JPH06250184A - Liquid crystal display device - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To improve the brightness and contrast of the liquid crystal display device by disposing chemical material layers having relatively low anchoring energy between oriented films and a liquid crystal, thereby making it possible to move even the liquid crystal molecules existing near the oriented films and additionally increasing the retardation difference of the liquid crystal molecule layer in the on state and off state of a driving voltage. CONSTITUTION:This liquid crystal display device is provided with a pair of transparent substrates 4, 5 which are disposed with transparent electrodes 6 and at least one layer of the oriented films 7 on the respective inner surfaces, the liquid crystal 8 held between these transparent substrates 4 and 5 by having twists and polarizing plats 1, 3 disposed on the outer sides of the transparent substrates 4, 5. The device is so formed that lambdaidentical(pi.K11)/(d.c) defined from the elastic constant k11(N) of the liquid crystal 8, the distance d((m) between the transparent substrates 4 and 5 and the anchoring energy C(J/m<2>) between the oriented layers 7 and the liquid crystal 8 remains within a 0.04<=lambda<=0.5 range. The chemical material layers 9 are provided between the oriented films 7 and the liquid crystal 8.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In a conventional non-memory type liquid crystal display device,
The alignment film was mainly formed by heating polyimide formed on the inner surface of the substrate and rubbing it with a fiber such as rayon, and the anchoring energy for the liquid crystal was about 10 ⁻³ J / m ² . The anchoring energy described here means the binding force (tilt anchoring energy) between the alignment film and the liquid crystal existing in the normal direction of the substrate. Also, for example,
The use of an alignment film having an anchoring energy smaller than that of polyimide as in No. 15926 "Liquid Crystal Display Cell" was mainly for giving a liquid crystal display a memory property. A cross-sectional view of a conventional liquid crystal display device is shown in FIG. The conventional liquid crystal display device includes an upper polarizing plate 1, a liquid crystal cell 2, a lower polarizing plate 3, an upper substrate 4 of a liquid crystal cell, a lower substrate 5, a transparent electrode 6, an alignment film 7 and a liquid crystal 8. Further, the retardation film may be disposed between the upper polarizing plate 1 and the upper substrate 4, and between the lower polarizing plate 3 and the lower substrate 5, or may be disposed only between either of them. .

[0003]

By the way, in the conventional non-memory type liquid crystal display device, the anchoring energy between the alignment film polyimide and the liquid crystal is relatively large at 10 ⁻³ J / m ² , so that driving is difficult. Even when a voltage was applied to the liquid crystal, the liquid crystal molecules near the alignment film could not move. FIG. 9 shows a cross-sectional view of a conventional non-memory type liquid crystal display device in a driving voltage applied state. Conventional non-memory type liquid crystal display device,
Upper polarizing plate 1, liquid crystal cell 2, lower polarizing plate 3, upper substrate 4, lower substrate 5, liquid crystal cell 6, transparent electrode 6, alignment film 7 and liquid crystal 8
When a driving voltage is applied to the liquid crystal 8 by the power source 10, only the liquid crystal molecules other than the vicinity of the alignment film move. Therefore, (I) the retardation difference of the liquid crystal molecular layer between the ON state and the OFF state of the drive voltage is small, the brightness and contrast of the liquid crystal display are not improved, and the retardation of the liquid crystal layer is increased in order to brighten the liquid crystal display. When the value is increased, the viewing angle is narrowed and the color of the display is increased, (II) The threshold voltage of the liquid crystal is increased and the power consumption of the liquid crystal display device is increased, and (III) The steepness of the liquid crystal transmittance change due to the application of the driving voltage is poor and high. There was a problem that it was difficult to drive multiplex. Therefore, in order to solve such a conventional problem, the present invention provides a display of a non-memory type liquid crystal display device by disposing an organic or inorganic substance alignment layer having a relatively small anchoring energy between the liquid crystal and the liquid crystal. The purpose is to improve quality.

