JPH06299187A - Production of vegetable crude oil - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain a vegetable crude oil containing a phospholipid with a high content of phosphatidyl-chlorine and a low content of phosphatidic acid by pressing a vegetable seed with a press, collecting oils therefrom, heat-treating the pressed cake with live steam, drying the heat-treated cake and extracting the dried cake with hexane. CONSTITUTION:A vegetable seed (e.g. rapeseed) or a pulverized vegetable seed at ordinary temperature to 60 deg.C is fed to a press to collect most of fats and oils. The resultant cake after collecting most of the fats and oils is then fed to a screw extruder having the function to directly blow live steam therein for heating and pressed into a pressed cake. The live steam is then directly blown therein within 60min after the pressing to increase the temperature of the pressed cake to >=80 deg.C within 30min. The pressed cake is subsequently kept at <=98 deg.C for >=30sec and extruded through the screw extruder into pellets, which are further dried and then subjected to the extraction treatment with industrial hexane at 60 deg.C temperature to afford the objective vegetable crude oil containing a phospholipid with a high content of phosphatidyl-choline and a low content of phosphatidic acid.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for producing a crude oil rich in certain active ingredients by subjecting a pressed cake of plant seeds to a specific heat treatment. The invention also relates to a process for obtaining crude oil which can greatly simplify the subsequent refining steps.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art As methods for collecting vegetable oil from plant seeds such as rapeseed, there are known a) pressing method, b) solvent extraction method, and c) pressure extraction method which is a combination of both. Among these, the pressing method of b) is to remove impurities from the raw material seeds,
After crushing and pressing, heat, drying, sterilization, and heat treatment (indirect heating) for the purpose of cell destruction due to heat stress, etc., and then oil and fat are collected using mechanical force such as screw press and filter press. It has been used since ancient times.

The solvent extraction method (b) is carried out by utilizing the dissolving power of normal hexane or the like for oils and fats, and the flaked raw material is subjected to the same pretreatment as the compression method, and then the flaked raw material is supplied to the extractor to obtain the solvent. The oil is extracted by contacting with. The solvent (miscella) containing fats and oils is separated from the fats and oils by a distillation operation and circulated and used in the extractor. Since it has a high oil collection rate, it is suitable for oil extraction from soybeans, corn, rice bran, etc. having a low oil and fat content, and is particularly famous as a method for producing soybean oil.

The press extraction method of c) is a combination of the characteristics of the above-mentioned compression method and extraction method. First, most oils and fats in the raw material are collected by the compression method, and then the raw material having a low oil content. It is a method of collecting the remaining fats and oils from the oil by the solvent extraction method. Since this method is the most economical, it is widely used for the production of many vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil and flaxseed oil.

The crude oil obtained by the above-mentioned method contains components called gums such as phospholipids, and since it does not become a product as it is, a few percent of water is added, and when mixed and stirred, the water-soluble phospholipids in the crude oil are added. Hydrate and cause a difference in specific gravity,
It can be separated as a gum by centrifugation (degumming step). The separated gum (slag) is a raw material for phospholipids.

[0006]

The phospholipid is PC
(Phosphatidylcholine), PE (phosphatidylethanolamine), PI (phosphatidylinositol), PA (phosphatidic acid) and the like. Of these, PC is a major constituent of animal and plant cells and is a substance that is regarded as important from the viewpoint of various physiological actions. Therefore, if a phospholipid with a high PC content can be obtained,
Extremely useful. However, the PC content of the phospholipid recovered from the crude oil obtained by the conventional method as described above is around 25%, which is not necessarily large.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a crude oil containing phospholipids containing more PC than the conventional method. In general, when refining crude oil, an inorganic acid such as phosphoric acid or citric acid or an organic acid is added in order to enhance the degumming effect in the degumming step. Further, subsequently, an alkali such as an aqueous solution of caustic soda is added for deoxidation, and then an adsorbent such as activated clay is added for decolorization. Finally, deodorization is performed by steam distillation to obtain refined fats and oils. As described above, the conventional refining method is complicated and frequently uses various chemicals, and it is indispensable to repeat washing and drying to remove soap and alkali in the oil.

Another object of the present invention is to further simplify the conventional purification method as described above to reduce the number of steps, and to improve the steps and reduce the cost by reducing the amount of chemicals used. To provide a crude oil to which

[0009]

As a result of earnest studies, the inventors of the present invention achieved the above object by subjecting a raw material plant seed or a crushed cake of raw material plant seeds to a specific heat treatment after pressing. Based on such findings, the present invention has been completed. That is, the present invention, the plant seeds or crushed plant seeds are fed to the press at room temperature to 60 ℃, after pressing the pressed cake after collecting most of the oils and fats, directly blow live steam within 60 minutes to press Cake temperature 80 within 30 minutes
After increasing the temperature to ℃ or more and holding at 98 ℃ or less for 30 seconds or more, after drying this, extract it with industrial hexane at 60 ℃ to obtain crude vegetable oil. This is a method for producing a crude vegetable oil containing a large amount of phospholipid with a low PA content.

