JPH06298088A - Device for suppressing or limiting abrupt pressure change in vehicle and particularly that in land vehicle - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To provide a device for suppressing or limiting rapid pressure change of a vehicle, especially, a ground vehicle. CONSTITUTION: This is a device for suppressing rapid pressure change in a traveling vehicle set in ducts 10 and 11 for connecting the inside part of the vehicle with the outside part. This device is provided with at least one closing element 14 and 15 with air flow passages 23 and 24 left and at least one partition wall 16 deformable according to the action of an air pressure. When the pressure inside and outside the vehicle is rapidly changed, the partition wall 16 is pressurized to the passages of the closing elements 14 and 15 so that the passages 23 and 24 can be completely or partially closed. This device is applied to a rail vehicle.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a device for suppressing or limiting sudden pressure changes in vehicles, especially land vehicles. The invention applies in particular to high-speed rail vehicles.

[0002]

2. Description of the Prior Art Vehicles moving in the atmosphere are subject to pressure,
The distribution of pressure on the outer wall depends on the shape of the outer wall and the traveling speed. When this vehicle passes near obstacles (tunnel entrances, bridges, various objects near railroad tracks) or when it passes by other vehicles, a change in the aerodynamic velocity field occurs, which the vehicle drags. To go. As a result, rapid pressure changes are applied to the outer wall of the vehicle. This effect becomes more significant as the vehicle speed increases, and the change in pressure is approximately proportional to the square of the speed.

In a vehicle in which vehicle ventilation is performed by air conditioning or ventilation from outside air, the internal pressure is close to the external pressure. Changes in external pressure are reflected almost instantly in the vehicle,
Its size depends on the dimensions of the cross-sectional area of the ventilation circuit. Therefore, the transmission time constant of the pressure change inside the air-conditioned or ventilated vehicle is still smaller in the characteristics of the ventilation circuit. The occurrence of this rapid phenomenon is reduced when the vehicle interior is under pressure (eg in an aircraft).

[0004]

For example, when a train running at high speed enters a tunnel or a cut, a rapid pressure change occurs on the outer wall of the vehicle. This rapid change propagates in a closed space defined by tunnels or cuts and is known by the term "pressure wave". Also, these pressure waves propagating in the external closed space are reflected at their outer edges,
Generates a return pressure wave of the same magnitude as a direct wave. Even when the vehicle has good airtightness, this pressure change is immediately reflected inside the vehicle by the ventilation circuit or the air conditioning circuit, which gives passengers a great deal of discomfort. Thus, 2,0
It is common to be exposed to pressure changes that can reach 00 Pascal / sec.

Some high speed trains utilize a so-called steep front ventilator located in the ventilation circuit to correct the pressure wave problem. Combining the characteristics of the blower with the characteristics of the ventilation circuit cover grid can block pressure waves to some extent, but these blowers have the disadvantage of being expensive and noisy. These are additional materials, and even with the utmost effort to make vehicles as light as possible, the weight and volume of these blowers is not negligible. It also consumes a lot of energy. Furthermore, two vehicles must be installed per vehicle.

From European patent application 315108 is also known an air flow control device installed in the ventilation circuit of a railway vehicle. The device includes two flexible sheets, each located on opposite sides of the vent circuit line. Depending on the pressure differential between the interior and exterior of the vehicle, these seats bend, reducing the air flow path. Although this system is simple, it requires substantial play to move the seat, which reduces hermeticity and becomes inefficient for high pressure differentials.

Also known from European patent application 4985554 is an air flow control device in the ventilation line of a high-speed train. It includes one flexible seat that bends in response to pressure differentials inside and outside the vehicle. When a predetermined limit value is exceeded, the seat activates a current switch, which closes the ventilation line. A timer defines a predetermined closing time before reopening the pipeline. This device is complicated because it requires a pressure detector, a signal processing circuit, an electrically controlled occlusion system, and an artificial timing circuit.

[0008]

According to the present invention, all the above inconveniences can be corrected easily and at low cost.
Since the present invention proposes a passive system, no detector, electronic control circuit or actuator is required. This system is efficient at high pressure differentials. It can be used for all ventilation circuit covers to be implemented in the body of rail vehicles with and without fans. In addition, it can be used in conduits for carrying other fluids such as condensed water.

