JPH0515559A - Injector needle discarding device - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To provide an injection needle disposer which can dispose various kinds of needles, and by which there is no fear for the generation of an environmental contamination and burn. CONSTITUTION: An elastic supporting frame 40 comprises a sliding surface plate 41 equipped with an opening 411, and an elastic frame main body 42 equipped with an opening 423, and the opening 411 and the opening 423 are partially superposed and become a needle insertion hole. The elastic supporting frame 40 is pushed into an housing 60 by alternate springs 62, 63 when an external force is applied, and contract in a manner to return to the original state when the external force is eliminated. A multiple electrode type needle- breaking device 50 incldues three electrode members 54, 55, 56, and a set of the electrode members 53, 56 constitutes a first closed circuit, together with a needle which is inserted from the insertion hole, and the needle which descends by pushing in the elastic supporting frame 40, is molten, and in addition, a set of the electrode members 55, 56 constitutes a second closed circuit, together with the needle, and seal the hole of the needle, a short part of which remaining on an injector side.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention is an injection needle waste device as a medical hygiene facility, which can quickly break an injection needle and prevent the residual injection liquid from flowing out of the needle cap.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Needle needles are required every day in the field of medical hygiene which uses a large amount of needles. The tip of the needle is very sharp, and some residual injection solution remains in the needle cap, so disposing of the used injection needle as it is in the trash can not only hurt the human body,
Very unhygienic. Therefore, it must usually be ground after disposal.

Mini type needle discarder (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 60-400)
60) was patented in a number of countries in Europe and the United States where its sales were booming. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the needle discarder includes a housing 21 and
It consists of a needle collection box 22 in a housing 21 and two electrodes 14, 15 that are cross-shaped but not in contact. The needle support frame device on the housing 21 comprises a needle insertion hole 211 and a horseshoe-shaped support frame 213. The width of the horseshoe-shaped support frame 213 is the same as the width of the needle slide track 212. The needle insertion hole 211 has two electrodes 14, 15
A round hole above the horseshoe-shaped support frame 213
Inside the needle insertion hole 311, the needle slide track 21
2 adjacent, but slightly below needle insertion hole 311 and needle slide track 212. The width of the horseshoe-shaped support frame 213 is the same width as the needle slide track 212, slightly smaller than the collar portion 311 of the needle, but slightly larger than the rest of the needle.

The principle of operation of this mini needle discarder is as follows. When destroying the needle 31, first, the needle 31 is inserted into the needle insertion hole 211, and the two electrodes 14, 1
5 are brought into contact with each other to form a closed circuit. A high temperature is generated there by an electric current, and the needle 31 is instantaneously melted and twisted.
Then, the syringe 3 moves downward, the collar portion 311 contacts the support frame 311, and stops. Then, the barrel 32 together with the needle 31 is slid toward one side of the needle slide track 212. The needle 31 that is broken and twisted while being slid and hooked under the needle slide track 212 comes out of the barrel 32 and drops onto the metal plate 221 of the needle collection box 22 inside the housing 21.

[0005]

Although the process of destroying, extracting and collecting the needle 31 is convenient and quick, the following problems still exist.

[0006] As the needle 31 continues to break, intense sparks and light of fire emerge from the needle insertion hole 311 and needle slide track 212, often causing extreme mental agitation to the user.

If the head ring of the needle cap is extremely small or there is no needle cap, this device is difficult to use.

The needle cap of the discarded needle head in the needle collection box contains some residual injection fluid and some blood. If the needle head is not removed quickly, the needle discarder will give off a bad odor, which after a while will have an unfavorable health effect on the human body.

After the destruction, the needle drops into the needle collection box 22 together with the plastic needle cap, but the needle collection box 2
The burning red-hot metal piece of the needle cap that has been destroyed afterwards is constantly falling on the plastic needle cap that was destroyed before in 2 and burns the plastic needle cap, and toxic smoke spouts. Pollute the environment.

