JPH05157993A - Polarization nondependency type optical isolator - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To provide the polarization nondependency type optical isolator which hardly decreases in transmission loss characteristics in the transmission direction as well as in the direction opposite from the transmission direction of light even if there is variation in temperature, light wavelength, etc., or variance in characteristics among Faraday elements. CONSTITUTION:A birefringent element B1, the Faraday element F1, a birefringent element B2, the Faraday element F2, a birefringent element B3, the Faraday element F3, and a birefringent element B4 are arranged in order in the transmission direction of the light. The birefringent elements B1 and B2 slant at 45 deg. to each other in a plane where the direction of polarized light separation is perpendicular to transmitted light and are equal in polarized light separation distance to each other, and the birefringent elements B3 and B4 slant at 45 deg. to each other in a plane where the direction of polarized light separation is perpendicular to the transmitted light and are equal in polarized light separation distance. Further, the ratio of the polarized light separation distances of the birefringent elements B3 and B4 to the birefringent elements B1 and B2 is 0.4142:1 and the angles of rotation in the polarizing direction of the transmitted light by the Faraday elements F1, F2, and F3 are all about 45 deg..

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a polarization-independent optical isolator which functions as an isolator without depending on the polarization direction when semiconductor laser incident light in a predetermined wavelength band is used.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a semiconductor laser or a gas laser having a wavelength band of 0.6 to 0.8 [μm] is used as a light source of an optical device (system) such as optical communication, optical measurement, and magneto-optical disk. It is often done. By the way, a part of the light emitted from such a laser is returned to the laser itself,
An optical isolator that removes the noise of the returned light to the light source has been put into practical use because it causes wavelength fluctuations and noise.

Such an optical isolator comprises a single crystal birefringent element having birefringence and a Faraday element as a Faraday rotator. Among them, the material of the Faraday rotator is represented by the general formula Cd _1-x Mn _x Te (however,
The use of semi-magnetic semiconductors with 0 <x ≦ 1) has been proposed.

Incidentally, as a conventional optical isolator, it is known that a combination of 3 to 4 birefringent elements and 2 Faraday elements is used even in a large number. An optical isolator including a plurality of birefringent elements and a Faraday element as described above includes a polarization independent type.

[0005]

In the case of a conventional polarization-independent optical isolator, the Faraday element itself has characteristic changes due to temperature changes, variations in characteristics due to processing accuracy, or the oscillation wavelength of a laser used as a light source. If there is variation, the characteristics of the isolator are likely to deteriorate. In addition, at present, there is a problem that no appropriate technical measure is taken to cope with such deterioration of the characteristics of the isolator.

The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and its technical problem is that the deterioration of the characteristics as an isolator can be suppressed to a large extent, and the isolator functions independently of the polarization direction of incident light. It is to provide a polarization independent optical isolator including a plurality of birefringent elements and a Faraday element.

[0007]

According to the present invention, a polarization-independent optical isolator constructed by arranging four birefringent elements having birefringence and three Faraday elements is provided. The birefringent element and each Faraday element are a first birefringent element, a first Faraday element, a second birefringent element, a second Faraday element, a third birefringent element, and a third birefringent element in order from the light transmission direction. The Faraday element and the fourth birefringent element are arranged so that the polarization separation directions of the first and second birefringent elements are inclined to each other by about 45 degrees in a plane perpendicular to the transmitted light. And the third and fourth birefringent elements have equal polarization separation distances to each other, and the third and fourth birefringent elements have equal polarization separation distances to each other. The ratio of the distances of polarization separation of the birefringent element of No. 4 is 0. 142: A 1, the first, second, and third polarization-independent optical isolator rotation angle of the polarization direction of the transmitted light by the Faraday element is about 45 degrees, respectively are obtained. Further, according to the present invention, in the polarization independent optical isolator, the ratio of the polarization separation distance of the third and fourth birefringent elements to the polarization separation distance of the first and second birefringent elements is determined. , A polarization-independent optical isolator having a ratio of 1: 0.4142 is obtained.

Further, according to the present invention, in the polarization independent optical isolator constructed by arranging four birefringent elements having birefringence and three Faraday elements, each birefringent element and Each Faraday element includes a first birefringent element, a first Faraday element, a second birefringent element, a second Faraday element, a third birefringent element, a third Faraday element, in this order from the light transmission direction. And a fourth birefringent element are arranged, and the first and second birefringent elements are inclined by about 45 degrees with respect to each other in a plane in which the direction of polarization separation is perpendicular to the transmitted light.
The first and fourth birefringent elements have equal polarization separation distances, the second and third birefringent elements have equal polarization separation distances, and the first and fourth birefringent elements have polarization separation distances. The ratio of the distance of polarization separation of the second and third birefringent elements to the distance of 1 is 0.441, and the polarization direction of the transmitted light by the first, second and third Faraday elements is rotated. A polarization independent optical isolator having an angle of about 45 degrees is obtained.

