JPH06337551A - Developing method - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain high developing efficiency even in the case of feeding developer constituted by mixing magnetic toner with magnetic carrier at low speed. CONSTITUTION:As to this developing method, a developing area is formed by arranging a non-magnetic sleeve 8 having a fixed magnetic member inside so that it may be opposed to an image carrier 7 having an electrostatic charge image on its surface; and the developer 12 constituted by mixing the magnetic toner containing binding resin and magnetic powder and having the charging ability in a unidirectional polarity with the magnetic carrier is magnetically attracted to the surface of the sleeve 8, and the sleeve 8 is rotated, so that the developer 12 is fed to the developing area and the electrostatic charge image is developed with the magnetic toner. In the developing method, the magnetic carrier is constituted of a magnetic material core which has conductivity or insulating ability and whose surface is coated with resin.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to development for developing an electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of an image carrier by a magnetic developer containing a magnetic toner in an electrophotographic method, an electrostatic recording method, an electrostatic printing method or the like. Regarding the method.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In electrophotography, an electrostatic charge image is formed on the surface of a photoconductor, the electrostatic charge image is visualized by colored resin particles called toner, and the obtained toner image is transferred onto a transfer member such as plain paper. It is typified by a method of obtaining a final image by transferring the image onto a sheet and fixing it by heating or pressing means.

Various methods for developing the electrostatic image have been proposed so far. One of them is to supply a magnetic toner composed of toner particles containing resin and magnetic powder onto a non-magnetic sleeve to form the sleeve and its inside. There is a method in which a magnetic brush is formed by relative rotation with the magnet body, and the surface of the image carrier is rubbed with this magnetic brush to adhere toner particles to the electrostatic charge image. In this one-component magnetic toner method, a charge type magnetic toner having a property of being strongly charged in one direction polarity by adding a charge control agent to the toner particles is used, and the toner is brought into contact with a sleeve or a doctor member. In many cases, development is performed by triboelectric charging.

However, if the chargeable magnetic toner is used alone, the toner tends to be charged and aggregated, which causes white spots in the image. Therefore, as a countermeasure against this, a developer in which a magnetic carrier is mixed with a magnetic toner is used. It is proposed to use (for example, JP-A-59-40653 and JP-A-59-40653).
-162563, Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 2-31383).

In the method of developing an electrostatic charge image by using the developer in which the charged magnetic toner and the magnetic carrier are mixed as described above, the magnetic carrier is relatively conductive and the toner density is controlled. Does not particularly do. Therefore, the toner concentration in the developing area is in a wide range of 10% to 90% by weight. Moreover, since the magnetic toner has an insulating property in terms of transferability, the electric resistance of the entire developer becomes extremely high.

Therefore, in order to obtain a clear and high-quality image with a high image density using such a developer, it is necessary to efficiently develop the electrostatic charge image. Therefore, in general, at least one of the non-magnetic sleeve and the magnet roll is rotated at a high speed to increase the transport speed of the developer, thereby improving the developing efficiency. However, when the above member is rotated at a high speed, there are problems such as a great damage to the developer and a large noise in the device drive system. Therefore, it is conceivable to use a developer composed of a charged magnetic toner and a magnetic carrier and rotate only the non-magnetic sleeve holding the developer.

[0007]

However, the noise in the drive system of the apparatus and the damage to the developer can be improved by simply rotating only the non-magnetic sleeve, but the non-magnetic sleeve is rotated at a low speed, so that the developer is rotated. Transport speed is low,
There is a problem that high developing efficiency cannot be obtained. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to obtain a high developing efficiency even when a developer containing a magnetic toner and a magnetic carrier is conveyed at a low speed.

[0008]

According to the present invention, a developing area is formed by arranging a non-magnetic sleeve having a magnet member fixed inside, facing a surface of an image carrier having an electrostatic charge image on the surface thereof. A non-magnetic sleeve is magnetically adsorbed on the surface of the non-magnetic sleeve with a developer obtained by mixing a magnetic toner containing a coating resin and magnetic powder and having a chargeability in one direction polarity, and a magnetic carrier. In the developing method in which the developer is conveyed to the developing area by rotating and the electrostatic charge image is visualized by the magnetic toner, the magnetic carrier has conductivity or insulation, and the surface is coated with resin. And a developing method comprising a magnetic core.

