JPH06102482A - Method for driving ferroelectric liquid crystal element - Google Patents
Method for driving ferroelectric liquid crystal elementInfo
- Publication number
- JPH06102482A JPH06102482A JP27487592A JP27487592A JPH06102482A JP H06102482 A JPH06102482 A JP H06102482A JP 27487592 A JP27487592 A JP 27487592A JP 27487592 A JP27487592 A JP 27487592A JP H06102482 A JPH06102482 A JP H06102482A
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- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- gradation
- auxiliary pulse
- information
- voltage
- information signal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal Display Device Control (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は強誘電性液晶表示素子を
階調表示する駆動法に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a driving method for displaying a gradation of a ferroelectric liquid crystal display device.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】強誘電性液晶（以下ＦＬＣという）は通
常表面安定化作用による２値表示モードで用いられる
が、中間調を表示するには１画素内に白と黒の状態を共
存させてその面積比率を変える方法がよく知られてお
り、スタティック駆動法が（１）特開昭６１−５２６３
０号公報に、またマトリクス駆動法も（１）の他に
（２）特開昭６２−２８７１６号公報、（３）特開昭６
２−８７９４１号公報などに提案されている。2. Description of the Related Art A ferroelectric liquid crystal (hereinafter referred to as FLC) is usually used in a binary display mode by a surface stabilizing action, but in order to display a halftone, white and black states coexist in one pixel. A method of changing the area ratio is well known, and a static driving method is (1) Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-5263.
No. 0, and in addition to the matrix driving method (1), (2) JP-A-62-28716, (3) JP-A-6-
It is proposed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2-87941.
【０００３】図２は上記の（２）の発明中の駆動波形の
１例を示したもので（ａ），（ｂ）はそれぞれ走査線の
選択信号と非選択信号、（ｃ）〜（ｇ）は階調情報に応
じた情報信号の電圧波形である。FIG. 2 shows an example of the drive waveform in the invention of the above (2). (A) and (b) are scanning line selection signals and non-selection signals, respectively, and (c) to (g). ) Is a voltage waveform of the information signal according to the gradation information.
【０００４】図３は上記の（３）の発明の実施例であ
る。図中（ａ）が走査線の選択信号、非選択信号、
（ｂ）が情報信号、（ｃ）が走査電極と情報電極との電
位差、（ｄ）が当該画素における透過率である。（２）
との違いは非選択時の印加電圧の時間平均が０になるよ
うに情報信号を正負対称にしていることである。図３で
は情報信号の電圧パルスが前半正後半負の場合しか示さ
れていないが、逆相の場合も変調範囲に含めた波形も考
えられる。その場合を図４に示す。図４では走査線選択
パルスは図３と同じだが、情報信号が−Ｖ3 →＋Ｖ3 の
場合（ｃ）が０％、０の場合（ｅ）が５０％、＋Ｖ3 →
−Ｖ3 の場合（ｇ）が１００％の階調情報を表わす。FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the invention (3). In the figure, (a) is a scanning line selection signal, a non-selection signal,
(B) is the information signal, (c) is the potential difference between the scanning electrode and the information electrode, and (d) is the transmittance of the pixel. (2)
The difference is that the information signal is positive and negative symmetrical so that the time average of the applied voltage when not selected is zero. Although FIG. 3 shows only the case where the voltage pulse of the information signal is positive in the first half, negative in the second half, a waveform included in the modulation range is also conceivable in the case of the opposite phase. The case is shown in FIG. In FIG. 4, the scanning line selection pulse is the same as in FIG. 3, but when the information signal is −V 3 → + V 3 (c) is 0%, when it is 0 (e) is 50%, + V 3 →
In the case of −V 3 , (g) represents 100% gradation information.
【０００５】ところで（４）特開平４−５８２２０号公
報において指摘されたように、階調の駆動波形には非選
択電圧による透過率の変動（揺らぎ）を階調情報によら
ず一定にしておかなければならないという要請がある。
以下この要請について説明する。(4) As pointed out in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-58220, the fluctuation (fluctuation) of the transmittance due to the non-selection voltage in the gradation driving waveform may be kept constant regardless of the gradation information. There is a request that it must be.