[0004]

A liquid crystal display device of the present invention has a pair of transparent substrates facing each other having a transparent electrode and at least one alignment layer on the inner surface thereof, and a twist between the pair of transparent substrates. In a liquid crystal display device including a sandwiched liquid crystal and a polarizing plate arranged outside the pair of transparent substrates, an elongation elastic constant K of the liquid crystal is provided.
₁₁ (N), the distance d (m) between the transparent substrates, and the anchoring energy C between the alignment layer and the liquid crystal
Λ≡ (π ・ K ₁₁ ) / (d ・ defined by (J / m ² ).
C) is in the range of 0.04 ≦ λ ≦ 0.5. When λ <0.04, the effect of improving display quality is lost, and when λ> 0.5, hysteresis appears in the voltage-transmittance curve of the liquid crystal display device.

A chemical substance layer is disposed between the alignment layer and the liquid crystal. Further, the elongation elastic constant K _{11 of the} liquid crystal is characterized by having a value of 1.05 × 10 ^-11 N or less. If the elastic constant K ₁₁ is larger than 1.05 × 10 ⁻¹¹ N, the steepness of the voltage-transmittance curve becomes poor, and high multiplex driving becomes impossible.

The bending elastic constant K _{33 of the} liquid crystal is
It has a value of 1.25 × 10 ^-11 N or less. Elastic constant K ₃₃ is 1.25 × 10
^{If it is} larger than ^-11 N, hysteresis appears in the voltage-transmittance curve of the liquid crystal display device.

Further, the liquid crystal display device of the present invention is a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal cell in which a nematic liquid crystal is sandwiched between a pair of substrates, and at least one substrate of the liquid crystal cell and an anchoring liquid crystal. Energy is 1 × 1
It is characterized in that it is 0 ⁻⁴ J / m ² or less. When the anchoring energy exceeds 1 × 10 ⁻⁴ J / m ² , the effect of improving the display quality is lost.

The birefringence Δn of the nematic liquid crystal
And the cell thickness d of the liquid crystal cell, Δn × d, is 0.6 μm or less. When Δn × d is larger than 0.6 μm, the viewing angle is narrowed and the display coloring is increased.

[0009]

In the liquid crystal display device configured as described above, since the alignment layer or the chemical substance layer disposed between the alignment layer and the liquid crystal has a relatively low anchoring energy with respect to liquid crystal molecules, It is possible to move not only the liquid crystal molecules in the central portion of the liquid crystal layer but also the liquid crystal molecules located in the vicinity of the alignment film with a lower driving voltage. Therefore, the retardation difference of the liquid crystal molecular layer between the ON state and the OFF state of the driving voltage becomes larger, so that not only the brightness and contrast of the liquid crystal display device are improved, but also the voltage is not applied to widen the viewing angle and suppress the coloring of the display. It is also possible to reduce the retardation of the liquid crystal molecular layer upon application to some extent. Further, the threshold voltage of the liquid crystal is lowered, and the power consumption of the liquid crystal display device can be reduced. Further, the steepness of the change in the transmittance of the liquid crystal due to the application of the driving voltage is improved, and high multiplex driving can be realized.

[0010]

Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

(Embodiment 1) FIG. 1 is a view showing Embodiment 1 of the present invention, which is a sectional view of a liquid crystal display device. This liquid crystal display device includes an upper polarizing plate 1, a liquid crystal cell 2, a lower polarizing plate 3,
The liquid crystal cell includes an upper substrate 4, a lower substrate 5, a transparent electrode 6, a SiO oblique vapor deposition film 7 and a liquid crystal 8. The liquid crystal 8 is ME
K ₁₁ = 1.01 × 10 with ZLI-2081 manufactured by RCK
^-11 N, K _{3 3} = 1.16 × 10 ^-11 N, which is twisted 270 ° to the left when viewed from the lower substrate 5 side. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of this liquid crystal display device in a state where a driving voltage is applied by the power source 10. The SiO oblique deposition film 7 has a thickness of 10 with respect to liquid crystal molecules.
^{It has} a relatively low anchoring energy of ^-4 J / m ² or less, and can move liquid crystal molecules located near the alignment film with a lower driving voltage. Therefore, λ≡
When (π · K ₁₁ ) / (d · C), 0.04 ≦ λ ≦
The distance d between the upper substrate 4 and the lower substrate 5 is set to 0.5.
Is adjusted to obtain a bright, high-contrast liquid crystal display device with low power consumption. FIG. 4 shows a voltage-transmittance curve 51 of this liquid crystal display device.

