JPH0625402B2 - Expansion joint for bridge - Google Patents
Expansion joint for bridgeInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0625402B2 JPH0625402B2 JP61302658A JP30265886A JPH0625402B2 JP H0625402 B2 JPH0625402 B2 JP H0625402B2 JP 61302658 A JP61302658 A JP 61302658A JP 30265886 A JP30265886 A JP 30265886A JP H0625402 B2 JPH0625402 B2 JP H0625402B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- expansion joint
- elastic member
- bridge
- plate
- groove
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Landscapes
- Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 〔産業上の利用分野〕 この発明は、既設道路橋の一方の側縁に拡幅用の道路橋
を並設する場合など、横に並設した2つの橋梁の側縁間
の接続に用いられる橋梁用伸縮継手に関するものであ
る。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial field of application] The present invention relates to a side edge of two bridges arranged side by side, such as when a road bridge for widening is installed side by side on one side edge of an existing road bridge. The present invention relates to an expansion joint for bridges used for connection between them.
従来より、橋梁用伸縮継手には種々の型式のものが考案
されているが、これらは第3図に示すように、道路橋の
橋軸に対して直角方向に設置するものが大部分である。
この従来の伸縮継手(1)は橋軸方向に並べられた道路
橋(2)の端部間を接続するために用いられ、車両は伸
縮継手(1)を直交するようにその上を通過する。Conventionally, various types of expansion joints for bridges have been devised, but as shown in FIG. 3, most of these are installed at right angles to the bridge axis of a road bridge. .
This conventional expansion joint (1) is used to connect the ends of road bridges (2) arranged in the bridge axis direction, and a vehicle passes on the expansion joint (1) so as to intersect at right angles. .
ところで、近年、既設道路橋の道路幅を拡大したり、高
速道路の建設の際に高架本線道路にランプウェイを接続
したりする場合が多くなっており、これらの場合には伸
縮継手を道路橋の側縁に沿って設置する必要がある。第
4図は道路幅を拡大する場合を示しており、既設道路橋
(3)の一方の側縁に拡幅用の道路橋(4)が並設さ
れ、それらの間には伸縮継手(5)が設置されている。By the way, in recent years, it has become common to expand the road width of existing road bridges and to connect rampways to elevated main roads during the construction of highways. It is necessary to install along the side edge of. Fig. 4 shows the case of expanding the road width. A road bridge (4) for widening is installed in parallel on one side edge of the existing road bridge (3), and an expansion joint (5) is provided between them. Is installed.
このような橋軸と平行に設置する伸縮継手(5)は、従
来の伸縮継手(1)とは異なった性能・特性が必要であ
る。即ち、従来の伸縮継手(1)では、車両は伸縮継手
(1)を直交するようにその上を通過するので、車両の
重量が直接作用する時間は非常に短く、伸縮継手(1)
に作用する力は少ない。また、伸縮継手(1)の吸収す
る橋梁間の変位は、ほとんど道路橋(2)の温度変化に
伴う伸縮によって生じる橋軸方向の変位のみである。こ
れに対し、橋軸と平行に設置する伸縮継手(5)では、
車両は伸縮継手(5)に直交する方向に走行することは
なく、その上を斜めに横切ったりそれに平行に走行す
る。従って、車両の重量が伸縮継手(5)に作用する時
間が長く、大きな力が伸縮継手(5)に直接作用するの
で、伸縮継手(5)に作用する力は従来とは非常に異な
ったものとなる。また、伸縮継手(5)の吸収する橋梁
間の変位は、道路橋(2)の温度変化に伴う伸縮によっ
て生じる変位はほとんどなく、車両の通行により生じた
振動による上下方向の変位であり、その変位も従来のも
のに比べて大きい。The expansion joint (5) installed in parallel with such a bridge shaft needs performance and characteristics different from those of the conventional expansion joint (1). That is, in the conventional expansion joint (1), the vehicle passes over the expansion joint (1) so as to cross at right angles, so that the weight of the vehicle directly acts on the expansion joint (1) for a very short time.