This request will be described below.
【０００６】図４の駆動法によって図５のようなマトリ
クス表示パネルを動作させる場合を考える。図５は全体
として白い背景に５０％の階調度の灰色の四角形を表示
した状態を表わしていて斜線を施した画素が５０％の中
間調状態である。Consider a case where the matrix display panel as shown in FIG. 5 is operated by the driving method shown in FIG. FIG. 5 shows a state in which a gray square having a gray scale of 50% is displayed on a white background as a whole, and a shaded pixel is a halftone state of 50%.
【０００７】強誘電性液晶はそれが正極性の閾値以上の
パルスで作られた安定状態にある時は負の閾値以下のパ
ルスによって、負極性の閾値以上のパルスで作られた安
定状態にある時は正の閾値以下のパルスによって、それ
ぞれの安定位置から少し外れた位置に動かされる性質が
ある。図４の駆動法によってマトリクス駆動させると、
非選択画素（書き込みのために選択された走査線以外の
走査線上の画素）には他の画素の情報信号が非選択パル
スとして印加される。この電圧によって液晶は安定状態
を変えることはないが分子軸方向を少し変える。その結
果、非選択画素の光透過率は、それが黒状態の時はいく
らか白方向に、白状態の時はいくらか黒方向に揺らぐこ
とになる。Ferroelectric liquid crystals are in a stable state created by pulses below the negative threshold when they are in the stable state created by pulses above the positive threshold. Time has the property of being moved to a position that is slightly out of each stable position by a pulse below a positive threshold value. When matrix driving is performed by the driving method of FIG.
Information signals of other pixels are applied as non-selection pulses to non-selected pixels (pixels on scanning lines other than the scanning line selected for writing). This voltage does not change the stable state of the liquid crystal but slightly changes the molecular axis direction. As a result, the light transmittance of the non-selected pixel fluctuates somewhat in the white direction when it is in the black state, and somewhat in the black direction when it is in the white state.
【０００８】図６（ａ），（ｂ）はそれぞれ図５で示す
ような表示の時の領域５１と５２内の一つの画素５３と
５４に印加される電圧波形とそれに対する光透過状態を
示したものである。白の状態にあるので選択時に消去パ
ルスと書き込みパルスによって１００％→０％→１００
％の応答をするのみならず、非選択時にも非選択パルス
の負極性側によって黒方向に少し応答する。FIGS. 6 (a) and 6 (b) show voltage waveforms applied to one pixel 53 and 54 in the regions 51 and 52 and a light transmission state corresponding thereto, respectively, at the time of display as shown in FIG. It is a thing. Since it is in the white state, 100% → 0% → 100 depending on the erase pulse and write pulse when selected
%, But also makes a slight response in the black direction due to the negative polarity side of the non-selection pulse even during non-selection.
【０００９】画素５３は灰色の四角形と同じ情報電極上
にあるので、大部分の非選択パルスは５０％の情報信号
つまり０Ｖで一部分が１００％の情報信号つまり±Ｖ3
の交流である。これに対し、画素５４は全ての非選択パ
ルスが１００％の情報信号になっている。それに応じて
光透過状態も図６（ａ），（ｂ）のようになる。Since the pixel 53 is on the same information electrode as the gray square, most of the non-selective pulses are 50% of the information signal or 0V and part of the 100% information signal or ± V 3.
It is an exchange of. On the other hand, in the pixel 54, all the non-selection pulses are 100% information signals. Accordingly, the light transmission state also becomes as shown in FIGS. 6 (a) and 6 (b).
【００１０】このような光透過状態はリフレシュ走査つ
まり繰り返し走査を行なっているために目には平均的な
光量として見えるが、図６から明らかなとおり、画素５
３と５４では平均透過光量が異なるため明るさが違って
みえる。図７はその様子を示すもので、領域５１と５２
は共に１００％の状態であるにもかかわらず明るさが違
っているので、領域５１は四角形の延長線上に５２より
明るい領域として目に見えてしまう。Such a light transmission state appears as an average light amount to the eye because refresh scanning, that is, repetitive scanning is performed, but as is clear from FIG.