(Embodiment 2) FIG. 3 is a view showing Embodiment 2 of the present invention and is a sectional view of a liquid crystal display device. This liquid crystal display device includes an upper polarizing plate 1, a liquid crystal cell 2, a lower polarizing plate 3,
Liquid crystal cell upper substrate 4, lower substrate 5, transparent electrode 6, SiO oblique deposition film 7, hexamethyldisilazane film (hereinafter referred to as HMDS
It is composed of a film and a liquid crystal 8. Liquid crystal 8 is M
K ₁₁ = 9.50 × 1 with ZLI-1557 manufactured by ERCK
0 ⁻¹² N, K ₃₃ = 1.15 × 10 ⁻¹¹ N, lower substrate 5
It is twisted 270 ° to the left when viewed from the side. The SiO oblique vapor deposition film 7 has a relatively low anchoring energy of 10 ⁻⁴ J / m ² or less for liquid crystal molecules, and the HMDS film 9 existing on the liquid crystal side surface thereof is SiO oblique vapor deposition. Membrane 7
The anchoring energy for liquid crystal molecules of 10 ^-6
It is reduced by about 10 ⁻⁵ J / m ² . Therefore, as shown in FIG. 2 of Example 1, liquid crystal molecules located in the vicinity of the alignment film can also be moved with a lower driving voltage, and λ≡ (π · K
When the distance d between the upper substrate 4 and the lower substrate 5 is adjusted so that 0.04 ≦ λ ≦ 0.5 when ₁₁ ) / (d · C), bright and high contrast and low power consumption are achieved. It becomes a liquid crystal display device. FIG. 4 shows the voltage-transmittance curve 5 of this liquid crystal display device.
2 is shown.

(Embodiment 3) A liquid crystal display device in which the SiO oblique vapor deposition film 7 of FIG. 1 is replaced with a polyparaphenylene film is Embodiment 3 of the present invention. This liquid crystal display device includes an upper polarizing plate 1,
The liquid crystal cell 2, the lower polarizing plate 3, the upper substrate 4, the lower substrate 5, the transparent electrode 6, the polyparaphenylene film 7, and the liquid crystal 8 of the liquid crystal cell.
Composed of. The liquid crystal 8 is ZLI- manufactured by MERCK.
2081 with K ₁₁ = 1.01 × 10 ^-11 N, K ₃₃ = 1.1
6 × 10 ^-11 N, 270 to the left when viewed from the lower substrate 5 side
° twisted. The polyparaphenylene film 7 has a relatively low anchoring of 10 ⁻⁴ J / m ² or less for liquid crystal molecules.
Since it has energy, liquid crystal molecules located in the vicinity of the alignment film can also be moved with a lower driving voltage as shown in FIG. 2 of the first embodiment. Therefore, λ≡ (π ・ K ₁₁ ) /
If the distance d between the upper substrate 4 and the lower substrate 5 is adjusted so that 0.04 ≦ λ ≦ 0.5 when (d · C), the liquid crystal display device is bright and has high contrast and low power consumption. Becomes FIG. 4 shows a voltage-transmittance curve 53 of this liquid crystal display device.

(Comparative Example 1) In Examples 1, 2 and 3, when λ≡ (π · K ₁₁ ) / (d · C), λ <0.
A liquid crystal having a different elongation elastic constant K ₁₁ was used so as to obtain 04, or the distance d between the upper substrate 4 and the lower substrate 5 was adjusted. FIG. 4 shows the voltage-transmittance curve 54 of this liquid crystal display device.
Indicates. In this case, the contrast of the liquid crystal display and the steepness of the change in the transmittance of the liquid crystal due to the application of the driving voltage are not improved, and the threshold voltage of the liquid crystal is not lowered. As described above, it is preferable to use liquid crystals having different elongation elastic constants K ₁₁ so that λ <0.04 or adjust the distance d between the upper and lower substrates, because the effect of improving the display quality of the liquid crystal display device is lost. Absent.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 In Examples 1, 2 and 3, when λ≡ (π · K ₁₁ ) / (d · C), λ> 0.
A liquid crystal having a different elongation elastic constant K ₁₁ was used so as to be 5, or the distance d between the upper substrate 4 and the lower substrate 5 was adjusted. FIG. 4 shows a voltage-transmittance curve 55 of this liquid crystal display device. In this case, hysteresis appears in the transmittance-voltage curve of the liquid crystal display device, which makes it difficult to control display characteristics and develop a drive circuit. As described above, using liquid crystals having different elongation elastic constants K ₁₁ so that λ> 0.5 or adjusting the distance d between the upper and lower substrates is more advantageous than the benefit of improving the display quality of the liquid crystal display device. The disadvantages associated with device development are greater, which is not desirable.