Therefore, the present invention suppresses or limits the air flow in the pipeline when the pressure inside or outside the vehicle has abrupt changes, which has at least one pipeline for communicating the air inside the vehicle with the air outside the vehicle. A device for suppressing or limiting abrupt changes in air pressure in a moving vehicle, including means, said device being arranged in a pipeline leaving a passage for allowing said air flow. At least one closing element, which has one surface, the so-called receiving surface, and wherein the device is arranged transversely to the air flow and is located near the receiving surface of the closing element. At least one partition wall, which is deformable under air pressure, -when the pressure inside and outside the vehicle is balanced, the partition wall allows the air flow to pass, and-to the pressure inside and outside the vehicle. If there is Do changes, the partition wall is strongly pressed against the receiving surface,
At least partially obstructing the passages allowing air flow, the device being capable of controlling internal and external pressures by means of a controlled air flow circulation between the inside and the outside of the vehicle, which includes a temporary change in the internal pressure of the vehicle below a certain specified value. It is an object to provide a device for suppressing or limiting abrupt changes in air pressure, characterized in that it comprises means for balancing.

Said closing element can also be a one-piece fit in the conduit, with one hole for the passage of the air flow, the opening of which the receiving surface is concavely curved. And the partition wall is a sheet connected by two opposite sides thereof.

The device described above is designed for the passage of an air stream.
It may comprise two perforated closure elements each of which is formed from one fitting part in the conduit, the receiving surface of which the perforations are concavely curved surfaces, The receiving surfaces are facing each other,
The partition wall is connected by its opposite two sides 2
A seat located between two receiving surfaces, the seat having a rest position between the two receiving surfaces when the vehicle internal and external pressures are in equilibrium, and when the vehicle internal and external pressures change rapidly. It can be pressed against either receiving surface.

The seats can be connected by elastic means so that the holes of the closure element can be completely closed in the event of rapid changes in the internal and external pressures of the vehicle.

The seat and its connecting means such that the seat only partially closes the hole of the closing element in the case of rapid changes in the internal and external pressures of the vehicle, so that the device constitutes a kind of air flow limiting valve. Can be prepared.

The seats can be connected by elastic means, such that the seats can completely close the holes of one of the closing elements in the event of rapid changes in the internal and external pressures of the vehicle, said device being provided. Comprises means for the seat to only partially close the hole of the other closure element in the event of rapid changes in the internal and external pressure of the vehicle.

The device described above is designed for the passage of an air stream.
It may comprise two perforated closure elements, each formed from one piece that fits snugly in the conduit, the bore being open in said receiving surface, the receiving surfaces of the two elements facing each other, The partition is one on that side
A seat fixed by two, when the pressure inside and outside the vehicle changes rapidly, or when the pressure changes in one given direction, it is pressed against the receiving surface of one closing element and its hole In the case of complete closure and pressure changes in the other direction, it may be pressed against the receiving surface of the other closure element to partially close its hole to form a kind of air flow limiting valve. it can.

The device may have a restoring means for exerting a force in a direction opposite to the flow limiting valve. The elasticity of the valve can constitute this restoring means.

The partition of the above-mentioned device can be a membrane which separates the conduit into an upstream side and a downstream side, through which the air flow passes when the internal and external pressures of the vehicle are in equilibrium. A plurality of holes are drilled and pressed against the closing element in the event of sudden changes in the pressure inside or outside the vehicle, the receiving surface of the closing element being able to close all the holes in the membrane.

In this case, the device can include only one membrane and at least two closing elements, one of these closing elements having one receiving surface, the pressure of the upstream part being If the pressure inside or outside the vehicle changes rapidly because it is higher than the pressure in the downstream part of the, the membrane is pressed against this receiving surface and the other of the closing elements also has one receiving surface, The membrane is pressed against this receiving surface when the pressure inside and outside the vehicle changes rapidly because the pressure is higher than the pressure in the upstream part.

Therefore, the closure element may be asymmetrical to promote one direction of air flow in the conduit.

The present invention will be better understood, and other details and particulars will become apparent when the following non-limiting description is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0021]

EXAMPLE FIG. 1 shows, as an example, an overall outline of a ventilation circuit of a vehicle 1 of a high-speed train. The vehicle includes an outside air intake pipe 2 arranged between the inlet 3 and the internal ventilation circuit, and an inside air discharge pipe 4 arranged between the internal ventilation circuit and the air outlet 5.
Various elements of the internal ventilation circuit (air partial recirculation device,
Heating or air conditioning systems, blowers, etc.) have no particular influence on the functioning of the device according to the invention.