If the barrel of the syringe and the needle are integrally molded or screwed together, the needle cannot be removed from the barrel after the needle is broken, and a large number of melted needles will be lost in the two electrodes 14, 15. A lump of red-hot metal pieces is formed between them. Therefore, the needle has to be taken out from the needle discarding device together with the barrel, and when throwing it away, it is easy to get burned or ignited by scraps, and thus it is very inconvenient to throw it away.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel needle discarder that accommodates a variety of needles of different shapes and specifications. It is quick to dispose of, has little light and sparks leaking, does not burn or litter when thrown away, and does not cause residual injectable liquid or contamination by toxic odors. Have.

[0012]

The present invention comprises a housing, a multi-electrode type needle breaking device, and a needle supporting frame, and has the following features. That is, the needle support frame is an elastic support frame which is disposed above the housing, is mounted directly above the breaking device, and includes a slide plate and an elastic frame. A plurality of electrode members of the multi-electrode type needle breaking device is fitted and accommodated in the opening of the housing. One snap hole is provided on each side of the opening so that an elastic support frame can be attached. Spring grooves that support the springs of the elastic support frame are provided on the inner edges of the snap holes that face each other. The multi-electrode type needle breaking device is composed of at least two electrode members in a housing which are connected to the same single power source and can form two closed circuits, and electronic parts such as a power line, a switch, a transformer and a fuse.

The above-mentioned at least two electrode members are flat plate-shaped three-part electrodes or two-part multi-layer electrodes, or have various geometric shapes. However, each electrode must be separated into two sets in order to form two closed circuits in harmony with the electronic component and the needle.

[0014]

The operation principle of the present invention is as follows.
That is, the breaking needle is inserted into the insertion hole of the elastic support frame. Since the elastic support frame has excellent elastic tension, it is pushed in when an external force is applied and returns to its original position when the external force disappears. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the possibility that light or spark leaks from the insertion hole when the needle is broken, and the needle can be broken to the shortest limit (about 2 mm from the needle cap).

Two sets of two or three electrode members and the needle to be destroyed can form two closed circuits. The inserted needle and the pair of electrodes generate a high temperature when a large current flows momentarily, and quickly break the needle. The needle is then moved downward by the action of the elastic support frame and is continuously broken until the elastic support frame is pushed to the limit, that is, about 2 mm from the needle cap. Then pull up the syringe. In the meantime, the waste needle, which is distorted at high temperature and broken into metal pieces, is connected to another set of electrodes to form a second closed circuit, rapidly generating high temperature, Melt the unwanted needles that fall into the needle collection box. The shortest remaining needle head tubular opening under the needle cap is sealed while melting due to the high temperature, thus draining some of the injection fluid and patient blood remaining in the needle cap. Never,
The problem of environmental pollution can be solved. For syringes with needles, the needle on the needle cap is only 2mm after it is broken, and the syringe removed from the housing rapidly lowers its temperature and radiates its heat, so that there is no waste. It does not ignite or injure the human body.

Since the present invention has a needle insertion hole whose diameter and shape can be changed, the present invention can be adapted to various needles having different shapes and specifications.

[0017]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As shown in FIGS. 3 to 7, the first embodiment of the present invention comprises an elastic support frame 40, a multi-electrode type needle breaking device 50,
It consists of a housing 60. The elastic support frame 40 is mounted above the housing 60, and the destruction device 50 is mounted in the housing 60 directly below the elastic support frame 40.

The elastic support frame 40 comprises a slide surface plate 41 and an elastic frame body 42, which are connected to each other. The slide surface plate 41 is provided with an opening 411 having an inverted triangular shape. The front and rear side edges of the slide surface plate are bent downwards, respectively.
Two corresponding slide grooves 412, 413 are formed, and two corresponding notches 412a, 413a are provided at positions near the ends of the slide grooves 412, 413. The two ends of the damper 414 have two notches 412a and 413a.
It extends through and is gripped between notches 412a, 413a. Damper 41 of slide surface plate 41
The side edges facing the side provided with 4 are bent downwards to form a stop block 415.