In addition, according to the present invention, the first birefringent element, the first Faraday element, the second birefringent element, and the second Faraday element, which are sequentially arranged in the light transmitting direction, are provided. , A third birefringent element, and a third Faraday element and a fourth birefringent element, and the polarization separation directions of the first and second birefringent elements are about 45 each other in a plane perpendicular to the transmitted light. The angle of inclination is such that the ratio of the polarization separation distances of the first and second birefringent elements is 1 / 0.4142, and the polarization separation direction of the third and fourth birefringent elements is in the plane perpendicular to the transmitted light. At an angle of about 45 degrees, the ratio of the polarization separation distances of the third and fourth birefringent elements is 0.4142 / 1, and the first, second and third
An optical isolator having a rotation angle of about 45 degrees in the polarization direction of transmitted light by the Faraday element can be obtained.

[0010]

In the polarization-independent optical isolator of the present invention, three Faraday elements and four birefringent elements are used as isolator elements, and the optical arrangement of these elements is analyzed so as to be polarization-independent. Since it is determined based on the appropriate value, the transmission loss characteristic in the reverse direction, which is the most important practically as an optical isolator, changes in temperature, light wavelength, etc.
Alternatively, even if there is some variation in processing accuracy, the various characteristics of the isolator will not deteriorate.

[0011]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A polarization independent optical isolator according to the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the construction of the main part of a polarization-independent optical isolator which is a first embodiment of the present invention. In the figure, the direction indicated by A1 is the light transmission direction of the optical isolator, and hereinafter, this will be referred to as the forward direction. The direction indicated by A ₂ is the light transmission blocking direction of the optical isolator, and this will be referred to as the reverse direction hereinafter.

Where B ₁ , B ₂ , B ₃ , and B ₄ are
Each is a birefringent element made of rutile single crystal.
F ₁ , F ₂ , and F ₃ are Faraday elements as Faraday rotators made of rare earth bismuth iron garnet single crystal, respectively. Furthermore, B ₁ , B ₂ , B ₃ ,
And birefringent element B ₄ are all constitutes an element forming an angle of the surface and almost 48 degrees of the crystal axis and the element, the thickness of each element is a birefringent element B _1, B ₂ 0. It is 414 mm, and the birefringent elements B ₃ and B ₄ are 1.00 mm.

FIG. 2 illustrates the positional relationship between the direction of polarization separation (shown by the white arrow in the figure) and the distance of polarization separation when viewed from the forward direction of each birefringent element. However, since each birefringent element is separated into two polarization components (ordinary ray and extraordinary ray) when the birefringent element emits incident light, one ray (ordinary ray) is divided into the other ray (ordinary ray). ) Is called the direction of polarization separation, and the distance between the two polarization components on the transmission end side of each birefringent element is called the polarization separation distance.

FIG. 2A illustrates the case of forward transmitted light. In the birefringent element B ₁ , the polarization splitting direction is left (the 9 o'clock direction of the short hand of the clock) and the polarization splitting distance is. 41.
4 μm, with the birefringent element B ₂ in the upper left direction (1 of the short hand of the clock)
The distance is 41.4 μm in the 0:30 direction, the distance is 100 μm in the upward direction in the birefringent element B ₃ (direction of 12:00 of the hour hand of the clock), and the lower left direction in the birefringent element B ₄ ( At 7:30 on the hour hand of the clock), the distance is 10
It is 0 μm.

On the other hand, FIG. 2B illustrates the case of backward transmitted light. In this case, the polarization splitting direction is opposite to the forward direction, and the polarization splitting distance is equal to the forward direction. Become.

The Faraday elements F ₁ , F ₂ and F ₃ are saturated by permanent magnets arranged around the Faraday element so that the polarization direction of the Faraday elements F ₁ , F ₂ and F ₃ is rotated by 45 degrees with respect to light having a wavelength of 1.55 μm. It is magnetized. The rotation direction is the direction shown by the black arrow in FIGS. 2A and 2B when viewed from the forward direction, and the Faraday elements F ₁ and F ₃ rotate clockwise and the Faraday element F ₂ rotates counterclockwise. Take the direction of rotation.