The force acting on is small. Further, the displacement between the bridges absorbed by the expansion joint (1) is almost only the displacement in the bridge axial direction caused by the expansion and contraction due to the temperature change of the road bridge (2). On the other hand, in the expansion joint (5) installed parallel to the bridge axis,
The vehicle does not run in a direction orthogonal to the expansion joint (5), but crosses diagonally above it or runs parallel to it. Therefore, since the weight of the vehicle acts on the expansion joint (5) for a long time and a large force directly acts on the expansion joint (5), the force acting on the expansion joint (5) is very different from the conventional one. Becomes In addition, the displacement between the bridges absorbed by the expansion joint (5) is almost the same as the displacement caused by the expansion and contraction due to the temperature change of the road bridge (2), and is the vertical displacement due to the vibration generated by the passage of the vehicle. The displacement is also larger than the conventional one.
このように伸縮継手に要求される性能・特性が非常に異
なっているにも拘らず、従来は横に並設した道路橋の側
縁間に伸縮継手を設置する場合でも従来の伸縮継手
(1)をそのまま使用していた。この結果、強度不足と
なって伸縮継手が破損することが多く、また破損しなく
ても寿命が短くなり、耐久性に問題があった。In spite of the fact that the performance and characteristics required for expansion joints are very different as described above, the conventional expansion joints (1 ) Was used as it was. As a result, the expansion joint is often damaged due to insufficient strength, and even if the expansion joint is not damaged, the life is shortened, and there is a problem in durability.
この発明は上記事情に鑑みてなされたものであり、その
目的とするところは、横に並設された道路橋の側縁間に
設置することができ、かつ耐久性に優れた伸縮継手を提
供することにある。The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide an expansion joint that can be installed between side edges of road bridges that are arranged side by side and that has excellent durability. To do.
この発明の他の目的は、構造が簡単でかつ廉価であると
共に設置も容易に行える伸縮継手を提供することであ
る。Another object of the present invention is to provide an expansion joint which has a simple structure, is inexpensive, and can be easily installed.
この発明では、横設した2つの橋梁の対向する側縁部
(11a)(12a)に各々形成された凹溝(23)の底部に固
着された帯状の金属板よりなる下部プレート(22)(2
2)と、前記下部プレート(22)(22)の間に架設され
た弾性部材(24)と、小さな隙間(30)をおいて相互に
対向し、弾性部材(24)の上方に取り付けられた一対の
帯状の金属板よりなる上部プレート(28)からなり、 弾性部材(24)はその両端部が下部プレート(22)に固
着されていると共に、その上側面が上部プレート(28)
との間に隙間を有し、且つその下側面が凹溝(23)の下
側面との間に隙間を有しており、上部プレート(28)
(28)は凹溝(23)の上側面と凹溝(23)よりも上方の
部分(26)(26)の対向面を覆うようにL字形に屈曲さ
れている橋梁用伸縮継手としている。According to the present invention, the lower plate (22) (22) (which is made of a strip-shaped metal plate is fixed to the bottoms of the recessed grooves (23) formed in the opposite side edges (11a) (12a) of the two horizontally installed bridges. 2
2) and the elastic member (24) installed between the lower plates (22) and (22) and face each other with a small gap (30) between them, and are mounted above the elastic member (24). The elastic plate (28) is made up of a pair of strip-shaped metal plates, and both ends of the elastic member (24) are fixed to the lower plate (22).
Has a gap between the upper plate (28) and a lower side surface thereof and a lower side surface of the concave groove (23).
Reference numeral (28) is an expansion joint for a bridge which is bent in an L shape so as to cover the upper side surface of the concave groove (23) and the facing surfaces of the portions (26) and (26) above the concave groove (23).
上部プレート(28)(28)は小さな隙間(30)をおいて
相互に対向しているので、この隙間(30)の上を車両が
通行しても車両に支障が生じない。Since the upper plates (28) (28) face each other with a small gap (30) therebetween, there is no obstacle to the vehicle even when the vehicle passes through the gap (30).