When a vehicle passes through a zone where the pressure changes abruptly, a relatively large amount of air (1 to 2 m ³ ) suddenly enters or leaves the vehicle through the conduits 2 and 4. This sudden change in the amount of air contained in the vehicle is directly related to the change in pressure, which according to the invention can be managed by placing this change in the lines 2, 4 of the closing element.

In this specification, even if the balance between the inside pressure and the outside pressure in the vehicle is not realized, the balance exists if the imbalance is small enough not to impair the comfort of passengers. But the sudden change in pressure is really annoying to passengers.

The device according to the invention can be used to avoid the effects of overpressure in a single direction, for example the effects of increasing external pressure in the vehicle. However, the most elaborated system will be described below, that is, a system capable of countering the effects of overpressure in both directions.

FIG. 2 shows a device according to the invention which can be arranged, for example, in a conduit which serves for ventilation inside a rail vehicle.
The conduit comprises two parts 10,11 mounted on both sides 12,13. This device has one flexible sheet
It comprises two closure elements 14, 15 surrounding a 16. These elements 14, 15 are provided to fit snugly in the conduit. They are fixed to the duct by inserting a peripheral airtight joint in between and screwing them on, for example. The seat 16 is held by an upper support 17 and a lower support 18. The entire parts 14, 15, 17, 18 can be integrated by bolting. After inserting the device into the duct, the two parts 10, 11 are joined by a fixing device not shown here.

In this embodiment, the closure elements 14, 15 are symmetrical. These each have a receiving surface 21, 22 in which holes 23, 24 are respectively drilled. The receiving surfaces face each other and the holes 23, 24 allow air to flow between the line sections 10 and 11. In FIG. 2 it can be seen that the width of the sheet 16 is smaller than the width of the conduit. Therefore, the air flows by bypassing the side surface of the seat. However, the width of the sheet 16 is larger than the width of the holes 23, 24.

The components 14, 15, 17, 18 can be made of metal, for example aluminum. The seat 16 can be made of, for example, stainless steel, aluminum, or a synthetic material.

The sheet 16 is a rectangular sheet located near the receiving surfaces 21 and 22. This is the support at its top and bottom
It is connected to 17 and 18. This connection can be achieved by the ball joint 25,26 system (see FIG. 3A) or simply by snapping into the slit (see FIG. 3B).

When the internal and external pressures of the vehicle are balanced,
Air flows by bypassing the sides of the seat 16. When a sudden change occurs in these atmospheric pressures, the sheet receives a force that pushes the sheet against one or the other receiving surface. If the sheets are elastically coupled, the sheets can completely close the holes in the receiving surface and are pressed against the receiving surface.

The pressure differential across the seat increases the velocity of the air flow, which increases the aerodynamic drag of the seat. This resistance deforms the sheet. It is this resistance that creates the pressure differential across the sheet.

FIG. 3A shows how this elastic joint can be realized. This is a detailed view showing the upper joint of the seat 16, but the lower joint can be provided as well. The upper support 17 has a longitudinal circular groove 27 in which a shaft 28 integral with the strip 29 can pivot. FIG. 3B shows a variant in which the sheet is fitted in the slit. Strip 29 is a small spring 30
Is connected to the seat 16 via its, and its stiffness is calculated from the level determined by the pressure difference so that the seat can be pressed onto one receiving surface depending on the flexibility of the seat. The resilience of the seat makes it possible to configure its restoring element.

Other coupling systems can also be used so that the seat can take the form of a receiving surface in case of overpressure. For example, the seats can be connected at the top by a type of ball joint and at the bottom simply guided by slide bars provided in the component 18.

The receiving surfaces 21, 22 of the parts 14, 15 are concave curved portions which receive a curved sheet in the event of significant overpressure. When pressed against the receiving surface, the seat completely blocks the air passage. It should be noted that the device of the present invention acts as a flow limiting mechanism when the sheet begins to bend under the influence of overpressure. In fact, in this case the access cross section of the air entering the device is reduced.

The device of the present invention can be installed in all the pipelines connecting the inside and the outside of the vehicle. If the device is symmetrical, as in the example shown in FIG. 2, it isolates the interior and exterior of the vehicle so that the overpressured air resides inside or outside the vehicle. Restoration of internal and external pressure equilibrium takes place in a way regulated by the escape port. This escape may also be partly due to the lack of airtightness of the vehicle. In this way, the exchange of the amount of air inside and outside the vehicle is performed for a sufficiently long time so that the fluctuations in pressure (overpressure or low pressure) do not bother passengers.