Next, referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, the state of polarization separation of light transmitted in the forward direction will be described. FIG. 3 is a diagram in which the positional relationship between the respective elements is divided by number numerals. That is, here, with respect to the birefringent element B ₁ , the position on the forward incidence side (or the position on the backward emission side) is set to 1, and the birefringence element B _{1 is set.}
4, a position between the positions 3, the birefringent element B ₂ and the Faraday element F ₂ between positions of the two, Faraday element F ₁ and the birefringent element B ₂ between the Faraday element F ₁ and Faraday The position between the element F ₂ and the birefringent element B ₃ is 5, the position between the birefringent element B ₃ and the Faraday element F ₃ is 6, and the position between the Faraday element F ₃ and the birefringent element B ₄ is 7, the birefringence element B ₄ is distinguished by setting the position on the outgoing side in the forward direction (or the position on the incident side in the reverse direction) as 8.

FIG. 4A shows the moving state of the polarization component of the light transmitted in the forward direction at each position from 1 to 8 as viewed from the forward direction.

Specifically, at one position, if light incident from one point in the forward direction is unpolarized, it is shown as light having polarization components orthogonal to the two directions. At the position 2, the birefringent element B ₁ causes the horizontal polarization component (the extraordinary light component of the light passing through the rutile crystal) to the left 41.
The vertical polarization component (normal light component of the light passing through the rutile crystal) moved by 4 μm remains at the original position. At the position 3, all polarization components are rotated 45 degrees clockwise by the Faraday element F ₁ . At the position 4, only the component inclined 45 degrees clockwise from the horizontal direction is moved by 41.4 μm in the upper left direction by the birefringent element B ₂ . 5
At the position, the polarization components are all rotated by 45 degrees counterclockwise by the Faraday element F ₂ . At position 6,
Due to the birefringence element B ₃ , only the vertically polarized component is moved upward by 100 μm. At the position of 7, the polarization components are all clockwise 45 by the Faraday element F ₃ .
It is rotating around. At the position 8, only the component tilted 45 degrees counterclockwise from the horizontal direction by the birefringent element B ₄ moves 100 μm to the lower left and coincides with another orthogonal component.

From this, it is understood that the light transmitted in the forward direction is emitted from the optical isolator element without being separated into the polarized components.

FIG. 4B shows the moving state of the polarization component of the light transmitted in the reverse direction at each position from 1 to 8 as viewed from the forward direction.

Here, at the 8th position, the light incident from the opposite direction is unpolarized and is shown as a polarized component orthogonal to the two directions. At the position 7, only the polarization component tilted counterclockwise by 45 degrees from the horizontal direction by the birefringent element B ₄ is moved to the upper right by 100 μm. At the position 6, all polarization components are rotated 45 degrees clockwise by the Faraday element F ₃ . At the position of 5, only the vertically polarized component is moved downward by 100 μm by the birefringent element B ₃ . At the position 4, all polarization components are rotated counterclockwise by 45 degrees by the Faraday element F ₂ . At the position of 3, the birefringent element B ₂ causes only the component tilted 45 degrees clockwise from the horizontal direction to move to the lower right direction by 4 degrees.
It has moved by 1.4 μm. At the position 2, all polarization components are rotated by 45 degrees clockwise by the Faraday element F ₁ . At the position 1, the birefringent element B ₁ causes the horizontal polarization component to move to the right by 41.4 μm.

From this, it is understood that the light transmitted in the opposite direction is separated into orthogonal polarization components when passing through the optical isolator element, and does not return to the incident point at the position 1 shown in FIG. 4 (a).

FIG. 5 is a plan view showing the basic structure of a polarization-independent optical isolator according to the first embodiment of the present invention. Here, centering on an isolator element 14 composed of three Faraday elements and four birefringent elements, a GRIN lens 12 and a single mode fiber 11 with a PC connector are arranged on both sides of the isolator element 14 as shown in the figure. is doing. That is, here, the single mode fiber 11 is the GRIN lens 1
The wavelengths of 1.55μ emitted from the single mode fiber 11 by the GRIN lens 12 arranged on both sides of
The laser beam of m is narrowed down to a diameter of about 60 μm, and the respective portions are arranged so that the narrowed position 13 and the center of the isolator element 14 substantially coincide with each other. The light transmitting surfaces of all of these optical components are provided with a non-reflection coating film for light having a wavelength of 1.55 μm.

With respect to the polarization-independent optical isolator constructed as described above, when light of a semiconductor laser having an oscillation wavelength of 1.55 μm is transmitted through the single mode fiber 11 in the forward direction of the isolator element 14, it is transmitted. The loss was 1.5 dB, and the transmission loss when the light was transmitted in the opposite direction was 64 dB.

Further, even if the wavelength of the laser beam was changed in the range of 1.51 to 1.59 [μm], the transmission loss was not changed by more than 0.5 dB. Further, the temperature of this polarization-independent optical isolator is set to 0-60.
Even if the temperature is changed to [° C], the change in transmission loss is 0.5d.
It was B or less. By the way, when a comparative experiment was conducted under such conditions with a conventional polarization-independent optical isolator,
As a result of the above-mentioned changes in various conditions, a change in transmission loss of 5 dB or more was recognized. In addition, in the polarization-independent optical isolator of the present invention, when the polarization direction of incident light is changed by 180 degrees, the change in transmission loss is 0.1 dB in the forward direction and 0.5 dB in the reverse direction. became.