That is, according to the present invention, when the developer is brought into contact with the surface of the image carrier to develop the electrostatic charge image formed thereon, the developer is developed by rotating only the non-magnetic sleeve holding the developer. By using a method of transporting the toner to an area and mixing a magnetic toner having a chargeability in one direction polarity with a resin-coated magnetic carrier having conductivity or insulation, the developer is transported at a low speed. The present inventors have completed the present invention by discovering that high development efficiency can be obtained.

In the present invention, by using a magnetic core having a conductive or insulating surface coated with a resin, a high developing efficiency can be obtained by selecting a resin material to a magnetic toner. This is because the triboelectric charging property is improved and the electrostatic attraction force to the image carrier is increased. In the present invention, conductive or insulating means that the resistance is 10
It is desirable to have a resistance of ² to 10 ¹⁵ Ω · cm (measurement electric field is DC 200 V / cm). When the resistance is less than 10 ² Ω · cm, the durability is lowered, and when the resistance is more than 10 ¹⁵ Ω · cm, the electric charge which hinders the development is extremely likely to be accumulated and the developability is lowered.

Such a magnetic carrier is obtained by coating a part or the whole of the surface of the magnetic core with the following resin and, if necessary, adding conductive particles to the inside or the surface of the resin phase. To be Examples of such a resin include styrenes such as p-chlorostyrene and methylstyrene: halogens such as vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide and vinyl fluoride: vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl benzoate, vinyl butyrate and the like. Esters: methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, n acrylate
-Octyl, 3-chloroethyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, α-chloromethyl acrylate, α-methylene aliphatic monocarboxylic acid esters such as butyl methacrylate: acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide, vinyl methyl ether, Vinyl ethers such as vinyl isobutyl ether and vinyl ethyl ether: homopolymers or copolymers obtained by polymerizing monomers such as vinyl ethyl ketone, vinyl hexyl ketone, and vinyl ketones such as methyl isopropenyl ketone, or epoxy resins as other resins. ,Silicone resin,
A rosin-modified phenol formalin resin, a cellulose resin, a polyether resin, a polyvinyl butyral resin, a polyester resin, a styrene-butadiene, a polyurethane resin, a polycarbonate resin, a fluororesin such as ethylene nitride can be used alone or in a blend. .

Of these, styrene-acrylic resins, silicone resins, epoxy resins, styrene-butadiene resins and the like are particularly useful. The resin-coated carrier can be prepared, for example, as follows. Dissolve the resin appropriately. As the solvent, for example, benzene, toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, hexane or the like can be used. The resin can also be used as an emulsion. The resin solution or emulsion is sprayed so as to uniformly coat the surface of the carrier particles. It is preferable to keep the carrier particles in a fluidized state in order to obtain a uniform surface coating.
It is desirable to use a spray dryer or a fluidized bed for this purpose. The resin solution is sprayed at about 200 ℃
Hereinafter, preferably performed in an atmosphere of about 100 ~ 150 ℃,
Remove solvent quickly. In this step, the resin coating is dried. In the case of a resin emulsion, spraying is performed at room temperature to 100 ° C. to fuse the resin to the carrier surface.

By coating the surface of the magnetic core with resin, semi-conductivity or insulation (volume resistance of 10 ⁷ to 10 10) is obtained.
A magnetic carrier having ¹⁴ Ω · cm) is obtained. Also,
When the magnetic carrier has a lower resistance than this, conductive particles typified by carbon black may be dispersed in the coating resin. The resin-coated carrier and the conductive particles may be dry mixed to fix the conductive particles to the surface of the carrier. For example, in order to obtain a resistance value of 10 ² to 10 ⁵ Ω · cm, 0.1 to 4 parts by weight of carbon black may be externally added and fixed to 100 parts by weight of the resin-coated carrier.