When the internal pressure and the external pressure are close to each other, the sheet leaves the receiving surface on which it is pressed and returns to the intermediate position between the two receiving surfaces.

The device as shown can be used symmetrically or asymmetrically depending on the distance between the sheet and the receiving surface.

That is, when used symmetrically, the sheet is at the stop position (zero flow rate) at the same distance from the two receiving surfaces. At rated flow, the seat approaches the receiving surface located downstream of the air flow.

If used asymmetrically, the seat is
It is in a stopping position at different distances from the two receiving surfaces. At rated flow, the seats are located at approximately the same distance from the two receiving surfaces.

The device according to the invention can act as a valve when a certain overpressure level is reached, blocking all air circulation. Further, when the seat cannot completely close the receiving surface, it can function as a flow rate limiting mechanism. This can be said to be due to the non-complementary shape of the receiving surface and the sheet, or the presence of surface irregularities or the presence of a stopper that prevents complete occlusion.

The device can be used on the one hand as a speed limiting mechanism and on the other hand as a closing valve. This is shown in FIG. 4, where the device is mounted in two parts 35, 36 of the line as in FIG.
The closure element 37 is the same as in FIG. The closure element 38 has a receiving surface 39 which differs from the receiving surface 40 of the closure element 37. Holes 41 and 42 are element 3
Since it penetrates 7 and 38, air can circulate in the pipeline.

The sheet 43 of this device is a rectangular sheet, one side of which is fixed in the upper support 44. At the stop position, the lower part thereof hits the stopper 45 and stops. Since the width of the seat 43 is smaller than the width of the elements 37, 38, a steady flow of air can flow on both sides.

The seat has two end positions 46, 47 indicated by dotted lines.
Can be taken. In position 46, the seat does not completely close the hole 41 and the device functions as a flow limiting mechanism. In position 47, the sheet covers the surface 39 and completely closes the hole 42.

The free side of the seat 43 should be attached to a spring of the kind such that at the rated flow the spring is fully compressed and the seat stops as shown in FIG. 5 which is a side view of the portion of the apparatus of FIG. You can Stops 45 are multiple springs aligned
A slider 49, which supports 48 and receives the pressure of the sheet 43, is fixed on the spring. Therefore the air flow is an element
From 38 to element 37.

As soon as the flow rate is reduced, these springs relax and the seat 43 approaches the position of closing the hole 42. Therefore, the reaction time is reduced because the seat begins to close the valve before the flow rate reaches zero.

The springs can be replaced by other force systems, in particular by the action of gravity.

The device shown in FIG. 6 is characterized in that a membrane is used. In this embodiment, the conduit has a circular cross section. This is, for example, two parts whose ends are fixed to each other with bolts
It has 51 and 52. The part 52 comprises in its interior a part 53 which acts as a closure element. This part 53 is a part
It includes a frustoconical portion 54 protruding into 51 and a leg 55, by means of which the closing element can be fixed on the conduit portion 52 and the air flow can be completely passed. Pipe section
51 has an inner flange 56 on which a membrane 57 with holes 58 is fixed.

When the internal and external pressures of the vehicle are balanced,
The holes 58 allow the circulation of air in the two parts of the line (case of FIG. 6). When the air pressure in the conduit portion 51 rises sharply and becomes higher than the air pressure in the conduit portion 52, the membrane is pressed against the frustoconical portion 54 acting as a receiving surface (in the case of FIG. 7). The distribution of pores in membrane 58 is such that it can achieve this goal. If it is desired to have the device act as a closure valve, there should be no holes in the periphery of the membrane. On the other hand, when it is desired to function as a flow rate limiting mechanism, holes can be provided in the peripheral portion of the membrane so that air always flows.

In order for the device to function against a sudden overpressure on either side, it is sufficient to provide the part 53 with a second frustoconical section facing the section 52 and to provide a second membrane. .

However, it is also possible to use a device which has only one membrane and is able to function against sudden pressure buildup on either side of the device. An example of this is shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 for a circular cross-section conduit.

