材および
無機粉体を、蓄熱材を１００とした時の重量部数で、水
酸化アルミニウム２５部、赤リン５部、ポリリン酸アン
モニウム１０部およびレオロシール２部をそれぞれ添加
し、充分に混練を行ったあと、冷却して難燃蓄熱材のサ
ンプルを作製した。The above-mentioned flame-retardant material and inorganic powder are added to a heat storage material obtained by heating and mixing the paraffin, the additive for preventing exudation and the linear high-density polyethylene in a weight ratio of 7: 2: 1. 25 parts by weight of aluminum hydroxide, 5 parts of red phosphorus, 10 parts of ammonium polyphosphate and 2 parts of rheorosil, respectively, were added in a weight ratio of 100, and the mixture was sufficiently kneaded and then cooled to obtain a flame-retardant heat storage material. The sample of was produced.
【００１５】また、比較サンプルとして実施例１の配合
からレオロシールを除いたものを作製し、両サンプルで
図１に示すＡＳＴＭ Ｄ６３５に準じる燃焼試験を行っ
た。図１中のＡにみるように、１２５mmの薄板状のサン
プル１に標線２を付けたものを、図１中のＢ（ＡのＭ視
図）にもみるように４５°傾けて支持台に水平に取り付
け、サンプル１の先端下部から、図１中のＣにもみるよ
うに２５mmの炎の着火源３で着火した。その結果、レオ
ロシールを配合しなかった比較用サンプルは、燃焼を継
続しその燃焼速度は２．１cm／分であるのに対し、実施
例１のサンプルは着炎後約５０秒で消炎した。Further, as a comparative sample, one prepared by excluding Rheoloseal from the composition of Example 1 was prepared, and both samples were subjected to a combustion test according to ASTM D635 shown in FIG. As shown by A in FIG. 1, a 125 mm thin plate-shaped sample 1 with a marked line 2 is tilted by 45 ° as seen in B (M view of A) in FIG. It was mounted horizontally on the sample 1 and ignited from the lower end of the tip of the sample 1 with an ignition source 3 of a flame of 25 mm as shown in C in FIG. As a result, the comparative sample in which REOLOSEAL was not mixed continued to burn and the burning rate was 2.1 cm / min, whereas the sample of Example 1 extinguished the flame about 50 seconds after the burning.
【００１６】（実施例２）実施例１における無機粉体と
してレオロシールに代えて丸尾カルシウム（株）製「炭
酸カルシウムＭＳＫ−Ｋ」（粒径（１次粒子径）０．０
５μｍ、比表面積２８m2／ｇ）を５部添加したサンプル
を作製し同様の燃焼試験を行った結果、着炎後約５５秒
で消炎した。(Example 2) As the inorganic powder in Example 1, "calcium carbonate MSK-K" (particle diameter (primary particle diameter) 0.0) manufactured by Maruo Calcium Co.
A sample was prepared by adding 5 parts of 5 μm and a specific surface area of 28 m 2 / g), and the same burning test was performed. As a result, the flame was extinguished about 55 seconds after the flame was contacted.
【００１７】[0017]
【発明の効果】この発明によれば、潜熱蓄熱材とポリオ
レフィンの溶融混合物を含んでなる蓄熱材を効果的に難
燃化した難燃蓄熱材を提供することができる。According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a flame-retardant heat storage material in which a heat storage material containing a molten mixture of a latent heat storage material and a polyolefin is effectively made flame-retardant.
【図１】この発明の評価を行った燃焼試験を模式的に示
す図である。FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a combustion test in which the present invention is evaluated.
１ 難燃蓄熱材サンプル ２ 標線 ３ 着火源（バーナー青色炎） 1 Flame-retardant heat storage material sample 2 Mark 3 Ignition source (burner blue flame)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 清 三喜男 大阪府門真市大字門真1048番地松下電工株 式会社内 (72)発明者 鶴来 充啓 大阪府門真市大字門真1048番地松下電工株 式会社内 (72)発明者 菅原 亮 大阪府門真市大字門真1048番地松下電工株 式会社内 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of front page (72) Inventor Yoshio Kiyozo, 1048, Kadoma, Kadoma, Osaka Prefecture, Matsushita Electric Works Co., Ltd. (72) Mitsuhiro Tsurugi, 1048, Kadoma, Kadoma, Osaka Prefecture (72) Inventor Ryo Sugawara 1048 Kadoma, Kadoma City, Osaka Prefecture Matsushita Electric Works Co., Ltd.
Claims (2)
物中に難燃材が含まれてなる難燃蓄熱材において、無機
粉体も含まれていることを特徴とする難燃蓄熱材。1. A flame-retardant heat storage material comprising a flame-retardant material contained in a molten mixture of a latent heat storage material and a polyolefin, wherein inorganic powder is also contained.
用いられている請求項１記載の難燃蓄熱材。2. The flame-retardant heat storage material according to claim 1, wherein an organic latent heat storage material is used as the latent heat storage material.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4201582A JPH0649441A (en) | 1992-07-28 | 1992-07-28 | Flame-retardant thermal storage material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4201582A JPH0649441A (en) | 1992-07-28 | 1992-07-28 | Flame-retardant thermal storage material |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0649441A true JPH0649441A (en) | 1994-02-22 |
Family
ID=16443449
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4201582A Pending JPH0649441A (en) | 1992-07-28 | 1992-07-28 | Flame-retardant thermal storage material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0649441A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012147677A1 (en) * | 2011-04-26 | 2012-11-01 | シャープ株式会社 | Heat storage member, and storage container and building using same |
| WO2020196239A1 (en) * | 2019-03-25 | 2020-10-01 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Heat-storage composition, heat-storage member, electronic device, and method for producing heat-storage member |
-
1992
- 1992-07-28 JP JP4201582A patent/JPH0649441A/en active Pending
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012147677A1 (en) * | 2011-04-26 | 2012-11-01 | シャープ株式会社 | Heat storage member, and storage container and building using same |
| WO2020196239A1 (en) * | 2019-03-25 | 2020-10-01 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Heat-storage composition, heat-storage member, electronic device, and method for producing heat-storage member |
| JPWO2020196239A1 (en) * | 2019-03-25 | 2020-10-01 | ||
| CN113646412A (en) * | 2019-03-25 | 2021-11-12 | 富士胶片株式会社 | Heat storage composition, heat storage member, electronic device, and method for producing heat storage member |
| US11959010B2 (en) | 2019-03-25 | 2024-04-16 | Fujifilm Corporation | Heat storage composition, heat storage member, electronic device, and manufacturing method of heat storage member |
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