Corresponding insertion rods 416a, 416b, 416a ', 4 of the two decorative strips 416, 416'.
16 b ′ has two corresponding slide grooves 412, 4 on the outside of the damper 414 (or stop block 415).
Two ends of 13 412b, 413b, 412c, 413
It is firmly gripped by c. The elastic frame body 42 has a frame surface 421 with an inverted triangular shaped opening 423 in the center.
And the lower four portions of the frame surface 421 are joined (or separable) support walls 424. One corresponding gripping tool 425, 426 is provided on the left and right outer wall of the support wall 424, and is provided between the reciprocating spring 43 gripping tool 426 and the stop block 415 of the slide surface plate 41. The surface plate 422 is the frame surface 42.
1 and includes an inverted triangular opening 423 which partially and correspondingly overlaps the inverted triangular opening 411 of the slide surface plate 41. When the slide surface plate 41 and the surface plate of the elastic frame body 42 are displaced in the direction toward the damper 414 and the stop block 415, the opening 411 of the slide surface plate 41 and the opening 423 of the surface plate of the elastic frame body correspondingly overlap each other. Forms the insertion hole 431 in a stretchable and recoverable manner. The insertion hole 431 is the size of the needle hole, and the insertion hole 4 has a diameter of about 0.5 cm.
It can be expanded to 32. Thus, needles of different shapes and different diameters can be inserted into these two holes 431, 432 to meet and accommodate the needs of different needles.
The opening 42 of the surface plate 422 of the elastic frame body 42
3 Opening of slide surface plate not overlapping 3
The innermost edge of 11 contacts the surface of the surface plate 422 of the elastic frame body 42 and forms a guide ring that can quickly guide the needle inserted into the insertion hole 431.

As shown in FIGS. 3 to 8, the multi-electrode type needle breaking device 50 includes a power supply line 51, a switch 52, a transformer 53, and 3.
One electrode member 54, 55, 56 and a fuse 57. These are household power sources (eg 110V or 220
V). The electrode members 54, 55 and 56 are respectively made of platinum having a high melting point and are formed of outer layers 541 and 55.
1, 561 and inner layers 542, 552, 562 made of copper. The electrode members 54 and 55 are connected to the same electrode of the power source, while the electrode member 56 is connected to the other electrode of the power source. A distance of about 0.5 to 0.7 mm is maintained between the electrode members 54 and 56. The lowermost electrode member 54 and the uppermost electrode member 56 are arranged corresponding to each other. The corresponding side of the electrode 54 is at an appropriate angle (about 30 °-
It is tilted downward at 60 °). Two electrode members 5
4, 56, the transformer 53, the switch 52, the power supply line 51, and the needle destroyed by it form a closed circuit for melting the injection needle. The electrode member 55 is placed very close to, but not in contact with, the uppermost electrode member 56.
Therefore, the electrode member 56, the transformer 53, the switch 52, the power supply line 51, and the needle that is broken by the electrode member 56 are closed by another one in order to melt the broken metal pieces of the needle that are lumped near the lower edge of the needle cap. Form a circuit.

As shown in FIG. 5, a multi-electrode type needle breaking device 5
The three electrode members 54, 55, 56 of 0 are housings 60
Is screwed into the cross-shaped opening 61 of the. Snap holes 611 and 612 are provided on both sides of the cross-shaped opening 61, and spring grooves 613 and 614 are provided on opposite inner edges of the snap holes 611 and 612, respectively, to elastically support the elastic support frame 40. The springs 62 and 63 are accommodated. When the elastic support frame 40 is pressed by an external force and moves downward until the lower edges of the two sides of the elastic frame body 42 completely compress the springs 62 and 63, the opening 423 of the surface plate 422 of the elastic frame body 42 is moved. Is very close to the uppermost electrode member 56 in the housing 60, so that the needle can be completely melted (about 2 mm from the lower edge of the needle cap).