上部プレート(28)(28)が、凹溝(23)の上側面と凹
溝(23)よりも上方の部分(26)(26)の対向面を覆う
ようにL字形に屈曲されたものであり、上部プレート
(28)(28)が路面上にほとんどあらわれないので、車
両の通行によりこの発明の伸縮継手に直接作用する力が
少なく、耐久性が良くなる。The upper plate (28) (28) is bent in an L shape so as to cover the upper surface of the concave groove (23) and the facing surface of the portions (26) (26) above the concave groove (23). Since the upper plates (28) (28) hardly appear on the road surface, the force directly acting on the expansion joint of the present invention due to the passage of the vehicle is small and the durability is improved.
また、弾性部材(24)の上下両面と上記凹溝(23)の上
下両側面との間には隙間があるので、弾性部材(24)は
上下方向の変位に対してもなんら支障なく変形すること
ができる。また、弾性部材(24)は、凹溝(23)の底部
に固着されており、橋梁の対向する側縁部(11a)(12
a)間の距離よりも幅が広くなっており、弾性部材(2
4)の幅も従来のものより広くなっているので、従来よ
りも大きな上下方向の変位に対して追随可能となり、弾
性部材(24)の耐久性が良くなる。Further, since there is a gap between the upper and lower both surfaces of the elastic member (24) and the upper and lower both side surfaces of the concave groove (23), the elastic member (24) is deformed without any hindrance with respect to vertical displacement. be able to. The elastic member (24) is fixed to the bottom of the groove (23) and faces the side edges (11a) (12a) (12a) of the bridge facing each other.
The width is wider than the distance between a) and the elastic member (2
Since the width of 4) is wider than the conventional one, it is possible to follow a displacement in the vertical direction which is larger than the conventional one, and the durability of the elastic member (24) is improved.
以下、添付図面に基づいてこの発明の実施例について説
明する。Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
第1図及び第2図は、この発明の伸縮継手を道路橋に設
置した状態を示しており、(11)は既設の道路橋、(1
2)は拡幅用の道路橋である。既設の道路橋(11)は、
橋脚(13)の上端面に支持パット(14)を介して桁(1
5)を架設し、さらにこの桁(15)の上端面に支持パッ
ト(16)を介して設置されている。拡幅用の道路橋(1
2)も同様にして、上記既設の道路橋(11)に沿って立
設された橋脚(17)の上端面に支持パット(18)を介し
て桁(19)を架設し、この桁(19)の上端面に支持パッ
ト(20)を介して設置されている。FIGS. 1 and 2 show a state in which the expansion joint of the present invention is installed in a road bridge, (11) is an existing road bridge, and (1)
2) is a road bridge for widening. The existing road bridge (11)
The girder (1
5) is erected, and is further installed on the upper end surface of this girder (15) via a support pad (16). Road bridge for widening (1
2) Similarly, a girder (19) is erected on the upper end surface of the bridge pier (17) erected along the existing road bridge (11) via a support pad (18), and this girder (19 ) Is installed on the upper end surface of the support pad (20).
上記横に並設した2つの道路橋(11)(12)の側縁部
(11a)(12a)間には、この発明の伸縮継手(21)(2
1)が設置されているが、この伸縮継手(21)は以下に
述べるような構造である。The expansion joint (21) (2) of the present invention is provided between the side edge portions (11a) (12a) of the two road bridges (11) (12) arranged side by side.
1) is installed, but this expansion joint (21) has the structure described below.
(22)は一対の下部プレートで、この実施例では帯状の
金属板から形成されており、道路橋(11)(12)の側縁
部(11a)(12a)の対向面の中央付近に橋軸方向に沿っ
て形成された凹溝(23)の底部に各々取り付けられてい
る。この一対の下部プレート(22)の対向面には、断面
矩形の棒状とした弾性部材(24)の左右の側面が各々固
着されている。従って、弾性部材(24)は2つの下部プ
レート(22)間に架設されていることになる。尚、上記
凹溝(23)への取り付けは、下部プレート(22)の弾性
部材(24)とは反対の側面を側縁部(11a)(12a)に埋
設された鉄筋よりなるアンカー(25)に固着することに
よりなされている。(22) is a pair of lower plates, which are formed from strip-shaped metal plates in this embodiment, and are located near the center of the facing surfaces of the side edges (11a) (12a) of the road bridges (11) (12). The grooves (23) formed along the axial direction are attached to the bottom of each groove. The left and right side surfaces of a bar-shaped elastic member (24) having a rectangular cross section are fixed to the facing surfaces of the pair of lower plates (22). Therefore, the elastic member (24) is installed between the two lower plates (22). In addition, the anchor (25) is made of a reinforcing rod in which the side surface of the lower plate (22) opposite to the elastic member (24) is embedded in the side edge portions (11a) (12a) so as to be attached to the groove (23). It is made by sticking to.