Comparative Example 3 In Examples 1, 2 and 3, a liquid crystal having an elongation elastic constant K ₁₁ larger than 1.05 × 10 ⁻¹¹ N was used. FIG. 4 shows a voltage-transmittance curve 56 of this liquid crystal display device. In this case, the steepness of the change in the transmittance of the liquid crystal due to the application of the driving voltage is not improved, and high multiplex driving cannot be performed. Thus, the elongation elastic constant K ₁₁ is 1.05.
It is not desirable to use a liquid crystal larger than × 10 ^-11 N because it is impossible to display a large capacity liquid crystal display device.

(Comparative Example 4) In Examples 1, 2 and 3, a liquid crystal having a bending elastic constant K ₃₃ of greater than 1.25 × 10 ^-11 N was used. FIG. 4 shows a voltage-transmittance curve 57 of this liquid crystal display device. In this case, the transmittance of the liquid crystal display device −
Hysteresis appears on the voltage curve, making it difficult to control the display characteristics and develop a drive circuit. Thus, the bending elastic constant K ₃₃
It is not desirable to use a liquid crystal having a value of 1.25 × 10 ⁻¹¹ N or more because the disadvantages associated with the development of a liquid crystal display device increase.

(Embodiment 4) As shown in FIG. 1, a liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention includes an upper polarizing plate 1, a liquid crystal cell 2, a lower polarizing plate 3, an upper substrate 4 and a lower liquid crystal cell. It is composed of a substrate 5, a transparent electrode 6, an alignment film 7, and a nematic liquid crystal 8. The nematic liquid crystal 8 is a liquid crystal ZLI manufactured by Merck.
-2293, a chiral dopant S also manufactured by Merck & Co., Inc.
-811 was used by adding 1.3 wt%. ZLI-22
Since the birefringence Δn of 93 is 0.1322 and the cell gap d is 4.4 μm, Δn × d is 0.58 μm. Further, as the alignment film 7, an oblique vapor deposition film of SiO was used. This is provided by depositing SiO about 250 Å at an angle θ from the substrate normal of about 250 Å, then changing the direction of the vapor deposition beam by 90 ° to make the angle θ at 85 ∫ and again depositing SiO about 10 Å. An anchoring energy of 2 × 10 ⁻⁵ J / m ² with the above liquid crystal was obtained with a pretilt angle of 5 °. Note that λ
When ≡ (π · K ₁₁ ) / (d · C), λ = 0.44
It became 62.

As shown in FIG. 5, the relationship between the axes is such that the polarization axis (absorption axis) direction of the upper polarizing plate 1 is 11, the liquid crystal alignment direction of the upper substrate 4 of the liquid crystal cell is 12, and the lower substrate 5 of the liquid crystal cell is 5. Of the liquid crystal alignment direction of 13, the polarization direction of the lower polarizing plate 3 is 14,
The angle formed by 11 with 12 is 21, the twist angle of the nematic liquid crystal 8 determined by 12 and 13 is 22, and the angle formed by 14 with 13 is 23.
The angle 22 was set to 270 degrees to the left.