When breaking the injection needle using this embodiment, first of all, the needle is slid along the guide ring toward the insertion hole 431. The needle is inserted into the insertion hole 43 momentarily.
1 and abuts on the lowermost electrode 54. Since the side of the electrode member 54 corresponding to the electrode member 56 is inclined downward at an angle, the needle slides in the direction toward the electrode 56, and the needle and the two electrode members 54 and 56 form a closed circuit. Large currents flow through this closed circuit and rapidly generate high temperatures that melt the needle. Due to the action of the elastic support frame 40, the needle is moved downwards on the one hand and melted on the other hand, until the elastic support frame 40 is pushed down to the lowest position, the needle is melted close to about 2 mm to the needle cap. Then, the user lifts the syringe and brings the twisted and discarded needle, which becomes a metal piece by melting at a high temperature, into contact with the electrode members 55 and 56, and the needle, the two electrode members 55 and 56, the power line 51, and the switch. The electronic components such as 52 and the transformer 53 form a second current closed circuit and rapidly generate a high temperature to melt the needle. The twisted needle falls into the needle collection box 64. The shortest remaining tubular opening of the needle is sealed by the high temperature, so that the residual injection solution in the needle cap and the blood of the patient do not flow out and pollute the environment anymore. Finally, the remaining needle attached to the needle cap is only 2 mm long, and the insertion hole 431
(Or 432). The amount of this residual needle is quite small, and its temperature is rapidly radiated and lowered so that no litter burns or burns the human body. The insertion hole 431 is the overlapping part of both openings 423, 411, and the surface plate 41 corresponds to the frame surface 421 by sliding, so that needles of various diameters and shapes can be inserted into the insertion hole 431. By the action of the reciprocating spring 43, the insertion hole 43
The distance between the 1 and the needle is very small and the leakage of sparks and light of fire can be considerably reduced.

FIG. 9 shows a second embodiment of this embodiment, which is the same as the above-mentioned first embodiment except the structure of the electrode member of the multi-electrode type needle breaking device. The second embodiment has two electrode members. That is, the upper electrode member 56 'remains the flat plate electrode member, but the lower electrode member is the two-layer electrode member 54', and the upper layer electrode member 541 ', the lower layer electrode member 542', and the base portion 543 '. Consists of Upper layer electrode member 541
'And the lower-layer electrode member 542' are both a base portion 543 '.
Mounted on the same side of the, but not extending parallel to each other, with a suitable angle between them (approximately 30 ° -60 °)
Is attached. The upper layer electrode member 541 'is narrower than the lower layer electrode member 542'. The upper layer electrode member 541 ′, the lower layer electrode member 542 ′, and the electrode member 56 ′ are the outer metal layer 54.
1'a, 542'a, 56'a and inner copper layer 541
′ B, 542′b, 56′b. Electrode member 56
′ Is connected to one electrode of the power supply, but the two-layer electrode member 54 ′ is connected to the other electrode of the power supply. The two-layer electrode member 54 'and the upper electrode member 56' are the housing 5
When screwed into the upper part 0, the upper electrode member 541 '
Are parallel to the upper electrode member 56 and are very close, but not in contact. The corresponding sides of both the lower electrode member 542 'and the upper electrode member 56' should be at the appropriate angle (30
It is inclined downward at (° -60 °). Two-layer electrode member 54
The function and usage of ′ are the electrode members 54, 5 of the first embodiment.
The same as 5.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a mini needle discard device.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the structural principle of the mini injection needle discarding device.

FIG. 3 is an elevational view of a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the structural principle of the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is an exploded view of an elastic support frame, a multi-electrode type needle breaking device and an electrode member according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing a state where an insertion hole of the elastic support frame of the first embodiment of the present invention is opened.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing a state where the insertion hole of the elastic support frame of the first embodiment of the present invention is reduced.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the housing and the multi-electrode type needle breaking device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is an exploded view of an elastic support frame, a multi-electrode type needle breaking device and an electrode member according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is an electrical wiring diagram of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

40 Elastic support frame 41 Slide surface plate 411 opening 42 Elastic frame body 423 opening 50 Multi-electrode needle breaking device 54, 55, 56 Electrode member 60 housing 62, 63 spring

Claims (9)