The device of FIG. 8 is arranged between two parts 61, 62 of the line. The axes of the conduit parts 61, 62 are offset, for example by the insertion of a coupling element 63 which constitutes one element of the device. The parts 61 and 62 and the element 63 are connected by, for example, bolting. The element 63 surrounds the closure elements 64, 65, 66, 67. Element 63
The inner wall of the likewise constitutes one closing element. These closure elements form a more or less continuous bearing surface for the membrane. The closure elements 65, 67 are supported by the part 61 via legs not shown here. The closure elements 64, 66 are supported by the part 62 via legs not shown here. The perforated membrane 68 is obliquely fixed to the inner wall of the coupling element 63. When assembled, the membrane becomes zigzag as shown in FIG.

The device of FIG. 8 functions in the manner of the devices of FIGS. 6 and 7. The closure elements 64, 65, 66, 67 as well as the coupling element 63 provide a receiving surface for the membrane 68.

When the air pressure in the line section 61 is higher than the air pressure in the section 62, the membrane 68 will be pressed against the receiving surfaces of the elements 64, 66 and underneath the coupling element 63. If the air pressure in line section 62 is higher than the pressure in section 61, membrane 68
On the receiving surfaces of the elements 65, 67 and on the connecting element 63
It will be able to be pressed on the top of.

The shape of the closing element, the shape of the connecting element, as well as the distribution of the membrane holes are calculated so that the device acts as a closure valve or a flow limiting valve according to the desired purpose.

The device of FIG. 8 is symmetrical, that is to say part 61
Or it will give a similar response to the sudden overpressure from section 62. In contrast, the device of Figure 9 is asymmetric.

The device of FIG. 9 is arranged between the two parts 71, 72 of the conduit as before. This device is part 7
It includes an element 73 connecting between 1, 72 and a closure device 74, 75, 76, 77, and a perforated membrane 78. The essential difference from the device of FIG. 8 is the difference in shape between the elements 74, 76 on the one hand and the elements 75, 77 on the other hand, and between the upper and lower parts of the coupling element 73. For example, element 7
4,76 can be thinner than the elements 75,77 and make it more difficult to fit the membrane 78 snugly on the receiving surface of the elements 74,76 in the case of an air flow from the part 71 towards the part 72 Thus, the cylindrical members 81, 82 can be terminated. Thereby, the flow in one direction can be further promoted than the flow in the other direction. The inlet of the part 72 can be completed by a perforated wall 85 fitted to the closure elements 74,76. This can provide a better receiving surface for the membrane.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a railway vehicle having an air inlet / outlet line for ventilation or air conditioning of the vehicle.

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a first variant of the device according to the invention installed in a conduit connecting the inside and the outside of a railway vehicle.

3A is a detailed view of the device of FIG. 2. FIG.

3B is a detailed view of the device of FIG.

FIG. 4 is an exploded view of a second variant of the device according to the invention installed in a conduit connecting the inside and the outside of a railway vehicle.

5 is a supplementary detailed view of the apparatus of FIG.

FIG. 6 is a longitudinal sectional view of a third variant of the device according to the invention.

FIG. 7 is a longitudinal sectional view of a third variant of the device according to the invention.

FIG. 8 is a longitudinal section view of a fourth variant of the device according to the invention.

FIG. 9 is a longitudinal section view of a fifth variant of the device according to the invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

1 vehicle 2 outside air intake pipe 3 inlet 4 inside air discharge pipe 5 outlet 10, 11, 35, 36, 51, 52, 61, 62, 71, 72 conduit portion 12, 13 surface 14, 15, 37, 38, 64, 65, 66, 67, 74, 75, 76, 77 Closing element 16, 43 Seat 17, 44 Upper support 18 Lower support 21, 22, 39, 40 Bearing surface 23, 24, 41, 42 Hole 25, 26 Ball Coupling 27 Circular groove 28 Shaft 29 Strip plate 30 Spring 45 Stopper 46 End position 47 End position 48 Spring (restoring means) 49 Slider 53 Part 54 Frustroconical portion 55 Leg 56 Inner flange 57 Membrane 58 Hole 63, 73 Coupling element 68 , 78 Perforated membrane 81, 82 Cylindrical member

Front page continued (72) Inventor Gierard Kyapitaine France, 92086 Paris La Défense, Sedex 20, Toul Nepteune, Jie Use Alstom Trance Paul Es Aa Notice (address) (None) (72) Inventor Stephan Aengijyan France, 17000 La Rocheel, Rouille des Frieurs, 11

Claims (11)