下部プレート(22)は、弾性部材(24)を凹溝(23)の
底部に堅固に取り付けておくために設けられたものであ
り、弾性部材(24)を側縁部(11a)(12a)に直接固着
すると、弾性部材(24)と側縁部(11a)(12a)との固
着力が弱く、引張力がかかると剥がれ易いからである。
尚、この下部プレート(22)の側縁部(11a)(12a)へ
の固着方法は上記方法に限るものではない。The lower plate (22) is provided to firmly attach the elastic member (24) to the bottom of the groove (23), and the elastic member (24) is provided with the side edge portions (11a) (12a). This is because if they are directly adhered to each other, the adhesion between the elastic member (24) and the side edge portions (11a) (12a) will be weak, and if a tensile force is applied, they will easily peel off.
The method of fixing the lower plate (22) to the side edge portions (11a) (12a) is not limited to the above method.
上記側縁部(11a)(12a)の凹溝(23)よりも上方の部
分(26)は、その下方の部分(27)よりも水平方向に突
出しており、2つの上方の部分(26)の対向面間の距離
は非常に小さくなっている。この上方の部分(26)の対
向面と凹溝(23)の上側面には、L字形に屈曲した帯状
の金属板よりなる上部プレート(28)が取り付けてあ
り、これら側面全体を覆うようにしている。上部プレー
ト(28)の上方の部分(26)への取り付けは、上部プレ
ート(28)の上方の部分(26)に接する側面を上方の部
分(26)に埋設された鉄筋よりなるアンカー(29)に固
着することによりなされている。A portion (26) of the side edge portions (11a) (12a) above the concave groove (23) projects in the horizontal direction from a portion (27) below thereof, and two upper portions (26). The distance between the facing surfaces of is very small. An upper plate (28) made of a strip-shaped metal plate bent in an L shape is attached to the facing surface of the upper portion (26) and the upper side surface of the groove (23) so as to cover the entire side surface. ing. The attachment to the upper part (26) of the upper plate (28) is performed by an anchor (29) made of a reinforcing bar whose side surface contacting the upper part (26) of the upper plate (28) is embedded in the upper part (26). It is made by sticking to.
2つの上部プレート(28)の上方の部分(26)に接する
側面間には、小さな隙間(30)が形成されており、この
隙間(30)には弾性シール材(31)が充填されている。
また、上部プレート(28)の水平方向に延設された側
面、すなわち凹溝(23)の上側面と接する部分の端部
は、凹溝(23)内において下部プレート(22)の上側縁
に当接し、かつ弾性部材(24)の上面は下部プレート
(22)の上端縁より少し下方にあるので、上部プレート
(28)と下部プレート(22)と弾性部材(24)により囲
まれる部分には空間が形成されている。この空間には、
弾性シール材(32)が充填されている。これら弾性シー
ル材(31)(32)は、いずれもこの空間や上記隙間(3
0)に不純物が侵入するのを防止するためのもので、ウ
レタン系、チオコール系のシール材が好ましい。弾性部
材(24)の下面は、下部プレート(22)の下端縁より少
し上方にあり、凹溝(23)の下側面と弾性部材(24)の
間にも隙間が形成されている。A small gap (30) is formed between the side surfaces contacting the upper portion (26) of the two upper plates (28), and the gap (30) is filled with the elastic sealing material (31). .