In the present invention, the magnetic substance core constituting the magnetic carrier is a known material such as iron powder, iron oxide (eg magnetite), soft ferrite (eg Ni-Zn ferrite, Mg-Zn ferrite, Cu-Zn ferrite). It may be formed of the above magnetic material. The particle size of the magnetic carrier is preferably larger than that of the toner. Further, the particle size distribution is preferably in the range of 10 to 100 μm. In particular, it is desirable that the weight ratio of particles less than 10 μm and particles greater than 100 μm is less than 5%. If the particle size of less than 10 μm is 5% or more, carrier adhesion is likely to occur, and the particle size of more than 100 μm is 5%.
This is because the surface of the photoconductor tends to be damaged when it is at least%.

The saturation magnetization (σs) of the magnetic carrier is
In the present invention, the following range is desirable. The saturation magnetization is
If it is too small, carrier adhesion is likely to occur, and if it is too large, the developability deteriorates. Therefore, the range of 30 to 220 emu / g is preferable, and 45 to 120 emu / g is more preferable.

The characteristics of the magnetic toner having a unidirectional polarity charging ability used in the present invention can be confirmed by the apparatus shown in FIG. This apparatus includes a metal drum 1, a cylindrical sleeve 2 made of a non-magnetic metal material disposed in the vicinity of the metal drum 1, a magnet roll 3 fixed inside the sleeve 2, and a thickness of the magnetic toner 5 on the sleeve 2. Doctor member 4 for regulating the temperature, metal drum 1 and sleeve 2
And a voltage source 6 connected between and. Figure 1
Here, X and Y indicate the rotation directions of the metal drum 1 and the sleeve 2, respectively.

In the above device, when the DC bias voltage applied to the sleeve 2 is changed by the voltage source 6,
The amount of magnetic toner 5 attached to the metal drum changes. FIG. 2 shows the adhesion amount of magnetic toner having a negative charging polarity. When the bias voltage is negative, more magnetic toner 5 adheres to the surface of the metal drum 1, while the bias voltage is positive. In this case, although the current is observed, the amount of the magnetic toner 5 attached to the surface of the metal drum 1 is small.

Here, it is generally considered that the adhesion force of the toner particles constituting the magnetic toner to the metal surface is due to the interaction with the mirror image formed on the metal surface by the electric charge of the toner particles. On the other hand, the electric field formed between the charged toner particles and its mirror image attached to the metal surface acts in the direction of recombining with the charge of the toner particles and neutralizing them, and the toner charge is the neutralizing force. Be overcome and retained. On the other hand, it is considered that charges of opposite polarity are easily recombined by the electric field formed between the charges and the mirror image, and the adhesive force of the toner to the sleeve disappears.

Such a phenomenon means that the charge retention ability of the magnetic toner is significantly different between the positive polarity side and the negative polarity side, or the potential barrier to the conductive surface is significantly different depending on the polarity of the charge. This is an important property for image formation by electrophotography. That is, the developing property of the photoconductor is remarkably different depending on the positive and negative potentials, and a large developing performance can be obtained with a predetermined polarity.

The reason why the magnetic toner having the unidirectional polarity charging ability is used in the present invention is based on the above description. In the case of developing with this magnetic toner, while having good developing performance, when used alone, it is difficult for the toner to lose its charge, so that the toner may adhere to the surface of the developer support member (non-magnetic sleeve), or charge aggregation may occur. It tends to occur. However, by mixing and using this magnetic toner and the magnetic carrier according to the present invention, the above problems can be solved and stable image formation can be performed over a long period of time.

Next, preferable constituent materials and physical properties of the magnetic toner will be described. The magnetic toner is composed of toner particles containing a fixing resin and magnetic powder. The fixing resin may be basically determined according to the fixing method. For example, in the case of the heat fixing method, a styrene resin, a polyester resin, an epoxy resin or the like or a mixed resin thereof is desirable.