[Claims] Claim: What is claimed is: 1. Means for controlling or restricting an air flow in a pipeline when there is a rapid change in pressure inside or outside of the vehicle, comprising at least one pipeline for communicating air inside the vehicle with air outside the vehicle. A device for suppressing or limiting abrupt changes in air pressure in a running vehicle, including: -wherein the device leaves the air flow passage intact and in the conduit (10,11) Comprising at least one closing element (14, 15) arranged, said closing element having one surface, so-called receiving surface (21, 22), said device also traversing the air flow Directionally located, comprising at least one partition wall (16) located near the receiving surface of the closure element, said partition wall being deformable under pneumatic pressure, said partition wall balancing the pressure inside and outside the vehicle. Air flow through, if When the internal and external pressures of the vehicle change rapidly, the partition wall is pressed against the receiving surface to at least partially block the passage of the air flow, and the device is a vehicle having a certain specified value or less. An apparatus comprising: means for balancing pressure inside and outside by controlled circulation of an air flow rate between the inside and outside of the vehicle, including temporary changes in pressure inside and outside. 2. The closure element is a fitting part (14, 15) in a line, in which one hole (23, 24) is bored for the passage of an air flow, the hole being the receiving part. Face (2
1, 22), the receiving surface is a curved surface having a concave shape, and the partition wall is a sheet (16) connected by two opposite sides thereof. The described device. 3. One hole (23, for passing an air flow)
Two closure elements (1), each of which is formed by a one-piece fitting in the conduit (10, 11), with an opening (24)
4, 15), the holes of which open into the receiving surfaces (21, 22), the receiving surfaces are concavely curved surfaces, the receiving surfaces of the two closure elements face each other, and 16) is a seat which is connected by its two opposite sides and is located between two receiving surfaces, and the seat is in a stationary position between the two receiving surfaces when the internal and external pressures of the vehicle are balanced. And has a feature that it is pressed against one of the receiving surfaces when the internal and external pressure of the vehicle changes rapidly,
The device according to claim 1. 4. The seat (16) is connected by elastic means (30) so that the holes of the closure element can be completely closed in the event of rapid changes in the internal and external pressures of the vehicle. Device according to claim 2 or claim 3, characterized in that 5. The seat only partially closes the hole of the closing element when the internal and external pressure of the vehicle changes rapidly,
4. Device according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the seat and its connecting means are provided such that the device constitutes a kind of air flow limiting valve. 6. The seats are connected by a resilient means so that the seats can completely close the holes of one of the closing elements in the case of rapid changes in the internal and external pressures of the vehicle, said device comprising: 4. Device according to claim 3, characterized in that the seat comprises means for only partially closing the hole of the other closing element in case of rapid changes in the internal and external pressure of the vehicle. 7. One hole (41, for passing an air flow)
Two closure elements (3), each of which is formed by a single piece fitted in the conduit (35, 36) with an opening (42)
7, 38), the hole of which is opened in the receiving surface (39, 40), the receiving surfaces of the two elements face each other, and the partition wall (43) is fixed on one side thereof, This seat, when the internal and external pressure of the vehicle changes rapidly,
In the case of a sudden change in pressure in one direction, it is pressed against the receiving surface (39) of one closing element (38) to completely close its hole (42) and in the other direction. In the case of a sudden change in pressure, it is necessary to press the receiving surface (40) of the other closing element (37) to partially close the hole (41) to form a kind of air flow rate limiting valve. Device according to claim 1, characterized. 8. Device according to claim 7, characterized in that it comprises restoring means (48) for exerting a force in a direction opposite to the flow limiting valve. 9. The partition wall of the device is a membrane (57) separating the pipelines (51, 52) into an upstream side and a downstream side, the membrane being air when the internal and external pressures of the vehicle are balanced. A plurality of holes (58) for the passage of the flow are opened and pressed against the closing element (53) when the pressure inside or outside the vehicle is rapidly changed, and the receiving surface of the closing element closes all the holes in the membrane. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that it is capable of: 10. A single membrane (68) and at least two closing elements (64, 65, 66, 67), one of these closing elements having one receiving surface, said upstream part If the pressure inside or outside the vehicle changes rapidly because the pressure is higher than the pressure in the downstream part, the membrane is pressed against this receiving surface and the other closure element also has one receiving surface, Device according to claim 9, characterized in that the membrane is pressed against this receiving surface in the event of rapid changes in the internal and external pressure of the vehicle due to the pressure of the part being higher than the pressure of said upstream part. 11. Device according to claim 10, characterized in that the closing element (74, 75, 76, 77) has an asymmetric shape so as to promote the direction of air flow in the conduit.