JPH0467187A - Fixing roller - Google Patents
Fixing rollerInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0467187A JPH0467187A JP18093490A JP18093490A JPH0467187A JP H0467187 A JPH0467187 A JP H0467187A JP 18093490 A JP18093490 A JP 18093490A JP 18093490 A JP18093490 A JP 18093490A JP H0467187 A JPH0467187 A JP H0467187A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- resin layer
- roller
- fixing roller
- metal
- fixing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 abstract description 24
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001774 Perfluoroether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/08—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
- G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
- G03G15/2014—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat
- G03G15/2053—Structural details of heat elements, e.g. structure of roller or belt, eddy current, induction heating
- G03G15/2057—Structural details of heat elements, e.g. structure of roller or belt, eddy current, induction heating relating to the chemical composition of the heat element and layers thereof
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fixing For Electrophotography (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は電子写真複写機等で転写紙上に形成された未定
着トナー画像を熱定着するための定着ローラに関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a fixing roller for thermally fixing an unfixed toner image formed on a transfer paper using an electrophotographic copying machine or the like.
電子写真式の複写機やプリンターにおいては熱定着方式
の場合、一般に転写紙上に形成された未定着トナー画像
は定着ローラと加圧ローラとを組合せた定着装置によっ
て熱定着される。ここで使用される定着ローラとしては
ヒーターを内蔵した金属ローラ表面にポリテトラフルオ
ロエチレン（ＰＴＦＥ）のような非粘着離型性樹脂層を
被覆したものが汎用されている。しかしこの定着ローラ
は表面層の熱伝導率が低いため（金属ローラの熱伝導率
２００〜３００ｘｌＯ’ｃａｌ −ｃｍ ’ −ｓｅｃ
’ −ｄｅｇ ’に対し樹脂層の熱伝導率２〜８ ｘ
ｌＯ’ｃａｌ・ｃｍ ’・ｓｅｃ ’・ｄｅｇ ’）所
望の定着速度に必要な熱効率を得るために加圧ローラと
で形成されるニップ巾を広く取る必要があり、その結果
、ニップ圧にツブ部を形成するためのローラ圧）が大き
くなって負荷トルクが増大し。When an electrophotographic copying machine or printer uses a heat fixing method, an unfixed toner image formed on a transfer paper is generally heat fixed by a fixing device that includes a fixing roller and a pressure roller. The fixing roller used here is generally a metal roller having a built-in heater and whose surface is coated with a non-adhesive release resin layer such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). However, this fixing roller has a low thermal conductivity of the surface layer (the thermal conductivity of a metal roller is 200 to 300xlO'cal -cm' -sec
Thermal conductivity of the resin layer is 2 to 8 x for '-deg'
lO'cal・cm'・sec'・deg') In order to obtain the thermal efficiency necessary for the desired fixing speed, the nip width formed with the pressure roller needs to be wide, and as a result, the nip pressure (Roller pressure to form) increases, and the load torque increases.
またこれにより部品の性能劣化も速くなるという欠点が
あった。This also has the disadvantage that the performance of the parts deteriorates quickly.
そこでこれらの欠点を改養するため離型性樹脂層にカー
ボン、アルミニウム、銅、炭化珪素、窒化硼素等の高熱
伝導性粒子を添加する提案もなされている（例えば特開
昭５５−１７９４６、同６０−８０８８３、同６４−７
２１８５） 。Therefore, in order to improve these drawbacks, it has been proposed to add highly thermally conductive particles such as carbon, aluminum, copper, silicon carbide, and boron nitride to the mold release resin layer (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 17946-1989, 60-80883, 64-7
2185).
しかしこれら提案の定着ローラでは高熱伝導性粒子の添
加によって表面層の離型性機能が低下する結果、オフセ
ット等が発生するという別の欠点が生じた。However, in these proposed fixing rollers, the addition of highly thermally conductive particles lowers the release function of the surface layer, resulting in another drawback in that offset occurs.
本発明の目的は従来技術における以上のような欠点を除
去し、表面層の離型性機能を低下させることなく、熱伝
導率を上げることにより、定着性の向上と共に、負荷ト
ルクの低減及びそれによる部品の寿命の向上を可能にし
た定着ローラを提供することである。The purpose of the present invention is to eliminate the above-mentioned drawbacks in the prior art, improve fixing performance, and reduce load torque by increasing thermal conductivity without reducing the release function of the surface layer. It is an object of the present invention to provide a fixing roller that makes it possible to improve the lifespan of parts.