Next explained is a polarization-independent optical isolator which is a second embodiment of the invention. This polarization-independent optical isolator has basically the same configuration as that described above, and the plate thickness of each element is 1.00 mm for the birefringent elements B ₁ and B ₂ , and the birefringent element B ₃ , B ₄ is 0.414 mm. FIG. 6 illustrates the arrangement relationship between the direction of polarization separation (indicated by the white arrow in the figure) of each birefringent element and its distance when viewed from the forward direction in the case of this embodiment.

FIG. 6A illustrates the case of forward transmitted light. In the birefringent element B ₁ , the polarization separation direction is upward (7:30 at the short hand of the clock) and the polarization separation distance is as follows. Is 1
In the birefringent element B ₂ , the distance is 100 μm in the lower left direction (clockwise hand at 7:30), and in the birefringent element B ₃ , the distance is leftward (clockwise hand at 9 o'clock) and the distance is 41 .4 μm, and in the birefringent element B ₄ , the distance is 41.4 μm in the upper left direction (direction of the short hand of the clock at 10:30).
Is.

On the other hand, FIG. 6B illustrates the case of backward transmitted light. In this case, the polarization splitting direction is also the direction opposite to the forward direction, and the polarization splitting distance is equal to the forward direction. Become.

The Faraday elements F ₁ , F ₂ and F ₃ are saturated by permanent magnets arranged around the Faraday element so that the polarization direction of the Faraday elements F ₁ , F ₂ and F ₃ is rotated by 45 degrees with respect to light having a wavelength of 1.55 μm. It is magnetized. The rotation direction is the direction shown by the black arrow in FIGS. 6A and 6B when viewed from the forward direction, and the Faraday elements F ₁ and F ₃ rotate clockwise and the Faraday element F ₂ rotates counterclockwise. Take the direction of rotation.

Here again, the movement state of the polarization component as viewed from the forward direction will be described using the numerals of the positional relationship between the elements shown in FIG.

FIG. 7A shows the moving state of the polarization component of the light transmitted in the forward direction at each position from 1 to 8 as viewed from the forward direction.

Specifically, at one position, if light incident from one point in the forward direction is unpolarized, it is shown as light having polarization components orthogonal to the two directions. At the position 2, the birefringent element B ₁ causes the vertical polarization component (the extraordinary light component of the light passing through the rutile crystal) to be 100 upwards.
The horizontal polarization component (normal light component of the light passing through the rutile crystal) moves by μm and remains at the original position. At the position 3, all polarization components are rotated 45 degrees clockwise by the Faraday element F ₁ . At the position of 4, the birefringent element B ₂ moves only the component inclined 45 degrees clockwise from the vertical direction by 100 μm in the lower left direction. At the position of 5, all polarization components are rotated counterclockwise by 45 degrees by the Faraday element F ₂ . At the position of 6, the birefringent element B ₃ moves only the polarized component in the horizontal direction to the left by 41.4 μm. At the position 7, the polarization components are all rotated 45 degrees clockwise by the Faraday element F ₃ . At the position 8, only the component tilted 45 degrees counterclockwise from the horizontal direction by the birefringent element B ₄ moves to the upper left by 41.4 μm and coincides with another orthogonal component.

From this, it is understood that the light transmitted in the forward direction is emitted from the optical isolator element without being separated into the polarized components.

FIG. 7B shows the moving state of the polarization component of the light passing in the reverse direction at each position from 1 to 8 as seen from the forward direction.

Here, at the position 8, the light incident from the opposite direction is unpolarized and is shown as a polarization component orthogonal to the two directions. At the position 7, only the polarized component tilted 45 degrees counterclockwise from the horizontal direction by the birefringent element B ₄ moves to the lower right by 41.4 μm. At the position 6, all polarization components are rotated 45 degrees clockwise by the Faraday element F ₃ . In the position of 5, the birefringent element B ₃
As a result, only the horizontal polarization component is 41.4 μm to the right.
I am moving. At the position 4, all polarization components are rotated counterclockwise by 45 degrees by the Faraday element F ₂ . At the position of 3, the birefringent element B ₂ causes only the component tilted 45 degrees clockwise from the vertical direction to move to the upper right direction by 10 degrees.
It has moved by 0 μm. In position 2, the Faraday element F
_{By 1} , all polarized components are rotated 45 degrees clockwise. At position 1, the birefringent element B ₁ causes the vertically polarized component to move downward by 100 μm.