In addition, the side surface of the upper plate (28) extending in the horizontal direction, that is, the end of the portion in contact with the upper side surface of the groove (23) is located at the upper edge of the lower plate (22) in the groove (23). Since the upper surface of the elastic member (24) is abutted and the upper surface of the elastic member (24) is slightly lower than the upper edge of the lower plate (22), the portion surrounded by the upper plate (28), the lower plate (22) and the elastic member (24) is A space is formed. In this space,
The elastic sealing material (32) is filled. These elastic sealing materials (31) and (32) are both used in this space and the gap (3
A sealant of urethane type or thiocol type is preferable because it prevents impurities from entering into 0). The lower surface of the elastic member (24) is slightly above the lower edge of the lower plate (22), and a gap is also formed between the lower side surface of the concave groove (23) and the elastic member (24).
尚、上部プレート(28)の垂直部分すなわち上方の部分
(26)の対向面と接する部分の上端縁は、道路橋(11)
(12)の路面と面一となっているが、上記弾性シール材
(31)の上端縁は路面よりも少し低くされ、排水用溝の
役割もしている。The upper edge of the vertical portion of the upper plate (28), that is, the portion in contact with the facing surface of the upper portion (26) is the road bridge (11).
Although it is flush with the road surface of (12), the upper edge of the elastic sealing material (31) is made slightly lower than the road surface, and also functions as a drainage groove.
以上のような構成とした伸縮継手(21)は、長手方向に
は適宜長さに仕切られており、設置する際には複数の伸
縮継手(21)をその両端を当接させながら一列に並べる
ことになる。The expansion joint (21) having the above-described structure is appropriately divided in the longitudinal direction, and at the time of installation, the plurality of expansion joints (21) are arranged in a line with their both ends in contact with each other. It will be.
この伸縮継手(21)は、道路橋(11)(12)の路面には
小さな隙間が表れるだけであるから、車両が伸縮継手
(21)上を通過するに何ら支障は生じない。Since the expansion joint (21) has only a small gap on the road surface of the road bridges (11) (12), there is no obstacle for the vehicle to pass over the expansion joint (21).
また、道路橋(11)(12)に上下方向の相対変位が生じ
た場合には、弾性部材(24)が弾性変形するため、この
変位を吸収することができる。In addition, when the road bridges (11) (12) undergo relative displacement in the vertical direction, the elastic member (24) is elastically deformed, and this displacement can be absorbed.
尚、弾性部材(24)が弾性変形する場合には、弾性シー
ル材(31)(32)も弾性変形するので、弾性部材(24)
の変形に悪影響を及ぼすことはない。When the elastic member (24) elastically deforms, the elastic seal members (31) (32) also elastically deform, so the elastic member (24).
There is no adverse effect on the transformation of.
以上の説明から明らかなように、この発明の伸縮継手
(21)は、道路橋(11)(12)の側端縁に設置しても優
れた耐久性を有するものである。しかも、必要部品は一
対の上部プレート(28)と一対の下部プレート(22)及
び弾性部材(24)のみであって、構造も非常に簡単であ
り、廉価に製造しうるものである。As is clear from the above description, the expansion joint (21) of the present invention has excellent durability even when installed on the side edge of the road bridge (11) (12). Moreover, the only necessary parts are the pair of upper plates (28), the pair of lower plates (22), and the elastic members (24), and the structure is very simple and can be manufactured at low cost.
さらに、この伸縮継手(21)の設置は、側縁部(11a)
(12a)に形成した凹溝(23)内に下部プレート(22)
を固設し、凹溝(23)の上方の部分(26)の対向面に上
部プレート(28)を固設するのみでよいので、非常に簡
単に設置することができる。Furthermore, the expansion joint (21) is installed at the side edge (11a).
Lower plate (22) in groove (23) formed in (12a)
It is only necessary to fix and to fix the upper plate (28) to the facing surface of the upper part (26) of the concave groove (23), so that the installation can be done very easily.