[Claims] 1. A housing 60 and a multi-electrode type needle breaking device 5
A needle discarder comprising 0 and a needle support frame,
A needle support frame, which is an elastic support frame 40 that is disposed above the housing 60 and is mounted directly above the destruction device 50 and that includes a slide surface plate 41 having a needle insertion hole and an elastic frame body 42, and a multi-electrode needle destruction device. A plurality of electrode members of the device 50 are accommodated in the elastic support frame 4
In order to mount 0, an opening 61 having two snap holes 611, 612 provided on both sides with two spring grooves 613, 614 respectively supporting the two springs 62, 63 of the elastic support frame 40 provided at opposite inner edges. It is connected to the same power source as the housing 60 that has,
At least two in a housing that can form two closed circuits
An injection needle discarding device comprising a multi-electrode type needle breaking device 50 including one electrode member, a power supply line 51, a switch 52, a transformer 53, and a fuse 57. 2. The electrode members of the needle breaking device 50 are connected to the same single power source, and three flat plate-shaped electrode members 54, 55, 56 are arranged in the housing 60 at regular intervals. And one set of electrodes 54, 56 is arranged correspondingly with the upper and lower sides tilted in common.
The other set of 5,56 are spaced apart from each other but in close proximity to each other.
The needle discarder according to 1. 3. The electrode member of a multi-electrode type needle breaking device comprises two electrode members 54 'and 56' connected to the same single power source.
The electrode member 54 ′ is a multi-layer electrode, and the lower electrode 542 ′ and the electrode member 56 ′ of the electrode member 54 ′ are kept at a constant distance from each other and are arranged correspondingly with a vertical inclination in common. The needle discarding device according to claim 1, wherein the upper electrode member 541 ′ and the electrode member 56 ′ of the multilayer electrode member 54 ′ are parallel and very close to each other without contacting each other. vessel. 4. The electrode member of the multi-electrode needle breaking device comprises three geometrically different electrode members connected to the same power source in a housing, and one set of electrode members is common to the upper and lower sides. 2. The electrode members of the other set are in close proximity to each other without being in contact with each other, and are arranged corresponding to each other at regular intervals.
The needle discarder according to 1. 5. The opening 411 is provided in the slide surface plate of the elastic support frame, and the front and rear sides of the slide surface plate are respectively bent downward to form two corresponding slide grooves 412, 413. Notches 412a and 413a have two slide grooves 41, respectively.
2 and 413, the two ends of the damper 414 extend beyond the two notches 412a and 413a and are gripped between the two notches 412a and 413a, respectively. The edges on the sides of the opposing slide surface plates are appropriately folded to form a stop block 415, which allows two decorative strips 416, 41 to be formed.
6'corresponding insertion rods 416a, 416b, 416
Reference symbols a ′ and 416b ′ denote openings 412b, 4 at the two ends outside the damper 414 of the outer slide grooves 412, 413.
13b, 412c, 413c, and the opening 4
23 is provided on the surface plate 422 on the frame surface of the elastic frame body 42 of the elastic support frame, and the lower four sides of the frame surface respectively extend downward to form four portions of the support wall 424 which can be connected or separated. Formed,
The needle discarder according to claim 1, wherein gripping tools 425 and 426 are provided on the outer sides of the left and right sides of the support wall 424, respectively. 6. The opening 411 is provided in the slide surface plate 41 of the elastic support frame, and front and rear sides of the slide surface plate are respectively bent downward to form two corresponding slide grooves 412, 413, Two corresponding notches 412a and 413a are provided at the ends of the two slide grooves 412 and 413, respectively.
The two ends of 14 have two notches 412a, 411 respectively.
3a extending beyond 3a and gripped between two notches 412a, 413a, the edge of the side of the slide surface plate opposite the side corresponding to the damper 414 is appropriately folded to form a stop block 415, Decorative strip 4
16, 416 'corresponding insertion rods 416a, 416
b, 416a 'and 416b' are outer slide grooves 41
2, 413 are gripped in openings 412b, 413b, 412c, 413c at two ends outside the damper 414, and the openings 423 are provided in the surface plate 422 on the frame surface of the elastic frame body 42 of the elastic support frame. The four lower sides of the frame surface respectively extend downward to form four portions of the support wall 424 which can be connected or separated, and the outer sides of the left and right sides of the support wall 424 respectively have corresponding grippers 425. 426 are provided, the electrode members of the multi-electrode type needle breaking device 50 are connected to the same one power source, and three flat plate-shaped electrode members 54 are arranged in the housing 60 at regular intervals. 5,