Since the average transmitted light amount is different between 3 and 54, the brightness seems different. FIG. 7 shows such a situation. Areas 51 and 52
Since the brightness is different even though both are 100%, the area 51 is visible as an area brighter than 52 on the extension line of the quadrangle.
【００１１】これを解決するのが前記（４）の発明であ
る。図８はその実施例で、（ａ），（ｂ）は走査信号
（ｃ）〜（ｅ）は情報信号の波形を表わす。図８に示す
ように従来の情報信号である交流パルス（Ｔ2 ＋Ｔ3 ）
に相補的な振幅のパルス（Ｔ4）を直後に付け加えてい
る。The invention of (4) solves this problem. FIG. 8 shows an embodiment thereof, in which (a) and (b) show waveforms of scanning signals (c) to (e). As shown in FIG. 8, AC pulse (T 2 + T 3 ) which is a conventional information signal.
A pulse of complementary amplitude (T 4 ) is added immediately after.
【００１２】透過光量の揺らぎ、即ち安定位置からのず
れは電圧にほぼ比例するので、目に見えるクロストーク
量つまり積算光量は電圧の積分値に比例すると考えられ
る。従って、クロストーク量を一定にするためには情報
信号の１単位のなかで電圧の時間積分値が階調情報によ
らず一定になるように調整すればよい。上述のように、
白状態にある液晶は負の電圧パルスによって黒側に幾ら
か動き、黒状態にある液晶は正の電圧パルスによって白
側に幾らか動くので、負の電圧パルスと正の電圧パルス
をそれぞれ積分値が一定になるように調整してやれば白
黒両方の揺らぎがほぼ一定になることが期待される。Since the fluctuation of the transmitted light amount, that is, the deviation from the stable position is almost proportional to the voltage, the visible crosstalk amount, that is, the integrated light amount is considered to be proportional to the integral value of the voltage. Therefore, in order to make the crosstalk amount constant, it is sufficient to adjust the time integral value of the voltage to be constant in one unit of the information signal regardless of the gradation information. As mentioned above,
The liquid crystal in the white state moves to the black side by the negative voltage pulse, and the liquid crystal in the black state moves to the white side by the positive voltage pulse, so that the negative voltage pulse and the positive voltage pulse are integrated respectively. It is expected that the fluctuations of both black and white will become almost constant if the adjustment is performed so that becomes constant.
【００１３】[0013]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、上記
（４）の発明では情報信号１単位につき図８のＴ2 ＋Ｔ
3＋Ｔ4 の期間が必要で本来の階調レベルを決める期間
（Ｔ2 ）の４倍の期間が要求される。このため走査スピ
ードが遅くなるという欠点があった。However, in the invention of (4) above, T 2 + T in FIG.
A period of 3 + T 4 is required, and a period four times as long as the period (T 2 ) that determines the original gradation level is required. Therefore, there is a drawback that the scanning speed becomes slow.
【００１４】[0014]
【課題を解決するための手段及び作用】本発明は、スト
ライプ状の走査電極と情報電極間に強誘電性液晶を挟持
してなる強誘電性液晶素子を、上記情報電極印加される
電圧の振幅に応じて階調表示する駆動法であって、階調
状態を決定する情報信号と相補的な関係にある補助パル
スを該情報信号の前及び／又は後ろにつけ加えた振幅変
調法であり、上記補助パルスが非選択走査信号を基準と
して正負両極性からなり、階調状態を決定する情報信号
と同極性の補助パルスの電圧の時間積分値の和及び上記
情報信号とは逆極性の補助パルスの電圧の時間積分値が
それぞれ一定で且つ同じになるように補助パルスを相補
的に変調させることを特徴とする強誘電性液晶素子の駆
動法である。According to the present invention, a ferroelectric liquid crystal element having a ferroelectric liquid crystal sandwiched between a stripe-shaped scanning electrode and an information electrode is used, and the amplitude of a voltage applied to the information electrode is Is a driving method for displaying gradation according to the above, and is an amplitude modulation method in which an auxiliary pulse having a complementary relationship with an information signal for determining a gradation state is added before and / or after the information signal. The auxiliary pulse has both positive and negative polarities with reference to the non-selection scanning signal, and is the sum of the time integrated value of the voltage of the auxiliary pulse having the same polarity as the information signal for determining the gradation state and the auxiliary pulse having the opposite polarity to the information signal. This is a method of driving a ferroelectric liquid crystal element, characterized in that auxiliary pulses are complementarily modulated so that the time integral values of the voltages are constant and the same.