The method of the present invention can be applied to any plant seed used as a raw material for fats and oils, but rapeseed, safflower, sunflower, cottonseed, flaxseed and the like are particularly preferable.

In the heat treatment of the present invention, the plant seed or its crushed product is supplied to a pressing machine such as a screw press at room temperature to 60 ° C., and the pressed cake obtained by pressing and collecting most of the oil and fat is heated, for example. It is carried out by enclosing it in a container such as a tower and directly sparging the raw steam from the lower part, or by charging it into a screw extruder having a function of directly blowing and heating the raw steam. The conditions of temperature and time at this time are as described above, but more preferably, the temperature of the pressed cake is 5
Within 95 minutes, raise the temperature to 95 ° C or higher and hold at 98 ° C or lower for 5 minutes or more. In this way, the object of the present invention is achieved only by directly injecting live steam, and raising the temperature in a short time and holding it for a certain period of time. A heating means that does not pay special attention to time is not effective.

Further, it is necessary to supply the plant seeds or crushed plant seeds to the pressing machine at room temperature to 60 ° C. and press them.
Here, once the indirect heating is performed as in the conventional case, the object of the invention is not achieved. Furthermore, it is necessary to blow the above-mentioned live steam to the squeezed cake immediately, that is, within 60 minutes, and even if the squeezed cake left for a long time is heat-treated, the object of the invention is not achieved. The heat treatment of the present invention may be applied to the plant seeds, and the heat treatment of the present invention may be applied again to the pressed cake obtained from this raw material, and the effects of the present invention are also exhibited in this case.

[0013]

【Example】

Example 1 A rapeseed raw material was roughly crushed to the extent that no round particles remained, and this was fed to a screw press at room temperature to obtain a pressed cake.
Within 60 minutes after pressing, the pressed cake was put into a stack cooker (vertical steam heater) and heated to 98 ° C. At this time, the amount of steam blown was adjusted so that the temperature of the pressed cake was 95 ° C. or higher within 5 minutes, and heating was performed for 10 minutes in total. Next, the cake was dried by heating with hot air, put in an extraction pot and extracted with industrial hexane. Extraction at a temperature of 60 ° C for 25 minutes per batch, total 3
The batch lasted 75 minutes. The extracted miscella was distilled to give a phospholipid content of 1.8% (PC content in phospholipids: 42.4%).
To obtain the extracted oil. 3% of water was added to this rapeseed crude oil, hydrated and degummed, and PC content in rapeseed extract crude oil and phospholipids 38.2
% With the oil slag.

Example 2 The squeeze cake of Example 1 was put into an expander (trade name of Brazilian TECNAL) within 60 minutes after squeezing, and steamed so that the temperature of the squeeze cake became 95 ° C. within 5 minutes. The blowing amount was adjusted, and the mixture was heated at the same temperature for 3 minutes. This device is a screw extruder having a function of directly blowing and heating live steam. The pressed cake formed into pellets was then dried, placed in an extraction kettle and extracted with industrial hexane. Extraction was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 at a temperature of 60 ° C. in one batch of 25.
Min, 3 batches in total, 75 min. The obtained extracted miscella was distilled to obtain an extracted oil having a phospholipid content of 1.8% (PC content in the phospholipid was 41.8%). Add 3% of water to this rapeseed crude oil, hydrate degumming, and extract rapeseed crude oil and PC in phospholipids
An oil slag with a content of 39.4% was obtained.

Comparative Example 1 The rapeseed raw material of Example 1 was subjected to a conventional method, that is, coarse crushing to the extent that no round particles remained, and further crushing, pressing and indirect heating (90-
After heat treatment for the purpose of cell destruction at 110 ° C.), the mixture was pressed with a screw press to obtain a pressed oil and a pressed cake. The pressed cake is extracted with industrial hexane at a temperature of 60 ° C by a solvent extraction method, and the extracted miscella is distilled to obtain an extracted oil having a phospholipid content of 1.7% (PC content in the phospholipid is 26.4%). It was 3% of water was added to this rapeseed crude oil, hydrated and degummed, and PC content in rapeseed extract crude oil and phospholipids was 27.3%
And got a slag.

Comparative Example 2 The method of heating, drying and extracting was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 after leaving the pressed cake after pressing for 24 hours.

Comparative Example 3 The method of solvent extraction without heating the pressed cake in Example 1 was carried out.

The composition of the phospholipids of the rapeseed crude oil obtained in the above Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 is shown in Table 1.