The magnetic powder may be a metal or alloy exhibiting ferromagnetism such as iron, cobalt and nickel typified by magnetite or ferrite, or a compound containing these elements. However, magnetite is preferable in terms of hue and magnetic properties. Is preferred. If the content of the magnetic powder increases, it becomes difficult to obtain a toner having a unidirectional polarity charging ability because the charge holding ability of the toner decreases or the force of being attracted to the sleeve increases. It is desirable that the content be less than or equal to weight%. However, if the content of the magnetic powder is too small, the toner is likely to be scattered, so the content is preferably 10% by weight or more. In this case, the saturation magnetization of the toner is about 8 to 41 emu / g when using ordinary magnetite.

In the present invention, in addition to the above components, it is desirable to add a charge control agent such as a nicrosin type dye or a metal-containing azo type dye in order to give the toner a strong electric charge in one direction polarity. Further, a fluidity modifier (silica, alumina, etc.) and a resistance adjuster (carbon black, etc.) may be added. It is desirable that the added amount be 10 wt% or less.

The magnetic toner is pulverized by the above-mentioned materials,
It can be adjusted by a known method such as a spray drying method or a polymerization method. The preferred physical properties of the magnetic toner used in the present invention are as follows. Particle size distribution is 5-20
It may be in the range of μm, but the preferred range is 6 to 16 μm
Is. However, if the number of particles with a particle size of 8 μm or less increases, the background fog is likely to occur.
0% by weight or less is preferable. The specific resistance is 10 ¹⁴ Ω in terms of transferability.
・ It should be at least cm.

The developer is prepared by mixing the semiconductive or insulating magnetic carrier according to the present invention with the magnetic toner described above. The content of the magnetic toner in the developer in the developing area ( Toner concentration) is 10 to 90% by weight
Can be used in a wide range of. The preferred range of toner concentration is 10 to 60%, and the more preferred range is 10 to 40%.
Is. The most preferable range is 20 to 30%.

[0026]

In the present invention, since the magnetic carrier is coated with a resin and is electrically conductive or insulating, a toner that is easily unidirectionally charged by the resin further enhances the tendency and the developability is improved. Further, the coating resin reduces adhesion of the toner to the surface of the magnetic carrier and improves durability, so that stable development can be performed for a long period of time.

[0027]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing an example of the developing device used in the present invention. In FIG. 3, reference numeral 7 is an image carrier, and for example, one having a photoconductive layer 7b formed on a conductive substrate 7a is used. The image carrier 7 is rotated in the direction of arrow X,
An electrostatic image (not shown) is formed on the surface by charging and exposure. 8 is a sleeve made of non-magnetic material,
A developing area Z is formed between the image carrier 7 and the image carrier 7 so as to be rotatable relative to the image carrier 7.

Reference numeral 9 denotes a magnet roll fixedly provided inside the sleeve 8. The magnet roll 9 has a permanent magnet 10 having a plurality of magnetic poles on its surface, and a shaft 11 supporting the permanent magnet 10. One of the magnetic poles of the permanent magnet 10 (indicated by N ₁ in the drawing, hereinafter referred to as a developing magnetic pole) is located in the developing area. The other magnetic poles (N ₂ , S ₁ , S ₂ ) are magnetic poles for carrying the developer 12. This developer 12 is a sleeve 8
The above is a mixed powder of magnetic carrier and magnetic toner, and the toner is stored in the developer tank 13. The magnetic toner for replenishment is replenished from, for example, a toner cartridge (not shown) provided above the developer tank 13. Reference numeral 14 denotes a doctor blade, which is installed with a predetermined gap with respect to the sleeve 8 in order to regulate the thickness of the developer adsorbed on the surface of the sleeve 8 and conveyed to the developing area Z.

According to the above-mentioned developing device, the developer 12 adsorbed on the sleeve 8 is conveyed in the same direction as the sleeve 8 by rotating the sleeve 8 in the direction of the arrow Y by an appropriate driving means (not shown). It When the developer 12 whose thickness is regulated by the doctor blade 14 reaches the developing area Z, the magnetic brush formed there slides on the surface of the image carrier 7 to develop the electrostatic image.