【００１５】本発明は前記走査スピードの問題を軽減す
るために情報信号の変調の仕方を工夫したもので、階調
レベルを決める期間（図８のＴ2 ）の情報信号電圧が正
極性の範囲にあるときは負極性部分は固定して正極性の
相補パルスを付け加え、負極性の範囲にあるときは正極
性部分は固定して負極性の相補パルスを付け加えるもの
である。相補パルスはそれぞれの極性内で電圧の積分値
が階調情報によらず一定になるように設定されることは
言うまでもない。これにより情報信号全体の期間をＴ2
の３倍に抑えることができ、走査スピードは図８の従来
例に対し３／４に短縮される。The present invention has devised a method of modulating the information signal in order to reduce the problem of the scanning speed. The range of the information signal voltage having the positive polarity in the period (T 2 in FIG. 8) that determines the gradation level. When it is, the negative polarity portion is fixed and the complementary pulse of the positive polarity is added, and when it is in the negative polarity range, the positive polarity portion is fixed and the complementary pulse of the negative polarity is added. It goes without saying that the complementary pulse is set so that the integrated value of the voltage becomes constant within each polarity regardless of the gradation information. As a result, the period of the entire information signal is T 2
The scanning speed can be reduced to 3/4 of that of the conventional example shown in FIG.
【００１６】[0016]
（実施例１）図９は本発明の第１の実施例で、（ａ），
（ｂ）は走査信号、（ｃ）〜（ｇ）は５種類の階調画像
情報に対応する情報信号波形を示す。(Embodiment 1) FIG. 9 shows a first embodiment of the present invention.
(B) shows a scanning signal, and (c) to (g) show information signal waveforms corresponding to five types of gradation image information.
【００１７】Ｔが情報信号の１単位で、ｔ1 が階調レベ
ルを決定する期間、ｔ2 とｔ3 が相補パルスによる調整
機関である。ｔ1 ，ｔ2 ，ｔ3 の幅は等しく設定されて
おり、本実施例では３０μｓである。情報信号レベルが
＋６Ｖ，＋３Ｖ，０Ｖと正側で振幅変調されるにつれて
ｔ2 の期間にそれぞれ０Ｖ，＋３Ｖ，＋６Ｖの電圧レベ
ルを与え、ｔ3 の期間には一定レベル−６Ｖを与える。
また情報信号レベルが−３Ｖ，−６Ｖと負側にくるとき
はｔ2 の期間は＋６Ｖの一定電圧とし、ｔ3 の期間のレ
ベルを−３Ｖ，０Ｖとする。このように設定すれば正負
電圧それぞれについて時間積分量が一定になる。T is one unit of the information signal, t 1 is a period for determining the gradation level, and t 2 and t 3 are adjusting engines using complementary pulses. The widths of t 1 , t 2 , and t 3 are set to be equal to each other, and in this embodiment, it is 30 μs. As the information signal level is + 6V, + 3V, 0V amplitude-modulated on the positive side, 0V, + 3V, and + 6V voltage levels are applied during the period of t 2 , and a constant level -6V is applied during the period of t 3 .
The information signal level -3 V, the period of t 2 when comes to -6V and negative side is a constant voltage of + 6V, to the level of the period t 3 -3 V, and 0V. With this setting, the time integration amount becomes constant for each of the positive and negative voltages.