From this, it is understood that the light transmitted in the opposite direction is separated into orthogonal polarization components when passing through the optical isolator element and does not return to the incident point at the position 1 shown in FIG. 7 (a).

Even if a polarization-independent optical isolator is constructed as shown in FIG. 5 by using an isolator element composed of such three Faraday elements and four birefringent elements, the same as in the previous embodiment. Has a great effect.

Further, a polarization independent optical isolator which is a third embodiment of the present invention will be described. This polarization-independent optical isolator also has basically the same configuration as that described above, but the plate thickness of each element is 0.414 mm for the birefringent elements B ₁ and B _{4. 2} , B ₃ ,
Is 1.00 mm. FIG. 8 illustrates the arrangement relationship between the polarization separation direction (indicated by the white arrow in the figure) of each birefringent element and its distance when viewed from the forward direction in this example.

FIG. 8A illustrates the case of forward transmitted light. In the birefringent element B ₁ , the polarization splitting direction is left (the 9 o'clock direction of the short hand of the clock) and the polarization splitting distance is. 41.
4 μm, with the birefringent element B ₂ in the upper right direction (1 of the hour hand of the clock)
The distance is 100 μm in the direction of 30 minutes, and the birefringent element B is
_{In 3} , the distance is 100 μm in the upward direction (direction of 12 o'clock of the clock), and in the birefringent element B ₄ , the distance is 41.4 μm in lower right direction (4:30 of the short hand of clock).

On the other hand, FIG. 8B illustrates the case of backward transmitted light. In this case, the polarization splitting direction is also the direction opposite to the forward direction, and the polarization splitting distance is equal to the forward direction. Become. Further, the Faraday elements F ₁ , F ₂ , and F ₃ are all saturated with magnetization by a permanent magnet arranged around the Faraday element so that the polarization direction of the Faraday elements F ₁ , F ₂ , and F ₃ is rotated by 45 degrees with respect to light having a wavelength of 1.55 μm. Has been done. The rotation direction is the direction shown by the black arrow in FIGS. 8A and 8B when viewed from the forward direction, and the Faraday elements F ₁ and F ₃ rotate counterclockwise and the Faraday element F ₂ rotates clockwise. Take the direction of rotation.

Here again, the movement state of the polarization component when viewed from the forward direction will be described using the numerals of the positional relationship between the respective elements shown in FIG.

FIG. 9A shows the moving state of the polarization component of the light transmitted in the forward direction at each position from 1 to 8 as viewed from the forward direction.

Specifically, at one position, if the light incident from one point in the forward direction is unpolarized, it is shown as light having polarization components orthogonal to the two directions. At the position 2, the birefringent element B ₁ causes the horizontal polarization component (the extraordinary light component of the light passing through the rutile crystal) to move upward by 41.
The vertical polarization component (normal light component of the light passing through the rutile crystal) moved by 4 μm remains at the original position. At the position 3, the polarization components are all rotated 45 degrees counterclockwise by the Faraday element F ₁ . At the position of 4, the birefringent element B ₂ causes the counterclockwise rotation of 45 from the horizontal direction.
Only the tilted component moves 100 μm in the upper right direction.
At the position of 5, the polarization components are all rotated 45 degrees clockwise by the Faraday element F ₂ . At position 6,
Due to the birefringence element B ₃ , only the vertically polarized component is moved upward by 100 μm. At the position 7, the polarization components are all counterclockwise 45 by the Faraday element F ₃ .
It is rotating around. At the position 8, only the component tilted 45 degrees clockwise from the horizontal direction by the birefringent element B ₄ moves to the lower right by 41.4 μm, and coincides with another orthogonal component.

From this, it is understood that the light transmitted in the forward direction is emitted from the optical isolator element without being separated into the polarized components.

FIG. 9B shows the moving state of the polarization component when viewed from the forward direction at each position 1 to 8 of the light transmitted in the reverse direction.

Here, at the 8th position, the light incident from the opposite direction is unpolarized and is shown as a polarization component orthogonal to the two directions. At the position 7, only the polarization component inclined 45 degrees clockwise from the horizontal direction is moved by 41.4 μm to the upper left by the birefringent element B ₄ . At the position 6, all polarization components are rotated counterclockwise by 45 degrees by the Faraday element F ₃ . In the position of 5, the birefringent element B ₃
Thus, only the polarized component in the vertical direction is moved to the right by 100 μm. At position 4, all polarization components are rotated 45 degrees clockwise by the Faraday element F ₂ .
At the position of 3, the birefringent element B ₂ causes only the component tilted 45 degrees counterclockwise from the horizontal direction in the lower left direction to be 100.
It has moved by μm. In position 2, the Faraday element F ₁
Therefore, all the polarized components are rotated counterclockwise by 45 degrees. At the position 1, the birefringent element B ₁ moves the vertically polarized component to the right by 41.4 μm.