The voltage transmittance characteristics of the liquid crystal display device according to Example 4 of the present invention produced as described above are shown in FIG.
Shown in. When multiplex drive of 1/240 duty is performed, the transmittance is 75% and the contrast ratio is 1:20.
I was able to take Further, the display color was white when it was off, which was colored a little sky blue, and black when it was on. The transmittance here is a value normalized with the transmittance of the polarizing plate being 100%.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the viewing angle characteristics of the liquid crystal display device according to the fourth embodiment. Here, the center of the figure is the direction of the substrate normal, and the six concentric circles surrounding it are the inclination angles from the substrate normal of 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees, 40 degrees, and 50 in order from the inside.
The direction of 60 degrees is shown. Also 41, 42, 4
3 and 44 are contrast ratios of 1: 1, 1: 3,
It is an isocontrast curve of 1:10 and 1:30. This viewing angle characteristic is characterized in that the area for so-called reverse display, where the contrast ratio is less than 1: 1 is extremely narrow. Conventionally, STN color-compensated with a retardation film, for example
In the case of the type liquid crystal display device, the display is inverted when the tilt angle from the center is about 35 degrees, but in the liquid crystal display device according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention, the inversion does not occur up to 55 degrees.

(Comparative Example 5) In Example 4, the alignment film 7 was formed.
The same procedure as in Example 4 was performed except that a polyimide film was used for and the alignment treatment was performed by rubbing. Pretilt angle is 5 degrees, anchoring energy is 3 × 10 ^-3 J / m ²
Met. Further, when λ≡ (π · K ₁₁ ) / (d · C), λ = 0.0030.

The voltage transmittance characteristic of the liquid crystal display device thus manufactured is shown at 31 in FIG. When the multiplex drive of 1/240 duty is performed, the transmittance is 64% and the contrast ratio is only 1: 4. This is because it does not become dark unless a high voltage is applied and the steepness is poor.

(Example 5) In Example 4, the alignment film 7 was formed.
The same procedure as in Example 4 was performed except that a polypyrrole film was used as the substrate and the alignment treatment was performed by rubbing. Pretilt angle is 5 degrees, anchoring energy is 9 × 10 ^-5 J / m
^{Was 2} . Further, when λ≡ (π · K ₁₁ ) / (d · C), λ = 0.0992.

The voltage transmittance characteristic of the liquid crystal display device thus produced is shown at 32 in FIG. When the multiplex drive of 1/240 duty was performed, the transmittance was 67% and the contrast ratio was 1: 7. This is a good characteristic as compared with Comparative Example 5.

Example 6 Example 5 was not always satisfactory in terms of contrast. Therefore, Δn × d of the liquid crystal cell is increased to improve the contrast ratio. In Example 5, the amount of S-811 added was 1.2 w.
The same procedure as in Example 5 was carried out except that the amount was set to t% and the cells were enclosed in a cell having a cell gap of 4.9 μm. Δn × d is 0.6
It becomes 5 μm. The pretilt angle was 5 degrees and the anchoring energy was 9 × 10 ⁻⁵ J / m ² . Also, λ≡
When (π · K ₁₁ ) / (d · C), λ = 0.089
It became 0.

The liquid crystal display device produced in this way is 1 /
When a 240 duty multiplex drive was performed, a transmittance of 81% and a contrast ratio of 1:12 were obtained.

(Example 7) In Example 4, the alignment film 7 was formed.
The liquid crystal ZLI-4427 made by Merck & Co.
911 was added at 1.9 wt% to obtain a cell gap of 3.1μ.
The same procedure as in Example 4 was performed except that the cells were enclosed in m cells. Since the birefringence Δn of ZLI-4427 is 0.1127, Δn × d is 0.35 μm. The fine groove has a width of 1 μm and a height of 0.5 μm.
It was arranged at a pitch of 2 μm. At this time, the pretilt angle is less than 1 degree and the anchoring energy is 8 × 10 ⁻⁶ J / m ^2.
Met.

When the anchoring energy is small as described above, even if Δn × d is made small, good characteristics such as a transmittance of 61% and a contrast ratio of 1:18 can be obtained by a multiplex drive of 1/240 duty. To be

(Embodiment 8) In Embodiment 7, S-81
1 was set to 2.7 wt% and the cell gap 2.2
The same procedure as in Example 7 was performed except that the cell was enclosed in a cell having a size of μm. Δn × d is 0.25 μm. At this time, the pretilt angle is less than 1 degree and the anchoring energy is 8 × 10.
^-6 J / m ² .