【００１８】このように情報信号波形が設定されている
と、図５のように白背景に黒の枠が表示されているとき
も、黒背景に白の枠が表示されているときも、共にクロ
ストークがない表示状態がえられる。When the information signal waveform is set in this way, both when the black frame is displayed on the white background and when the white frame is displayed on the black background as shown in FIG. 5, both are displayed. You can obtain the display status without crosstalk.
【００１９】（実施例２）図１は本発明による別の駆動
波形の実施例で、（ａ）は走査線選択波形、（ｂ）は走
査線非選択波形（ｃ）は情報信号波形で上から順にそれ
ぞれ０，２５，５０，７５，１００％の階調情報に対応
している。(Embodiment 2) FIG. 1 is an embodiment of another drive waveform according to the present invention, in which (a) is a scanning line selection waveform, (b) is a scanning line non-selection waveform, and (c) is an information signal waveform. It corresponds to gradation information of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%, respectively, in this order.
【００２０】ｔ1 の期間は書き込み期間で、走査選択パ
ルスに同期して階調に応じた電圧Ｖ1 を情報電極に与え
る。Ｖ1 がＶ0 の時が０％、（１／２）Ｖ0 の時２５
％、０の時５０％、−（１／２）Ｖ0 の時７５％、−Ｖ
0 の時が１００％に対応する。The period of t 1 is a writing period, and the voltage V 1 according to the gradation is applied to the information electrode in synchronization with the scanning selection pulse. 0% when V 1 is V 0 , 25 when (1/2) V 0
%, 0 at 50%,-(1/2) V 0 at 75%, -V
The time of 0 corresponds to 100%.
【００２１】ｔ2 は第１の振幅変化補償期間で、前後一
つずつあってそれぞれｔ1 の期間の半分の長さであ。ｔ
1 の電圧波高値Ｖ1 が正の時、ｔ2 の電圧波高値Ｖ2 は
Ｖ1に応じてＶ1 ＋Ｖ2 ＝Ｖ0 （一定）の条件を満たす
ように調節される。ｔ1 の電圧波高値Ｖ1 が負の時、Ｖ
2 はＶ0 のまま変化しない。T 2 is the first amplitude change compensation period, which is one before and one after, and is half the length of the period t 1 . t
Voltage peak value V 1 of the 1 when positive, voltage peak value V 2 of t 2 is adjusted so as to satisfy the condition of V 1 + V 2 = V 0 depending on the V 1 (a constant). When the voltage peak value V 1 of the t 1 is negative, V
2 remains V 0 and does not change.
【００２２】ｔ3 は第２の振幅変化補償期間で、やはり
前後一つずつあってそれぞれｔ1 の期間の半分の長さで
ある。電圧波高値Ｖ3 はｔ1 の電圧波高値Ｖ1 が正の
時、−Ｖ0 のまま変化せず、Ｖ1 が負の時Ｖ1 に応じて
Ｖ1 ＋Ｖ3 ＝−Ｖ0 （一定）の条件を満たすように調節
される。T 3 is the second amplitude change compensation period, which is also one before and one after, and is half the length of the period t 1 . When the voltage peak value V 1 of the voltage peak value V 3 is t 1 is positive, no change from -V 0, V 1 + V 3 = -V 0 in response to V 1 when V 1 is negative (constant) Is adjusted to meet the conditions of.
【００２３】以上の説明では非選択時の液晶の受ける電
圧として情報信号だけを考えた、非選択時に走査電極に
も０でない電圧が印加される場合は、それと情報信号と
の合成電圧波形を正負それぞれの極性内で電圧の積分値
が階調レベルによらず一定になるようにすればよい。In the above description, only the information signal is considered as the voltage received by the liquid crystal in the non-selected state. When a non-zero voltage is applied to the scanning electrodes in the non-selected state, the combined voltage waveform of the information signal and the information signal is positive or negative. The integrated value of the voltage may be constant within each polarity regardless of the gradation level.