第1図は、この発明の伸縮継手を道路橋に設置した状態
を示す一部拡大斜視図。第2図は、同全体斜視図。第3
図は、橋軸と直角方向に伸縮継手を設置した状態を示す
平面図。第4図は、橋軸方向に伸縮継手を設置した道路
橋の平面図。 (11)(12)……道路橋、(11a)(12a)……側縁部 (22)……下部プレート、(23)……凹溝 (24)……弾性部材、(26)……上方の部分 (28)……上部プレート、(30)……隙間FIG. 1 is a partially enlarged perspective view showing a state in which the expansion joint of the present invention is installed in a road bridge. FIG. 2 is an overall perspective view of the same. Third
The figure is a plan view showing a state where expansion joints are installed in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis. Figure 4 is a plan view of a road bridge with expansion joints installed in the bridge axis direction. (11) (12) …… Road bridge, (11a) (12a) …… Side edge (22) …… Lower plate, (23) …… Concave groove (24) …… Elastic member, (26) …… Upper part (28) …… Upper plate, (30) …… Gap
Claims (1)
(11a)(12a)に各々形成された凹溝(23)の底部に固
着された帯状の金属板よりなる下部プレート(22)(2
2)と、 前記下部プレート(22)(22)間に架設された弾性部材
(24)と、 小さな隙間(30)をおいて相互に対向し、弾性部材(2
4)の上方に取り付けられた一対の帯状の金属板よりな
る上部プレート(28)からなり、 弾性部材(24)はその両端部が下部プレート(22)に固
着されていると共に、その上側面が上部プレート(28)
との間に隙間を有し、且つその下側面が凹溝(23)の下
側面との間に隙間を有しており、 上部プレート(28)(28)は凹溝(23)の上側面と凹溝
(23)よりも上方の部分(26)(26)の対向面を覆うよ
うにL字形に屈曲されている ことを特徴とする橋梁用伸縮継手。1. A lower plate made of a strip-shaped metal plate fixed to the bottoms of recessed grooves (23) formed in side edges (11a) (12a) of two laterally arranged bridges facing each other. 22) (2
2) and the elastic member (24) installed between the lower plates (22) and (22) and face each other with a small gap (30) between them.
It consists of an upper plate (28) made of a pair of strip-shaped metal plates attached above 4), and both ends of the elastic member (24) are fixed to the lower plate (22) and its upper side surface is Top plate (28)
And a lower side surface of the groove (23) has a gap between the upper plate (28) and (28) of the upper surface of the groove (23). An expansion joint for bridges, characterized in that it is bent in an L-shape so as to cover the facing surfaces of the parts (26) (26) above the groove (23).
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP61302658A JPH0625402B2 (en) | 1986-12-17 | 1986-12-17 | Expansion joint for bridge |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP61302658A JPH0625402B2 (en) | 1986-12-17 | 1986-12-17 | Expansion joint for bridge |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS63156122A JPS63156122A (en) | 1988-06-29 |
JPH0625402B2 true JPH0625402B2 (en) | 1994-04-06 |
Family
ID=17911629
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP61302658A Expired - Lifetime JPH0625402B2 (en) | 1986-12-17 | 1986-12-17 | Expansion joint for bridge |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH0625402B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0525804A (en) * | 1991-07-18 | 1993-02-02 | Sumitomo Constr Co Ltd | Bridge expansion joint and bridge |
CN104975562B (en) * | 2015-07-10 | 2016-08-24 | 泉州市洛江区大明鞋厂 | A kind of bridge of the automatic cleaning type expansion gap device of band guide groove |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE427679B (en) * | 1978-12-01 | 1983-04-25 | Tetis Plasttetningar Ab | PREPARED DILATION BODY |
JPS5750339U (en) * | 1980-09-04 | 1982-03-23 | ||
JPS585682U (en) * | 1981-07-06 | 1983-01-14 | 株式会社東芝 | Dehydration rinsing device |
JPS5859804U (en) * | 1981-10-14 | 1983-04-22 | 株式会社サンケンスチ−ル | Water stop device for comb-shaped expansion joint equipment |
-
1986
- 1986-12-17 JP JP61302658A patent/JPH0625402B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS63156122A (en) | 1988-06-29 |
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