The liquid crystal display device thus manufactured has a 1 /
When a 240 duty multiplex drive is performed, a contrast ratio of 1:21 can be obtained with a transmittance of 48%. The viewing angle characteristics were wider than those of any of the above-described examples because Δn × d was small.

(Example 9) In Example 4, the angle 21
Is set to 30 degrees to the left, angle 22 is set to 240 degrees to the left, angle 23 is set to 60 degrees to the left, the amount of S-811 added is set to 1.2 wt%, the cell gap is 4.4 μm, and Δn × d is 0. .58
All were the same as in Example 4 except that the thickness was changed to μm. Pretilt angle is 5 degrees, anchoring energy is 2 × 10 ^-5
It was J / m ² . Also, λ≡ (π ・ K ₁₁ ) / (d ・
In the case of C), λ = 0.4462.

The liquid crystal display device thus manufactured has a 1 /
When the multiplex drive of 120 duty was performed, the transmittance was 82% and the contrast ratio was 1:17.
In addition, the coloring of the display is smaller than in Example 4, and whiter /
Approached black.

(Embodiment 10) In Embodiment 4, angle 2
1 is set to 15 degrees to the left, angle 22 is set to 210 degrees to the left, angle 23 is set to 75 degrees to the left, and the addition amount of S-811 is 1.1 wt%.
And the cell gap is 4.0 μm and Δn × d is 0.5.
All were the same as in Example 4 except that the thickness was 3 μm. Pretilt angle is 5 degrees, anchoring energy is 2 × 10
^-5 J / m ² . Also, λ≡ (π ・ K ₁₁ ) / (d ・
In the case of C), λ = 0.4908.

The liquid crystal display device thus manufactured has a 1 /
When the multiplex drive of 120 duty was performed, the transmittance was 77% and the contrast ratio was 1:11.
Further, the coloration of the display was smaller than that in Example 9.

(Embodiment 11) Similar to Embodiment 4, except that as the alignment film 7, fine grooves formed by a printing method are used in the epoxy resin applied to the surfaces of the substrates 4 and 5 as the alignment film 7. did. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing fine grooves on the surface of the alignment film in Example 11. The fine grooves have a height of 0.8 μm, are inclined at about 3 °, and are arranged at a pitch of 0.6 μm. At this time, the pretilt angle is 4 degrees and the anchoring energy is 7 × 10 ⁻⁵ J
/ M ² . Also, λ≡ (π ・ K ₁₁ ) / (d ・ C)
Then, λ = 0.1275.

The liquid crystal display device produced in this way is 1 /
When a 240 duty multiplex drive was performed, a transmittance of 73% and a contrast ratio of 1:12 were obtained.

In the above embodiments, the display was all monochrome, but since almost white / black display was realized in the present invention, color display can be easily performed by providing a micro color filter for each pixel. You can also do it. Regarding the twist angle of the liquid crystal, not only the so-called super twist but also the 90-degree twist TN mode can be applied, and in that case, the saturation voltage is significantly lowered. G added with dichroic dye
Even when it is applied to the H mode, there is a remarkable effect that the saturation voltage, which was 10 V or more in the related art, is reduced to about 5 V. Further, by using a retardation film together, it is possible to further reduce the coloring of the display and improve the viewing angle.

[0039]

According to the liquid crystal display device of the present invention, the elongation elastic constant K ₁₁ (N) of the liquid crystal, the distance d (m) between the transparent substrates, and the anchoring energy C (J /
The brightness and contrast of the liquid crystal display are improved by adjusting λ≡ (π · K ₁₁ ) / (d · C) defined by m ² ) so that 0.04 ≦ λ ≦ 0.5. The liquid crystal display device has the effects of reducing power consumption and high-multiplex drive.

Further, by reducing the anchoring energy between the alignment layer and the liquid crystal and the retardation Δn × d defined by the product of the birefringence Δn of the liquid crystal and the cell thickness d of the liquid crystal cell, It is possible to provide a liquid crystal display device having high contrast, little coloration of display, and excellent viewing angle characteristics.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a liquid crystal display device according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the liquid crystal display device under a driving voltage application state according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a liquid crystal display device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a voltage-transmittance curve diagram of liquid crystal display devices in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a relationship diagram of axes of liquid crystal display devices in Examples 4 to 10 of the present invention and Comparative Example 5.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing voltage transmittance characteristics of liquid crystal display devices in Examples 4 and 5 of the present invention and Comparative Example 5.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing viewing angle characteristics of a liquid crystal display device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a surface state of an alignment film used in a liquid crystal display device in Example 11 of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional liquid crystal display device.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional liquid crystal display device in a driving voltage applied state.