前記目的は金属ローラ表面に非粘着離型性樹脂層を被覆
した定着ローラにおいて、前記樹脂層がフレーク状金属
を含有することを特徴とする本発明の定着ローラによっ
て達成される。The above object is achieved by the fixing roller of the present invention, in which the surface of the metal roller is coated with a non-adhesive release resin layer, wherein the resin layer contains flaky metal.
本発明定着ローラの一例の構成を第１図に示す。図中１
は芯材となる金属ローラ（パイプ状）、２はフレーク状
金属含育非粘着離型性樹脂層である。なおヒーターは図
示していないが、金属ローラ１に内蔵されている。また
第２図に第１図のＡ部の詳細を示す。図中３はフレーク
状金属である。ここでフレーク状金属３は樹脂層２の表
面に現われると、定着ローラ表面の離型性機能を低下さ
せる恐れがあるので、第２図に示すようにできるだけ樹
脂層２の内部に存在するよう、金属ローラ１の表面とほ
ぼ平行に配置させることが好ましい。FIG. 1 shows the structure of an example of the fixing roller of the present invention. 1 in the diagram
2 is a metal roller (pipe-shaped) serving as a core material, and 2 is a flaky metal-containing non-adhesive release resin layer. Although the heater is not shown, it is built into the metal roller 1. Further, FIG. 2 shows details of section A in FIG. 1. 3 in the figure is a flaky metal. Here, if the flaky metal 3 appears on the surface of the resin layer 2, there is a possibility that the release function of the surface of the fixing roller will be deteriorated, so as shown in FIG. It is preferable to arrange it substantially parallel to the surface of the metal roller 1.
ここでフレーク状金属としては、ステンレス、アルミニ
ウム又はその合金、ニッケル、チタン、銀等、好ましく
はステンレスが例示できる。なおフレーク状金属の含有
量は樹脂層に対し５〜５５重量％程度が適当である。Examples of the flaky metal include stainless steel, aluminum or its alloy, nickel, titanium, silver, and the like, preferably stainless steel. The appropriate content of the flaky metal is about 5 to 55% by weight based on the resin layer.
非粘着離型性樹脂としてはＰＴＦＥ、パーフルオロアル
コキシ基を有するテトラフルオロエチレン樹脂（ＰＦＡ
）及びそれらの混合物が例示できる。Non-adhesive mold release resins include PTFE and tetrafluoroethylene resins having perfluoroalkoxy groups (PFA).
) and mixtures thereof.
また金属ローラとしては従来のヒーターを内蔵したもの
がそのまま使用できる。なお金属材料の種類としてはア
ルミニウム及びその合金、鉄鋼等が挙げられる。Further, as the metal roller, a conventional one with a built-in heater can be used as is. Note that the types of metal materials include aluminum, its alloys, steel, and the like.
本発明の定着ローラを作るには金属ローラ表面に、フレ
ーク状金属を配合した非粘着離型性樹脂をコートするか
、前記樹脂をフィルム状にして貼合せるか、或いは前記
樹脂をチューブ状にしてかぶせた後、熱吸収させること
により、樹脂層を形成すればよい。なお樹脂層中にフレ
ーク状金属を金属ローラ表面とほぼ平行に配置するには
例えば製造時テフロンの原液の粘度をやや低くし、スプ
レー圧を４ｋｇｆと高くして吹きつければよい。いずれ
にしてもこの樹脂層の厚さは５μ〜４０μ程度が適当で
ある。To make the fixing roller of the present invention, the surface of the metal roller is coated with a non-adhesive release resin containing flake metal, the resin is laminated in the form of a film, or the resin is formed into a tube. After covering, a resin layer may be formed by absorbing heat. In order to arrange the flaky metal in the resin layer almost parallel to the surface of the metal roller, for example, the viscosity of the Teflon stock solution at the time of manufacture may be slightly lowered, and the spray pressure may be increased to 4 kgf. In any case, the appropriate thickness of this resin layer is about 5 .mu.m to 40 .mu.m.