5 and 56, one set of electrodes 54, 56 is correspondingly arranged with a common tilt up and down, and another set of electrodes 55, 56 are spaced apart from each other The needle waste device of claim 1, wherein the needle waste devices are in close proximity. 7. The opening 411 is provided in the slide surface plate 41 of the elastic support frame, and the front and rear sides of the slide surface plate are respectively bent downward to form two corresponding slide grooves 412, 413, Two corresponding notches 412a and 413a are provided at the ends of the two slide grooves 412 and 413, respectively.
The two ends of 14 have two notches 412a, 411 respectively.
3a extending beyond 3a and gripped between two notches 412a, 413a, the edge of the side of the slide surface plate opposite the side corresponding to the damper 414 is appropriately folded to form a stop block 415, Decorative strip 4
16, 416 'corresponding insertion rods 416a, 416
b, 416a 'and 416b' are outer slide grooves 41
2, 413 are gripped by openings 412b, 413b, 412c, 413c at two ends outside the damper 414, and the openings 423 are provided in the surface plate 422 on the frame surface of the elastic frame body 42 of the elastic support frame. The four lower sides of the frame surface respectively extend downward to form four portions of the support wall 424 which can be connected or separated, and the outer sides of the left and right sides of the support wall 424 respectively have corresponding grippers 425. , 426, and the electrode member of the multi-electrode needle breaking device consists of two electrode members 54 ′, 56 ′ connected to the same single power source.
′ Is a multilayer electrode, and the lower layer electrode 542 of the electrode member 54 ′.
′ And the electrode member 56 ′ are kept at a constant distance from each other and are arranged so as to incline vertically in common, and the upper electrode member 541 ′ and the electrode member 56 ′ of the multilayer electrode member 54 ′ are arranged correspondingly.
2. The needle discarder according to claim 1, wherein the needles are parallel to each other and are very close to each other without touching each other. 8. The opening 411 is provided in the slide surface plate 41 of the elastic support frame, and front and rear sides of the slide surface plate are respectively bent downward to form two corresponding slide grooves 412, 413, Two corresponding notches 412a and 413a are provided at the ends of the two slide grooves 412 and 413, respectively.
The two ends of 14 have two notches 412a, 411 respectively.
3a extending beyond 3a and gripped between two notches 412a, 413a, the edge of the side of the slide surface plate opposite the side corresponding to the damper 414 is appropriately folded to form a stop block 415, Decorative strip 4
16, 416 'corresponding insertion rods 416a, 416
b, 416a 'and 416b' are outer slide grooves 41
2, 413 are gripped by openings 412b, 413b, 412c, 413c at two ends outside the damper 414, and the openings 423 are provided in the surface plate 422 on the frame surface of the elastic frame body 42 of the elastic support frame. The four lower sides of the frame surface respectively extend downward to form four portions of the support wall 424 which can be connected or separated, and the outer sides of the left and right sides of the support wall 424 respectively have corresponding grippers 425. , 426, and the electrode members of the multi-electrode needle breaking device consist of three geometrically different electrode members in the housing connected to the same single power source, one set of electrode members being one above the other. It is characterized in that they are tilted in common and are arranged corresponding to each other at a constant interval, and that the electrode members of the other set are very close to each other without touching each other. Needle disposal device according to claim 1 that. 9. The slide surface plate 41 of the elastic supporting frame is connected to the elastic frame main body 42, and the four lower sides of the frame surface of the elastic frame main body 42 respectively extend downward so as to be connectable or separable. And four corresponding grippers 425 and 426 are provided on the outer sides of the left and right sides of the support wall 424, respectively.
The reciprocating spring 43 is disposed between the outer side of the one gripping tool 426 and the stop block 415 of the slide surface plate, and the opening 411 of the slide surface plate of the elastic support frame and the opening 42 of the surface plate of the elastic frame body 42.
3 and the insertion holes 431 are partially and correspondingly overlapped with each other.
A portion of the opening 411 of the slide surface plate that does not overlap the opening 423 of the surface plate of the elastic frame body constitutes a hole of a size and shape that can be a guide hole of the needle insertion hole on the surface of the surface plate 422 of the elastic frame body. A ring is constituted, Claim 1, 5,
The needle discarder according to 6, 7, and 8.