[0019]

[Table 1] (Note) Extracted oil phospholipid: by molybdenum blue method Extracted oil phospholipid composition: after silica gel column treatment, TLC
And molybdenum yellow method Oil phospholipid composition: molybdenum yellow method

Example 3 To the crude oil of rapeseed obtained in Example 2, 2% of acidic clay was added, and the mixture was heated under vacuum at 105 ° C ± 5 ° C for 20 minutes for decolorization, and the clay was filtered off. Degassed oil under vacuum (1 to 3 mmHg) and steam to 3 to 3
It was deodorized by heating at 260 ° C for 90 minutes while blowing 5% (to oil). Although the refined oil obtained did not undergo degumming and deoxidation with an alkali, it had a quality comparable to the refined product obtained by the conventional method.

Example 4 The soybean raw material was dehulled and pressed, and then subjected to the same screw press as in Example 1 at 60 ° C. and pressed to obtain a pressed oil and a pressed cake.
The pressed cake was put into the same expander as in Example 2 within 60 minutes after pressing, and the amount of steam blown was adjusted to 95 ° C. within 5 minutes and heated at the same temperature for 5 minutes. The raw material was then dried and the whole was extracted with industrial hexane at 60 ° C.
The extracted miscella obtained is distilled to give a phospholipid content of 0.5%.
An extracted oil having a PC content of 43.3% in phospholipids was obtained.

Comparative Example 4 A conventional refining method was applied to the extracted oil obtained in Example 1.
That is, phosphoric acid (0.05%) was added and stirred, and then 16 ° Be caustic soda was added in an amount of 120% with respect to the acid value of the oil and stirred at 85 to 90 ° C. Then, centrifuge to separate the soap content, and
Be caustic soda is added to the oil at 1% and stirred at 85-90 ° C,
It was centrifuged and the soap content was separated. The oil was washed with water and dried. 1% of clay was added, and the mixture was heated under vacuum at 105 ° C. for 20 minutes for decolorization, and the clay was filtered. Decolorized oil under vacuum (1-
3mmHg) while injecting 3 to 5% of steam (against oil) 26
Deodorization was performed by heating at 0 ° C for 90 minutes. The quality of the obtained refined oil was not so different from that of Example 3 in spite of going through many steps as described above.

[0023]

According to the conventional method, the phospholipid composition in the crude oil obtained had a PC content of about 25%, but according to the present invention, it significantly increases to 40% or more. Therefore, the phospholipid recovered from the crude oil according to the present invention is valuable and extremely useful as compared with the conventional phospholipid. On the other hand, the phospholipid obtained by the conventional method had a PA content of about 30%, but in the present invention, it is reduced to 10% or less. However, since PA is non-hydratable and PC is hydratable, the crude oil according to the present invention effectively achieves the removal of phospholipids (gum substances) by simply adding water, and thus the crude oil of You can get very little crude oil.

For example, the phospholipid content in crude oil degummed by adding water to crude oil is 1.5% in the case of rapeseed oil.
Before and after, according to the present invention, it is 0.05% or less. In the case of soybean oil, it is about 0.5% conventionally, but according to the present invention, it is 0.05% or less. Therefore, there is a merit that the degumming process and the deoxidizing process which have been conventionally performed are not necessarily required. Therefore, chemical costs are almost eliminated, and mechanical equipment such as a centrifuge and processes are simplified. That is, the steam refining method (SR method) can be applied to crude oil as it is, and free fatty acids, pigments, odorous components, etc. can be effectively removed at the same time to obtain a high-quality refined oil.

Further, in the conventional degumming and deoxidizing steps, a large amount of oil slag mainly composed of gum and fatty acid soap is by-produced, and the acid decomposition treatment is carried out. However, during this acid decomposition, wastewater treatment is often difficult due to the emulsifying action of high-concentration phospholipids, and the pollution load becomes extremely high. According to the present invention, since the amount of phospholipids in crude oil is small, the generation of oil dregs is reduced, and wastewater treatment is facilitated.

Claims (3)

[Claims] 1. A plant cake or crushed plant seed is fed to a press at room temperature to 60 ° C., and most of the oils and fats are collected. Within 30 minutes to 80 ℃ or more,
After keeping it at 98 ° C or below for 30 seconds or more, it is dried and then extracted with industrial hexane at 60 ° C to obtain crude vegetable oil, which is characterized by high phosphatidylcholine content and phosphatidylcholine content. A method for producing a crude plant oil containing phospholipids having a low content of thysic acid. 2. The compressed cake is directly blown with live steam within 60 minutes after pressing to raise the temperature of the pressed cake to 95 ° C. or higher within 5 minutes and hold at 98 ° C. or lower for 5 minutes or longer. The manufacturing method described. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein a screw extruder having a function of directly blowing live steam to heat the compressed cake is used as a device for directly blowing the live steam into the pressed cake.