本発明の定着ローラは加圧ローラと組合せて未定着トナ
ー画像を熱定着した場合、表面の樹脂層がフレーク状金
属を含有するため、表面の離型性機能が低下することな
く、定着性が改善される。特に樹脂層中のフレーク状金
属が金属ロニラの表面とほぼ平行に配置されでいると、
いっそう良好な結果が得られる。When the fixing roller of the present invention is used in combination with a pressure roller to thermally fix an unfixed toner image, the resin layer on the surface contains flaky metal, so the fixing ability is maintained without degrading the releasing function of the surface. Improved. In particular, if the flaky metal in the resin layer is arranged almost parallel to the surface of the metal lonilla,
Even better results can be obtained.
以下に本発明を実施例によって説明する。 The present invention will be explained below by way of examples.
アルミニウム合金製金属ローラの表面に２５μ厚のフレ
ーク状ステンレス含有ＰＦＡ樹脂層を被覆して本考案の
定着ローラを作り、定着テストを行って定着ローラの表
面温度による定着率の変化を調べた。なお樹脂層中のス
テンレス含有量は１５％（重量％、以下同様）及び３０
％の２種である。また樹脂層からステンレスを除いた他
は同様にして作成した従来品についてもテストした。そ
の結果を第３図に示す。図中曲線ａはステンレス含有量
Ｏ％の従来品、また曲線す及びＣは夫々ステンレス含有
量１５％及び３０％の本発明品である。この図からステ
ンレスを１５％含む本発明の定着ローラｂ及び同じ＜３
０％含む本発明の定着ローラＣは夫々従来のステンレス
等を含まない定着ローラａに比べて約ｌθ％及び約３０
％定着率が向上していることが判った。The fixing roller of the present invention was prepared by coating the surface of an aluminum alloy metal roller with a flaky stainless steel-containing PFA resin layer having a thickness of 25 μm, and a fixing test was conducted to examine changes in the fixing rate depending on the surface temperature of the fixing roller. The stainless steel content in the resin layer is 15% (weight%, same hereinafter) and 30%.
There are two types of %. We also tested a conventional product made in the same manner except that stainless steel was removed from the resin layer. The results are shown in FIG. Curve a in the figure is a conventional product with a stainless steel content of 0%, and curves A and C are products of the present invention with a stainless steel content of 15% and 30%, respectively. From this figure, the fixing roller b of the present invention containing 15% stainless steel and the same <3
The fixing roller C of the present invention containing 0% is about lθ% and about 30%, respectively, compared to the conventional fixing roller a which does not contain stainless steel or the like.
It was found that the % retention rate was improved.
同様な効果はステンレスの代りにアルミニウム又はその
合金、ニッケルを用いた場合、及びＰＦＡの代りにＰＴ
ＦＥ、又はＰＦＡとＰＴＦＥとの混合系を用いた場合に
ついても確認された。A similar effect can be obtained when aluminum or its alloy or nickel is used instead of stainless steel, and when PT is used instead of PFA.
It was also confirmed that FE or a mixed system of PFA and PTFE was used.
本発明の定着ローラは表面樹脂層中にフレク状金属を含
有させたので、表面層の離型性機能を殆ど低下させるこ
となく、熱伝導率を上げることができ、このため定着性
が向上し、オフセット等を発生することがなくなった。Since the fixing roller of the present invention contains a flexible metal in the surface resin layer, the thermal conductivity can be increased without substantially reducing the release function of the surface layer, and therefore the fixing performance is improved. , offset, etc. no longer occur.
特にこの効果は樹脂層中のフレーク状金属がローラ表面
とほぼ平行して配置されていると顕著である。また従来
のステンレス等を含まない定着ローラと同等の定着率を
得る場合は同様な理由から本発明の定着ローラは従来品
に比べてニップ巾を狭くできるので、ニップ圧も少なく
でき、このため負荷トルクの低減及びそれによる部品の
寿命の向上等の効果も得られる。This effect is particularly noticeable when the flaky metal in the resin layer is arranged substantially parallel to the roller surface. In addition, in order to obtain the same fixing rate as a conventional fixing roller that does not contain stainless steel, etc., for the same reason, the fixing roller of the present invention can have a narrower nip width than conventional products, so the nip pressure can be reduced, and therefore the load Effects such as reduction in torque and improvement in the lifespan of parts can also be obtained.
