JPH0547938B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0547938B2 JPH0547938B2 JP58032548A JP3254883A JPH0547938B2 JP H0547938 B2 JPH0547938 B2 JP H0547938B2 JP 58032548 A JP58032548 A JP 58032548A JP 3254883 A JP3254883 A JP 3254883A JP H0547938 B2 JPH0547938 B2 JP H0547938B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- battery
- resin film
- exterior material
- unit cell
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 5
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004820 Pressure-sensitive adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/121—Organic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/117—Inorganic material
- H01M50/119—Metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/126—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers
- H01M50/129—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers with two or more layers of only organic material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Sealing Battery Cases Or Jackets (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明は電池の外装材の改良に係り、外観およ
び生産性の優れた電池を提供することを目的とす
る。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an improvement in the exterior material of a battery, and an object of the present invention is to provide a battery with excellent appearance and productivity.
従来から、ルクランシエ電池などの外装材とし
ては熱収縮性塩化ビニル樹脂チユーブが使用され
ているが、このものはそれ自体で接着性を有しな
いので、必要な印刷を施こしたのち、第７図ａに
示すように素電池Ａ（なお、素電池とは、電池機
能を有し、外装材で外装する前のものをいう）の
外径より大きい内径を有するチユーブ状にし、電
池の高さに合わせて適当な長さに切断したのち、
該チユーブ２１を第７図ｂに示すように素電池Ａ
にかぶせ、加熱して熱収縮させ、第７図ｃに示す
ように該チユーブ２１を素電池Ａの外周面および
上、下カール部に密接させることによつて電池の
外装が行なわれていた。 Conventionally, heat-shrinkable vinyl chloride resin tubes have been used as exterior materials for Leclancier batteries, etc., but since these tubes do not have adhesive properties on their own, after the necessary printing, the tubes shown in Figure 7 are used. As shown in a, it is made into a tube shape with an inner diameter larger than the outer diameter of the unit cell A (a unit cell is one that has a battery function and is not covered with an exterior material), and the height of the battery is After cutting it to the appropriate length,
The tube 21 is connected to the unit cell A as shown in FIG. 7b.
The battery was packaged by placing the tube 21 over the outer circumferential surface and the upper and lower curled portions of the unit cell A, and heating the tube 21 to cause the tube to shrink, as shown in FIG. 7c.
この場合、外装材としての熱収縮性塩化ビニル
樹脂チユーブを素電池にかぶせる作業の機械化が
困難なため、ほとんど手作業に頼らざるを得ず、
従つて生産性が悪く、また熱収縮性塩化ビニル樹
脂チユーブをかぶせた時にチユーブと素電池との
間の寸法差のため両者の間に空間ができ、そのた
め熱収縮後にしわなどが発生して仕上りが悪いと
いう欠点があつた。 In this case, it is difficult to mechanize the process of covering the battery with a heat-shrinkable PVC resin tube as an exterior material, so the process has to be done mostly by hand.
Therefore, productivity is poor, and when the heat-shrinkable vinyl chloride resin tube is covered, a space is created between the tube and the battery due to the dimensional difference between the tube and the cell, which causes wrinkles and other problems in the finished product. The drawback was that it was bad.
また、外装材としての熱収縮性塩化ビニル樹脂
チユーブの外面には当然印刷が施こされている
が、かなりの熱収縮をさせて素電池に固定する関
係上、施こし得る印刷に限界があつて、例えばメ
タリツクな感じをだすための金属蒸着などは収縮
によつて剥離するので採用ができなかつた。 In addition, printing is naturally applied to the outer surface of the heat-shrinkable PVC resin tube used as the exterior material, but there is a limit to the printing that can be done because it is fixed to the battery after a considerable amount of heat shrinkage. For example, metal vapor deposition to create a metallic feel could not be used because it would peel off due to shrinkage.
本発明は上述した従来技術の欠点を解消するも
ので、熱収縮性樹脂フイルムと、該熱収縮性樹脂
フイルムの一方の面に形成した素電池外周面との
接着のための接着剤層と、該熱収縮性樹脂フイル
ムの他方の面に形成した印刷層とからなる外装材
を素電池外周面の外装に用いることにより目的を
達成したものである。 The present invention solves the drawbacks of the prior art described above, and includes a heat-shrinkable resin film, an adhesive layer formed on one surface of the heat-shrinkable resin film for adhesion to the outer peripheral surface of the unit cell, This objective is achieved by using an exterior material consisting of a printed layer formed on the other side of the heat-shrinkable resin film as the exterior for the outer peripheral surface of the unit cell.