From this, it is understood that the light transmitted in the opposite direction is separated into orthogonal polarization components when passing through the optical isolator element and does not return to the incident point at the position 1 shown in FIG. 9 (a).

Even if a polarization-independent optical isolator is constructed as shown in FIG. 5 by using an isolator element composed of such three Faraday elements and four birefringent elements, the same as in the previous embodiment. Has a great effect.

Next explained is an optical isolator which is a fourth embodiment of the invention. FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing an optical isolator which is a fourth embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 10 as well, the direction indicated by symbol A ₁ is the light transmission direction of the optical isolator (hereinafter referred to as “forward direction”), and the direction indicated by the symbol A ₂ is the light transmission blocking direction of the optical isolator (hereinafter referred to as “reverse direction”). That is). Code B ₁ ,
B ₂ , B ₃ and B ₄ are birefringent elements made of rutile single crystal. Reference numerals F ₁ , F ₂ and F ₃ are Faraday elements made of terbium bismuth iron garnet single crystal. In all of these birefringent elements B _{1 to} B ₄ , the crystal axis and the surface of the element form an angle of approximately 48 degrees, and the birefringent element B 1
The plates ₁ and B ₄ have a thickness of 1 mm, and the birefringent elements B ₂ and B _{3 have} a thickness of 0.414 mm.

The polarization separation directions and distances of the birefringent elements B ₁ , B ₂ , B ₃ , B ₄ are in the directions of the arrows shown in FIG.

FIG. 11A shows the case of transmitted light in the forward direction, and in the birefringent element B ₁ , the distance is 1 in the 12 o'clock direction of the hour hand of the clock.
In the birefringent element B ₂ , the distance is 41.4 μm in the direction of the hour hand of the clock at 4:30, and in the birefringent element B ₃ , the distance is 41.4 μm in the direction of the hour hand of the timepiece.
In the birefringent element B ₄ , the distance is 100 μm in the direction of 1:30 of the hour hand of the timepiece. FIG. 11B shows the case of transmitted light in the reverse direction, in which the polarization separation distance is the same as the forward direction and the separation direction is opposite.

The Faraday elements F ₁ , F ₂ , F ₃ are arranged around the Faraday elements F ₁ , F ₂ , F ₃ so that the polarization direction thereof is rotated by 45 degrees with respect to the light having a wavelength of 1.3 μm. It is saturated with a permanent magnet. When viewed from the forward direction, the rotation direction is the direction indicated by the arrow in FIG. 11, the Faraday elements F ₁ and F ₃ are counterclockwise, and the Faraday element F ₂ is clockwise.

FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 show the polarization separation state of the light transmitted in the forward direction and the backward direction. First, in FIG.
A front view of an optical isolator according to a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown.

[0056] Figure to 12 to respect birefringent element B ₁ as shown with the 1 position of the forward incident side, and 2 the position between the birefringent element B ₁ and the Faraday element F _1, Faraday element F
The position between ₁ and the birefringent element B ₂ is 3, the position between the birefringent element B ₂ and the Faraday element F ₂ is 4, and the position between the Faraday element F ₂ and the birefringent element B ₃ is 5. The position between the birefringent element B ₃ and the Faraday element F ₃ is 6, the position between the Faraday element F ₃ and the birefringent element B ₄ is 7, and the forward exit side with respect to the birefringent element B ₄ is The position is shown as 8.

Next, FIG. 13A shows the polarization state of the light passing through the forward direction at each position 1 to 8 as seen from the forward direction.

First, at the position 1, the light incident from one point in the forward direction is represented as a non-polarized light component which is orthogonal to the two directions. At the position of 2, due to the birefringent element B ₁ ,
The vertical deflection component (rutile crystal extraordinary light component) moves upward by 100 μm, and the horizontal polarization component (rutile crystal ordinary light component) remains at its original position. At the position 3, the polarization components are all rotated 45 degrees counterclockwise by the Faraday element F ₁ . At the position of 4, the birefringent element B ₂ causes only the polarized component tilted 45 degrees clockwise from the horizontal direction in the direction of 4:30 of the short hand of the clock 41.
Move 4 μm. At the position of 5, the polarization components are all rotated clockwise by 45 degrees by the Faraday element F ₂ . At the position of 6, the birefringent element B ₃ moves only the horizontally polarized component in the direction of 9 o'clock of the short hand of the clock by 41.4 μm. At the position 7, all polarization components are rotated counterclockwise by 45 degrees by the Faraday element F ₃ . At position 8, the birefringent element B ₄ causes only the polarized component tilted by 45 degrees clockwise from the horizontal direction to move 100 μm in the direction of 1:30 of the hour hand of the clock and coincide with the other orthogonal component. .. As a result, the light transmitted in the forward direction passes through the element of the optical isolator without being separated into the polarized components.