In order to obtain a high quality image by the sleeve rotation type developing device as described above, it is desirable to set the following developing conditions. The most basic conditions for obtaining a good quality image are that the developer conveying direction is the same as the image carrier moving direction in the developing area, and the sleeve surface moving speed (V ₁ ) is the surface of the image carrier. It is in the range of 1.5 to 5.0 times the moving speed (V ₂ ).
That is, when the surface of the image carrier is rubbed with the magnetic brush, the tip of the magnetic brush comes into soft and uniform contact with the surface of the image carrier.

Therefore, in the present invention, the sleeve 8 is rotated so as to move in the same direction as the image carrier 7 in the developing area Z as shown in FIG. Further, when the developer transport speed is slow, the amount of developer transported to the developing area decreases, so that the image density decreases and the background fog increases. Therefore, in the present invention, V ₁ / V ₂ (hereinafter, also referred to as speed ratio) is set to 1.5 in order to obtain an image with high density and less background fog.
That is all. On the other hand, if the developer conveyance speed is too high, the damage to the toner is increased and the toner is easily scattered, so V ₁ / V ₂ is set to 5.0 or less. The preferable range of the speed ratio is 2.0 to 4.5, and the more preferable range is 3.0 to 4.0.

The image quality also changes depending on the strength of the developing magnetic pole (N ₁ ), but in the present invention, this is 700 to 1200 G.
(Value on the sleeve 8, the same applies below). When the magnetic flux density of the N ₁ pole is less than 700 G, the magnetic carrier and the magnetic toner are easily separated from the sleeve, carrier adhesion and ground fogging are likely to occur, and the resolution is also lowered. On the other hand, when the magnetic flux density of the N ₁ pole is larger than 1200 G, the force for magnetically restraining the magnetic toner on the sleeve 8 is too strong, the attraction force of the toner to the sleeve side increases, and the image density decreases. The preferable range of the magnetic flux density of the N ₁ pole is 850 to 1150G.

The surface potential of the photosensitive member depends on the type of the photosensitive member. For example, in the case of an organic photoconductor, the absolute value of the voltage is preferably 400 to 700V. Further, in the case of reversal development of the electrostatic charge image on the organic photoconductor, a bias voltage of 0.6 to 0.9 times having the same polarity as the surface potential is applied to the sleeve to obtain a high density and a background fog. Fewer images are obtained. Further, when the developing gap is set in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 mm, the contact state between the magnetic brush and the photoconductor becomes good. The doctor gap may be set to the same level as the developing gap or slightly negative.

In the present invention, the magnetic properties of the carrier and the toner are determined by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM-manufactured by Toei Industry Co., Ltd.).
It is a value measured by applying a maximum of 10 KOe magnetic field by using a 3 type). The volume resistance of the carrier and toner was measured with a small amount of sample (several tens of mg for carrier and tens of mg for toner), and the dial gauge was improved to an inner diameter of 3.05 mm (cross-sectional area = 0.073 m ² ). It is filled in a Teflon (trade name) cylinder, and the resistance of the carrier is reduced by an electric field of DC 200 V / cm under a pressure of 0.1 kg.
The toner resistance was measured with an electric field of D / C 4 KV / cm [Yokogawa Hewlett-Packard Insulation Resistance Meter (4329A
Type)] was calculated. The toner particle size is a value measured by a particle size distribution meter [Coulter Counter Model TA-2 manufactured by Coulter Electronics Co., Ltd.]. Toner charge is measured by a blow-off friction charge meter (Toshiba Chemical Co.
(B-200 type) at a toner concentration of 5% by weight.