つぎに本発明の実施例を図面に基づいて説明す
る。 Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described based on the drawings.
第１図は本発明電池の一実施例を示す部分断面
図であり、電池は単四形の乾電池であつて、この
実施例では外装材１は素電池の外周部を構成する
電池容器としての亜鉛缶２の外周面を外装してい
る。外装材１は第３図に示すように熱収縮性樹脂
フイルム１ａと、該熱収縮性樹脂フイルム１ａの
一方の面に形成され接着剤層１ｂと、該熱収縮性
樹脂フイルム１ａの他方の面に形成された印刷層
１ｃからなり、上記接着剤層１ｂが亜鉛缶２に接
着されている。 FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the battery of the present invention. The battery is a AAA dry battery, and in this embodiment, the exterior material 1 serves as a battery container constituting the outer periphery of the unit cell. The outer peripheral surface of the zinc can 2 is covered. As shown in FIG. 3, the exterior material 1 includes a heat-shrinkable resin film 1a, an adhesive layer 1b formed on one surface of the heat-shrinkable resin film 1a, and an adhesive layer 1b formed on the other surface of the heat-shrinkable resin film 1a. The adhesive layer 1b is bonded to the zinc can 2.
上記外装材による素電池外周面の外装はつぎに
示すように行なわれる。 The outer peripheral surface of the unit cell is covered with the above-mentioned covering material as described below.
この外装材１は接着剤層１ｂが設けられている
ので、従来使用の外装材のようにチユーブ状にす
る必要がなく、フイルム状で使用でき、例えば第
４図ａに示すような適当な寸法（横幅は素電池Ａ
の外周部の円周より若干長く、縦方向は素電池外
周部の高さより若干長い目にする）のフイルム状
にして、接着剤層１ｂを内側にして第４図ｂに示
すように素電池Ａの外周面に貼着し、加熱して熱
収縮させ、第４図ｃに示すようにその上端部およ
び下端部を素電池Ａの上、下カール部に密着させ
る。 Since this exterior material 1 is provided with an adhesive layer 1b, it does not need to be shaped into a tube like conventional exterior materials, and can be used in the form of a film, for example, as shown in Figure 4a. (The width is unit cell A
(The length is slightly longer than the circumference of the outer periphery of the cell, and the height of the outer periphery of the cell is slightly longer than the height of the outer periphery of the cell). It is pasted on the outer circumferential surface of unit cell A, heated to cause heat shrinkage, and its upper and lower ends are brought into close contact with the upper and lower curled portions of unit cell A, as shown in FIG. 4c.
このような外装材１では、接着剤層１ｂが設け
られているので、従来使用の外装材のようにチユ
ーブ状にする必要がなく、フイルム状で使用でき
るので、素電池外周面への貼着も容易に機械化で
き、また熱収縮も従来のように大きく収縮させな
くてもよいので、しわなどがよらず、仕上り状態
が非常によい。また大きく収縮させなくてよいこ
とから、印刷層１ｃの形成にあたつて従来のよう
にインキによる印刷のみではなく、例えばアルミ
ニウムなどの金属蒸着も採用でき、該金属蒸着層
の上にインキ印刷を施すことによりメタリツク状
の美麗な印刷層とすることができる。しかも、熱
収縮性樹脂フイルムの収縮力と接着剤による接着
力とで素電池外周面に密着するので、収縮力のみ
で密着させていた従来例に比べて、密着力が強
く、外装材の剥れが少ない。さらに、実施例に示
すように乾電池に適用した場合には、接着剤によ
り亜鉛缶に強力に密着しているので、使用中に亜
鉛缶にピンホールが発生した場合には、電解液の
漏出を防止する効果がある。なお、図中、３はセ
パレータ、４は底紙、５は正極合剤、６は上蓋
紙、７はカーボン棒、８は密封材、９は封口体、
１０はベース端子、１１はキヤツプ端子である。 Since this type of exterior material 1 is provided with the adhesive layer 1b, it does not need to be made into a tube shape unlike conventionally used exterior materials, and can be used in the form of a film. It can be easily mechanized, and there is no need for large heat shrinkage as in conventional methods, so there are no wrinkles and the finished product is very good. In addition, since there is no need for large shrinkage, it is possible to form the printed layer 1c by not only printing with ink as in the past, but also by vapor deposition of metal such as aluminum, and ink printing on the metal vapor deposition layer. By applying this, a beautiful metallic printed layer can be obtained. Moreover, the shrinkage force of the heat-shrinkable resin film and the adhesive force of the adhesive allow it to adhere to the outer circumferential surface of the unit cell, so the adhesion is stronger and the outer casing material can be peeled off compared to the conventional case, which was made to adhere only by the shrinkage force. There are few Furthermore, when applied to a dry battery as shown in the example, the adhesive strongly adheres to the zinc can, so if a pinhole occurs in the zinc can during use, electrolyte leakage is prevented. It has the effect of preventing In the figure, 3 is a separator, 4 is a bottom paper, 5 is a positive electrode mixture, 6 is a top cover paper, 7 is a carbon rod, 8 is a sealing material, 9 is a sealing body,
10 is a base terminal, and 11 is a cap terminal.