[Explanation of symbols]

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Upper polarizing plate 2 ... Liquid crystal cell 3 ... Lower polarizing plate 4 ... Liquid crystal cell 2 upper substrate 5 ... Liquid crystal cell 2 lower substrate 6 ... Transparent electrode 7 ... Alignment film 8 ... Liquid crystal 9 ... Chemical substance layer 10 ... Power supply 11 ... Polarizing axis direction of upper polarizing plate 1 12 ... Liquid crystal aligning direction of upper substrate 4 of liquid crystal cell 13 ... Liquid crystal aligning direction of lower substrate 5 of liquid crystal cell 14 ... Polarizing axis direction of lower polarizing plate 5 21 ... 11 Angle 22 ... twist angle of liquid crystal 8 23 ... angle formed by 14 and 13 31 ... voltage transmittance curve of liquid crystal display device in Comparative Example 4, when anchoring energy is 3 × 10 ⁻³ J / m ² 32 The voltage transmittance curve and anchoring energy of the liquid crystal display device in Example 5 are 9 × 10 ⁻⁵ J / m ² 33 The voltage transmittance curve and anchoring energy of the liquid crystal display device in Example 4 are for ² × 10 ^-5 J / m 2 1 ... Equal Contrast Curve with Contrast Ratio 1: 1 42 ... Equal Contrast Curve with Contrast Ratio 1: 3 43 ... Equal Contrast Curve with Contrast Ratio 1:10 44 ... Equal Contrast Curve with Contrast Ratio 1:30 51 ... Implementation of the Present Invention The voltage of the liquid crystal display device in Example 1-
Transmittance curve 52 ... Voltage of liquid crystal display device in Example 2 of the present invention-
Transmittance curve 53 ... Voltage of liquid crystal display device in Example 3 of the present invention-
Transmittance curve 54 ... Voltage of liquid crystal display device in Comparative Example 1 of the present invention-
Transmittance curve 55 ... Voltage of liquid crystal display device in Comparative Example 2 of the present invention-
Transmittance curve 56 ... Voltage of liquid crystal display device in Comparative Example 3 of the present invention-
Transmittance curve 57 ... Voltage of liquid crystal display device in Comparative Example 4 of the present invention-
Transmission curve

Claims (6)

[Claims] 1. A pair of transparent substrates facing each other, each having a transparent electrode and at least one alignment layer on the inner surface thereof, a liquid crystal twisted between the pair of transparent substrates, and the pair of transparent substrates. In a liquid crystal display device provided with a polarizing plate disposed outside the liquid crystal display device, the elongation elastic constant K ₁₁ (N) of the liquid crystal, the distance d (m) between the transparent substrates, and the alignment layer and the liquid crystal Λ≡ (π · K ₁₁ ) /, which is defined from the anchoring energy C (J / m ² ) between
A liquid crystal display device, wherein (d · C) is in the range of 0.04 ≦ λ ≦ 0.5. 2. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, further comprising a chemical substance layer disposed between the alignment layer and the liquid crystal. 3. The elongation elastic constant K _{11 of the} liquid crystal is 1.0
The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal display device has a value of 5 × 10 ^-11 N or less. 4. The bending elastic constant K _{33 of the} liquid crystal is 1.2.
The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal display device has a value of 5 × 10 ^-11 N or less. 5. In a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal cell in which a nematic liquid crystal is sandwiched between a pair of substrates, the anchoring energy between at least one substrate of the liquid crystal cell and the liquid crystal is 1 × 10 ^−4. A liquid crystal display device having a J / m ² or less. 6. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 5, wherein the product Δn × d of the birefringence Δn of the nematic liquid crystal and the cell thickness d of the liquid crystal cell is 0.6 μm or less.