Next, the respective positions 1 to 8 of the light transmitted in the opposite direction
FIG. 13B shows the polarization state viewed from the forward direction in FIG.

First, at the 8th position, the light incident from one point in the opposite direction is unpolarized and is represented as a polarized component orthogonal to the two directions. At the position 7, only the polarized component inclined 45 degrees clockwise from the horizontal direction is moved by 100 μm in the direction of 4:30 of the short hand of the clock due to the birefringent element B ₄ . At the position 6, all polarization components are rotated by 45 degrees counterclockwise by the Faraday element F ₃ . At the position of 5, the birefringent element B ₃ moves only the horizontally polarized component in the direction of 3 o'clock of the hour hand of the clock by 41.4 μm. At the position of 4, all polarization components are rotated 45 degrees clockwise by the Faraday element F ₂ . At the position of 3, only the polarized component tilted 45 degrees clockwise by the horizontal direction by the birefringent element B ₂ becomes 4 in the direction of 10:30 of the short hand of the clock.
Move 1.4 μm. Faraday element F ₁ at position 2
Thus, all the polarized components are rotated counterclockwise by 45 degrees. At position 1, the birefringent element B ₁ causes only the vertical polarization component to reach 100 μm in the 6 o'clock direction of the hour hand of the clock.
I am moving.

As a result, the light transmitted in the opposite direction is separated into the polarized components when passing through the element of the optical isolator, and
(A) It does not return to the incident point at position 1.

As shown in FIG. 14, a single mode fiber 11 with a PC connector and a GRIN lens 12 are arranged on both sides of an optical isolator element 14 according to the fourth embodiment, and the single mode fiber 11 is emitted by the GRIN lens. The laser light with a wavelength of 1.55 μm is narrowed down to a diameter of about 60 μm.
3 and the center of the optical isolator 14 are arranged so as to substantially coincide with each other.

An end face of the single mode fiber 11 on the lens side, the GRIN lens 12, each birefringent element forming the optical isolator 14, and each Faraday element are provided with a non-reflection coating film for light of a wavelength of 1.55 μm. There is.

With respect to the polarization-independent optical isolator constructed as described above, the light of a semiconductor laser having an oscillation wavelength of 1.55 μm was transmitted through the single mode fiber 11 in the forward direction of the element of the optical isolator. The transmission loss in this case was 1.5 dB, while the transmission loss was 64 dB when the light was transmitted in the opposite direction. Even if the wavelength of the laser beam was changed in the range of 1.51 to 1.59 [μm], these transmission losses did not change in value.
Further, when the temperature of the optical isolator was changed from 0 ° C to 60 ° C, no change was observed in the transmission loss. Furthermore, when the polarization direction of the incident light is changed by 180 degrees, the change in transmission loss is 0.1 dB in the forward direction and 0.5 d in the reverse direction.
It was B.

[0065]

As described above, according to the present invention, 3
Each Faraday element and four birefringent elements are used as isolator elements, and the optical arrangement of each of these elements is determined based on appropriate values that are analyzed so as to be polarization-independent. A polarization-independent optical isolator with high usefulness can be obtained in which various characteristics as an isolator are not significantly deteriorated even by a change in the above or some variations in processing accuracy.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a main part of a polarization-independent optical isolator that is a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a view for explaining the arrangement relationship between the polarization separation direction and the polarization separation distance of each birefringent element viewed from the forward direction in the main part of the polarization independent optical isolator shown in FIG. FIG. 7A shows a case where the transmitted light in the forward direction is targeted, and FIG. 9B shows a case where the transmitted light in the reverse direction is targeted.

FIG. 3 is a view for explaining the numbering of the positional relationship between the respective elements in the main part of the polarization independent optical isolator shown in FIG.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a moving state of a polarization component seen from the forward direction with respect to a main part of the polarization independent optical isolator shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 4 (a) is for a light transmitted in the forward direction. In this case, FIG. 7B shows the case where the light transmitted in the opposite direction is targeted.

FIG. 5 is a plan view showing a basic configuration of a polarization independent optical isolator that is a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a view for explaining a polarization separation direction of each birefringent element when viewed from the forward direction in a main part of a polarization-independent optical isolator which is a second embodiment of the present invention, and an arrangement relationship with its distance. The figure (a) is for the case of forward transmitted light, and the figure (b) is for the case of backward transmitted light.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a moving state of a polarization component viewed from the forward direction at each number position shown in FIG. 3 relating to a main part of a polarization independent optical isolator which is a second embodiment of the present invention. The figure (a) shows the case where the light passing through the forward direction is targeted, and the figure (b) shows the case where the light passing through the reverse direction is targeted.