第５図は本発明電池の他の実施例における外装
材のみを抽出して示す断面図で、この実施例では
外装材１は接着剤層１ｂ、熱収縮性樹脂フイルム
１ａ、印刷層１ｃおよび熱収縮性樹脂フイルム１
ｄの４層からなる。つまり前出の第３図に示す外
装材１の印刷層１ｃの外面側にさらに熱収縮性樹
脂フイルム１ｄを配置した構成となつている。こ
の外装材１によれば前述の効果に加えて引つかき
などによる印刷層１ｃの損傷を防止することがで
きる。 FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing only the exterior material in another embodiment of the battery of the present invention. In this embodiment, the exterior material 1 includes an adhesive layer 1b, a heat-shrinkable resin film 1a, a printed layer 1c and Shrinkable resin film 1
It consists of four layers of d. That is, the structure is such that a heat-shrinkable resin film 1d is further disposed on the outer surface side of the printed layer 1c of the exterior material 1 shown in FIG. 3 mentioned above. According to this exterior material 1, in addition to the above-mentioned effects, it is possible to prevent damage to the printed layer 1c due to sticking or the like.
本発明における外装材の熱収縮性樹脂フイルム
としては塩化ビニル樹脂系のものが用いられ、厚
さが20〜45μmで、熱収縮率が縦方向５〜15％、
横方向40〜60％のものが好ましい。接着剤層を構
成する接着剤は感圧接着剤が好ましい。そして、
外装材は使用前、上記接着剤層に剥離紙を押し付
けた状態で保管され、使用に際して剥離紙を剥が
し、使用に供される。 The heat-shrinkable resin film used as the exterior material in the present invention is made of vinyl chloride resin, has a thickness of 20 to 45 μm, and has a heat shrinkage rate of 5 to 15% in the longitudinal direction.
40 to 60% in the lateral direction is preferred. The adhesive constituting the adhesive layer is preferably a pressure-sensitive adhesive. and,
Before use, the packaging material is stored with a release paper pressed against the adhesive layer, and when used, the release paper is peeled off and used.
なお第６図は熱収縮性塩化ビニル樹脂チユーブ
２１で外装した従来電池を示すもので、電池は第
１図に示す本発明電池と同様に単四形乾電池であ
り、その製造工程は前述のように第７図に示すと
おりである。 Note that FIG. 6 shows a conventional battery packaged with a heat-shrinkable vinyl chloride resin tube 21, and the battery is a AAA dry cell like the battery of the present invention shown in FIG. 1, and its manufacturing process is as described above. As shown in Figure 7.
以上詳述したように、本発明によれば外観およ
び生産性のすぐれた電池が提供される。 As described in detail above, according to the present invention, a battery with excellent appearance and productivity is provided.
第１図は本発明電池の一実施例を示す部分断面
図で、第２図は第１図の部拡大図である。第３
図は第１図に示す電池に使用された外装材を抽出
して示す断面図、第４図は本発明電池の製造工程
を示す斜視図である。第５図は本発明電池の他の
実施例における外装材のみを抽出して示す断面図
である。第６図は従来電池の部分断面図であり、
第７図は従来電池の製造工程を示す斜視図であ
る。
１……外装材、１ａ……熱収縮性樹脂フイル
ム、１ｂ……接着剤層、１ｃ……印刷層、１ｂ…
…熱収縮性樹脂フイルム、Ａ……素電池、２……
亜鉛缶。
FIG. 1 is a partial sectional view showing an embodiment of the battery of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 1. Third
The figure is a sectional view showing an extracted exterior material used in the battery shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing the manufacturing process of the battery of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing only the exterior material of another embodiment of the battery of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of a conventional battery.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing the manufacturing process of a conventional battery. 1...Exterior material, 1a...Heat-shrinkable resin film, 1b...Adhesive layer, 1c...Printing layer, 1b...
...Heat-shrinkable resin film, A...Battery, 2...