Example 1 A magnetic toner and a magnetic carrier were mixed to prepare a developer having a toner concentration of 30%. The magnetic toner was 54 parts by weight of a styrene-n-butyl methacrylate copolymer (Mw: 21 × 10 ⁴ , Mn: 1.6 × 10 ⁴ ) and magnetite (EPT-500 manufactured by Toda Kogyo Co., Ltd.) 4.
0 parts by weight, 5 parts by weight of polypropylene (Viscole 550P manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Co., Ltd.), and 1 part by weight of Cr-containing azo dye (Bontron E81 manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.) are dry-mixed,
Melt-knead, cool and solidify, then crush, and after classification hydrophobic silica (Aerosil R972 manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) 0.5
By adding and mixing parts by weight, a magnetic toner having an average particle size of 10 μm was obtained. The resistance of this magnetic toner is 4 × 10 ¹⁴ Ω · cm.

The magnetic carrier is a magnetic material core (KBN-100 manufactured by Hitachi Metals, σ _s = 60 emu / g) having an average particle size of 50 μm.
Using 3 parts by weight of a silicone resin (SR2410 manufactured by Toray Silicone Co., Ltd.) as a coating resin with respect to 00 parts by weight,
Volume resistance of 10 ¹² Ω ・ c by fluidized bed coating equipment
m carrier (A carrier) was created. Further, with respect to 100 parts by weight of the magnetic material core, 3 parts by weight of the coating resin and 1 part by weight of carbon black (# 2650 manufactured by Mitsubishi Kasei Co., Ltd.) were added and mixed, and a volume resistance of 10 ⁶ Ω was measured by a fluidized bed coating apparatus. A cm carrier (B carrier) was created. Further, A carrier and 1 part by weight of carbon black (# 2650 manufactured by Mitsubishi Kasei Co., Ltd.) were mixed in a dry mixer to obtain a carrier (C having a volume resistance of 10 ³ Ω · cm).
Career) created.

An image was prepared using the above developer under the following conditions. In FIG. 3, the negative polarity OP is used as the image carrier 7.
C photoconductor (outer diameter 40 mm) is used, and this is 60 mm / sec
It was rotated at the peripheral speed of. S with an outer diameter of 20 mm as the sleeve 8
A US304 cylinder was used, and a 6-pole magnetized cylinder magnet (N ₁ pole = 700 G) was arranged inside the cylinder. The rotation speed of the sleeve was 150 rpm. The developing gap and the doctor gap are set to 0.35 mm and 0.25 mm, respectively, the surface potential (charging part) of the photoconductor is -550 V, the residual potential (exposure part) is -50 V, and the sleeve 8 is -450 V.
Reverse development was performed by applying a DC bias voltage of V.
Next, the toner image obtained by development is transferred to plain paper, and then fixed with a heating roller (fixing temperature 190 ° C, fixing pressure 1 kg /
cm, nip width 4 mm).

Table 1 shows the image evaluation results. For comparison, an image was formed under the same conditions except that a resin-uncoated magnetic carrier (D carrier) including the above magnetic core was used as a magnetic carrier. The image evaluation results are also shown in Table 1.

[0039]

[Table 1] (Note) ○: Good, ×: Poor

From the results shown in Table 1, even when the sleeve is rotated at a low speed, the embodiment according to the present invention has a higher image density (ID) in both initial printing and continuous printing than the comparative example, and the background fog occurs. I find it difficult.

[0041]

As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a high-quality image with less background fog even when the developer is conveyed at a low speed.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an apparatus for measuring charging characteristics of a magnetic toner used in the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing charging characteristics of magnetic toner measured by the apparatus of FIG.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing an example of a developing device embodying the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

7 ... Image carrier, 8 ... Sleeve, 9 ... Magnet roll, 12 ... Developer

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. A development area is formed by arranging a non-magnetic sleeve having a magnet member fixed inside so as to face an image carrier having an electrostatic charge image on its surface, and containing a binder resin and magnetic powder. A magnetic toner having a unidirectional polarity charging capability and a magnetic carrier are magnetically adsorbed on the surface of the non-magnetic sleeve, and the non-magnetic sleeve is rotated to remove the developer. In a developing method in which the electrostatic charge image is visualized by the magnetic toner by being conveyed to the developing area, the magnetic carrier has a conductive or insulating property and comprises a magnetic core whose surface is coated with a resin. Characteristic development method.