FIG. 8 is a view for explaining a polarization separation direction of each birefringent element when viewed from the forward direction in a main part of a polarization-independent optical isolator which is a third embodiment of the present invention, and an arrangement relationship with the distance. The figure (a) is for the case of forward transmitted light, and the figure (b) is for the case of backward transmitted light.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a moving state of a polarization component seen from the forward direction at each number position shown in FIG. 3 relating to a main part of a polarization-independent optical isolator which is a third embodiment of the present invention. The figure (a) shows the case where the light passing through the forward direction is targeted, and the figure (b) shows the case where the light passing through the reverse direction is targeted.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing a main part of a polarization independent optical isolator that is a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

11 is a view for explaining the arrangement relationship between the polarization separation direction and the polarization separation distance of each birefringent element when viewed from the forward direction in the main part of the polarization independent optical isolator shown in FIG.
The figure (a) shows the case where the transmitted light in the forward direction is targeted, and the figure (b) shows the case where the transmitted light in the reverse direction is targeted.

12 is a view for explaining the numbering of the positional relationship between the respective elements in the main part of the polarization independent optical isolator shown in FIG.

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a movement state of a polarization component when viewed from the forward direction with respect to a main part of the polarization-independent optical isolator shown in FIG. 10, and FIG. 13 (a) is directed to light transmitted in the forward direction. In this case, FIG. 7B shows the case where the light transmitted in the opposite direction is targeted.

FIG. 14 is a plan view showing the basic configuration of a polarization-independent optical isolator that is a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

B ₁ , B ₂ , B ₃ , B ₄ Birefringent element F ₁ , F ₂ , F ₃ Faraday element

Claims (4)

[Claims] 1. Four birefringent elements having birefringence,
In a polarization independent optical isolator configured by arranging three Faraday elements, each of the birefringent elements and each of the Faraday elements includes a first birefringent element and a first Faraday element in order from a light transmission direction. An element, a second birefringent element,
An array of a second Faraday element, a third birefringent element, a third Faraday element, and a fourth birefringent element is arranged, and the first and second birefringent elements have mutually separated polarization directions of transmitted light. The polarization separation distances are equal to each other in a plane perpendicular to the first polarization direction and the third and fourth birefringent elements are equal to each other in polarization separation distance. The ratio of the distance of polarization separation of the third and fourth birefringent elements to the distance of polarization separation of the birefringent element is 0.414.
2: 1 and the rotation angle of the polarization direction of the transmitted light by the first, second, and third Faraday elements is about 4 each.
A polarization independent optical isolator characterized by being 5 degrees. 2. The polarization-independent optical isolator according to claim 1, wherein the distance of polarization separation of the third and fourth birefringent elements with respect to the distance of polarization separation of the first and second birefringent elements. A polarization independent optical isolator characterized in that the ratio is changed to 1: 0.4142. 3. Four birefringent elements having birefringence,
In a polarization independent optical isolator configured by arranging three Faraday elements, each of the birefringent elements and each of the Faraday elements includes a first birefringent element and a first Faraday element in order from a light transmission direction. An element, a second birefringent element,
An array of a second Faraday element, a third birefringent element, a third Faraday element, and a fourth birefringent element is provided, and the first and second birefringent elements have a polarization separation direction for transmitting light. The first and the fourth are inclined with respect to each other by about 45 degrees in a vertical plane.
The birefringent elements of are separated from each other by the same distance,
And the third birefringent elements have equal polarization separation distances, and the ratio of the polarization separation distances of the second and third birefringence elements to the polarization separation distances of the first and fourth birefringence elements is 1 :
A polarization-independent optical isolator characterized in that the rotation angles of the polarization directions of transmitted light by the first, second, and third Faraday elements are each about 45 degrees. 4. A first birefringent element, a first Faraday element, a second birefringent element, a second Faraday element, and a third birefringent element, which are sequentially arranged in a light transmitting direction. When,
It is composed of a third Faraday element and a fourth birefringent element, and the polarization separation directions of the first and second birefringent elements are inclined by about 45 degrees in a plane perpendicular to transmitted light.
And the polarization separation distance of the second birefringent element is 1 / 0.41.
42, the polarization separation directions of the third and fourth birefringent elements are inclined by about 45 degrees in a plane perpendicular to the transmitted light,
The ratio of the polarization separation distances of the third and fourth birefringent elements is 0.
4142/1, and the rotation angle of the polarization direction of the transmitted light by the first, second, and third Faraday elements is about 4
An optical isolator characterized by being 5 degrees.