【００２４】また相補パルスは電圧の積分値を一定にす
るように設定されていたが、揺らぎの程度は必ずしも電
圧の積分値に精確に比例しているとは限らない。その場
合には積分値一定からずれた相補パルスになる。Further, the complementary pulse is set so as to make the integral value of the voltage constant, but the degree of fluctuation is not always exactly proportional to the integral value of the voltage. In that case, the complementary pulse deviates from the constant integral value.
【００２５】[0025]
【発明の効果】以上説明したように、本発明の駆動法に
よると、クロストークをなくし走査スピードの向上を達
成した上で強誘電性液晶の階調表示を行うことができ
る。As described above, according to the driving method of the present invention, gradation display of the ferroelectric liquid crystal can be performed while crosstalk is eliminated and the scanning speed is improved.
【図１】本発明の一実施例を示す図面である。FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】従来の階調駆動波形を示す図である。FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a conventional gradation drive waveform.
【図３】従来の階調駆動波形を示す図である。FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a conventional gradation drive waveform.
【図４】従来の階調駆動波形を示す図である。FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a conventional grayscale drive waveform.
【図５】マトリクス表示を示す図である。FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a matrix display.
【図６】従来の駆動法により、画素に印加される電圧パ
ルスと透過率の時間変化を示す図である。FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a voltage pulse applied to a pixel and a temporal change of transmittance by a conventional driving method.
【図７】従来のマトリクス表示を示す図である。FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a conventional matrix display.
【図８】従来の階調駆動波形を示す図である。FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a conventional gradation drive waveform.
【図９】本発明の一実施例を示す図である。FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention.
Claims (1)
強誘電性液晶を挟持してなる強誘電性液晶素子を、上記
情報電極印加される電圧の振幅に応じて階調表示する駆
動法であって、 階調状態を決定する情報信号と相補的な関係にある補助
パルスを該情報信号の前及び／又は後ろにつけ加えた振
幅変調法であり、 上記補助パルスが非選択走査信号を基準として正負両極
性からなり、 階調状態を決定する情報信号と同極性の補助パルスの電
圧の時間積分値の和及び上記情報信号とは逆極性の補助
パルスの電圧の時間積分値がそれぞれ一定で且つ同じに
なるように補助パルスを相補的に変調させることを特徴
とする強誘電性液晶素子の駆動法。1. A driving method in which a ferroelectric liquid crystal element having a ferroelectric liquid crystal sandwiched between stripe-shaped scanning electrodes and information electrodes is gradation-displayed according to the amplitude of a voltage applied to the information electrodes. There is an amplitude modulation method in which an auxiliary pulse having a complementary relationship with the information signal for determining the gradation state is added before and / or after the information signal, and the auxiliary pulse is based on the non-selective scanning signal. The sum of the time integrated value of the voltage of the auxiliary pulse having the same polarity as that of the information signal for determining the gradation state and having the positive and negative polarities, and the time integrated value of the voltage of the auxiliary pulse having the opposite polarity to the information signal are constant and A method for driving a ferroelectric liquid crystal element, characterized in that auxiliary pulses are complementarily modulated so as to be the same.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27487592A JPH06102482A (en) | 1992-09-21 | 1992-09-21 | Method for driving ferroelectric liquid crystal element |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27487592A JPH06102482A (en) | 1992-09-21 | 1992-09-21 | Method for driving ferroelectric liquid crystal element |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH06102482A true JPH06102482A (en) | 1994-04-15 |
Family
ID=17547775
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27487592A Withdrawn JPH06102482A (en) | 1992-09-21 | 1992-09-21 | Method for driving ferroelectric liquid crystal element |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH06102482A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH08231050A (en) * | 1995-12-14 | 1996-09-10 | Sumitomo Heavy Ind Ltd | Bulk cargo in chain type bucket in successive unloader |
-
1992
- 1992-09-21 JP JP27487592A patent/JPH06102482A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH08231050A (en) * | 1995-12-14 | 1996-09-10 | Sumitomo Heavy Ind Ltd | Bulk cargo in chain type bucket in successive unloader |
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