Zinc can.
Claims (1)
脂フイルム１ａの一方の面に形成した素電池外周
面との接着のための接着剤層１ｂと、該熱収縮性
樹脂フイルム１ａの他方の面に形成した印刷層１
ｃとからなる外装材１で素電池Ａの外周面を外装
したことを特徴とする電池。 ２ 外装材１が印刷層１ｃの外面側にさらに熱収
縮性樹脂フイルム１ｄを配置したものである特許
請求の範囲第１項記載の電池。[Scope of Claims] 1. A heat-shrinkable resin film 1a, an adhesive layer 1b formed on one side of the heat-shrinkable resin film 1a for adhesion to the outer peripheral surface of the unit cell, and the heat-shrinkable resin. Print layer 1 formed on the other side of film 1a
A battery characterized in that the outer circumferential surface of a unit cell A is covered with a covering material 1 consisting of c. 2. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the exterior material 1 further includes a heat-shrinkable resin film 1d disposed on the outer surface side of the printed layer 1c.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP58032548A JPS59158067A (en) | 1983-02-28 | 1983-02-28 | Cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP58032548A JPS59158067A (en) | 1983-02-28 | 1983-02-28 | Cell |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS59158067A JPS59158067A (en) | 1984-09-07 |
| JPH0547938B2 true JPH0547938B2 (en) | 1993-07-20 |
Family
ID=12361982
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP58032548A Granted JPS59158067A (en) | 1983-02-28 | 1983-02-28 | Cell |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS59158067A (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1296891C (en) * | 1984-08-16 | 1992-03-10 | Rolf Will | Multilayer adhesive label |
| US4608323A (en) * | 1985-03-07 | 1986-08-26 | Duracell Inc. | Cell jacket |
| JP3719836B2 (en) * | 1997-12-24 | 2005-11-24 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | Dry cell and manufacturing method thereof |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS4325851Y1 (en) * | 1966-01-31 | 1968-10-29 | ||
| JPS542121B2 (en) * | 1975-04-21 | 1979-02-02 | ||
| JPS54178785U (en) * | 1978-06-05 | 1979-12-17 | ||
| US4190168A (en) * | 1978-12-22 | 1980-02-26 | Pierre Jacques | Label for returnable and refillable bottle and associated method |
| JPS56150545A (en) * | 1980-04-24 | 1981-11-21 | Kasei Co C I | Thermo-contractive decorative material and its manufacture |
| DE8216905U1 (en) * | 1982-06-11 | 1982-10-21 | Avery International Corp. (n.d.Ges.d.Staates Delaware), 91108 San Marino, Calif. | MULTILAYER LAMINATE |
| JPS57210563A (en) * | 1981-03-30 | 1982-12-24 | Union Carbide Corp | Dry battery sealed with thermally shrinkable adhesive tape |
| JPS59123161A (en) * | 1982-12-28 | 1984-07-16 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | Manufacture of jacket label for dry battery |
| JPS59123160A (en) * | 1983-04-01 | 1984-07-16 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | Dry battery with label |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS542121U (en) * | 1977-06-08 | 1979-01-09 |
-
1983
- 1983-02-28 JP JP58032548A patent/JPS59158067A/en active Granted
Patent Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS4325851Y1 (en) * | 1966-01-31 | 1968-10-29 | ||
| JPS542121B2 (en) * | 1975-04-21 | 1979-02-02 | ||
| JPS54178785U (en) * | 1978-06-05 | 1979-12-17 | ||
| US4190168A (en) * | 1978-12-22 | 1980-02-26 | Pierre Jacques | Label for returnable and refillable bottle and associated method |
| JPS56150545A (en) * | 1980-04-24 | 1981-11-21 | Kasei Co C I | Thermo-contractive decorative material and its manufacture |
| JPS57210563A (en) * | 1981-03-30 | 1982-12-24 | Union Carbide Corp | Dry battery sealed with thermally shrinkable adhesive tape |
| GB2103008A (en) * | 1981-03-30 | 1983-02-09 | Union Carbide Corp | Galvanic dry cell and method for sealing same |
| DE8216905U1 (en) * | 1982-06-11 | 1982-10-21 | Avery International Corp. (n.d.Ges.d.Staates Delaware), 91108 San Marino, Calif. | MULTILAYER LAMINATE |
| JPS59123161A (en) * | 1982-12-28 | 1984-07-16 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | Manufacture of jacket label for dry battery |
| JPS59123160A (en) * | 1983-04-01 | 1984-07-16 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | Dry battery with label |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS59158067A (en) | 1984-09-07 |
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