第１図は本発明定着ローラの一例の構成図、第２図は第
１図のＡ部の詳細図、また第３図は実施例で行った定着
テストの結果を示すグラフである。
ｌ・・・金属ローラ
２・・・フレーク状金属含有非粘着離型性樹脂層３・・
・フレーク状金属 ａ・・・従来の定着ローラｂ・
・・ステンレス含有量１５％の本発明の定着ローラＣ・
・・ステンレス含有量３０％の本発明の定着ローラ特許
出願人 株式会社 リ コ −（外１名）平成３年３月
ｌＪ日
特許庁長官 植 松 敏 殿
患２図
馬３図
３゜
４゜
定着ローラ
補正をする者
事件との関係 特許呂願人
東京都大田区中馬込１丁目３番６号
（６７４）株式会社 リ コ −（外１名）代表者 浜
１） 広FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of an example of the fixing roller of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a detailed diagram of section A in FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of a fixing test conducted in an example. l... Metal roller 2... Non-adhesive mold release resin layer containing flaky metal 3...
・Flake-like metal a... Conventional fixing roller b.
... Fixing roller C of the present invention with stainless steel content of 15%.
Patent applicant for the fixing roller of the present invention with a stainless steel content of 30% Ricoh Co., Ltd. - (1 other person) March 1991 Director General of the Japan Patent Office Satoshi Uematsu Relationship with the fixing roller correction case Ricoh Co., Ltd., 1-3-6 Nakamagome, Ota-ku, Tokyo (674) - (1 other person) Representative: Hiroshi Hama 1)
Claims (1)
着ローラにおいて、前記樹脂層がフレーク状金属を含有
することを特徴とする定着ローラ。1. A fixing roller in which the surface of the metal roller is coated with a non-adhesive release resin layer, wherein the resin layer contains flaky metal.
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP18093490A JPH0467187A (en) | 1990-07-09 | 1990-07-09 | Fixing roller |
| EP19910912922 EP0538347A4 (en) | 1990-07-09 | 1991-07-09 | Coated fixing roller |
| PCT/US1991/004750 WO1992000816A1 (en) | 1990-07-09 | 1991-07-09 | Coated fixing roller |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP18093490A JPH0467187A (en) | 1990-07-09 | 1990-07-09 | Fixing roller |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0467187A true JPH0467187A (en) | 1992-03-03 |
Family
ID=16091833
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP18093490A Pending JPH0467187A (en) | 1990-07-09 | 1990-07-09 | Fixing roller |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0538347A4 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH0467187A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1992000816A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7558520B2 (en) | 2003-10-24 | 2009-07-07 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Heating member for an image forming apparatus, having improved releasibility and conductivity |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5857950A (en) * | 1996-11-06 | 1999-01-12 | Pamarco Incorporated | Fluid metering roll |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3901700A (en) * | 1973-05-17 | 1975-08-26 | Eastman Kodak Co | Repellent compositions of fluorinated polymers and oils in electrophotographic processes |
| US3975352A (en) * | 1974-08-13 | 1976-08-17 | Eastman Kodak Company | Repellent compositions and elements containing the same |
| US4199626A (en) * | 1975-09-10 | 1980-04-22 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electrographic fixing member and apparatus and process using same |
| US4248918A (en) * | 1978-06-07 | 1981-02-03 | Stauffer Chemical Company | Pressure sensitive products and adhesive formulations |
| US4373239A (en) * | 1980-02-27 | 1983-02-15 | Xerox Corporation | Fusing member for electrostatographic copiers |
| US4568275A (en) * | 1981-11-25 | 1986-02-04 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Fixing device and fixing rotary member therefor |
| US4541830A (en) * | 1982-11-11 | 1985-09-17 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Dye transfer sheets for heat-sensitive recording |
| US4554562A (en) * | 1983-12-30 | 1985-11-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Scratch resistant recording materials for electroerosion printing not requiring a lubricant overcoat |
| DE3884331T2 (en) * | 1987-10-20 | 1994-01-20 | Sumitomo Electric Industries | Elastic fixing roller and process for its manufacture. |
| US4935785A (en) * | 1988-12-05 | 1990-06-19 | Xerox Corporation | Electrophotographic fuser roll and fusing process |
-
1990
- 1990-07-09 JP JP18093490A patent/JPH0467187A/en active Pending
-
1991
- 1991-07-09 EP EP19910912922 patent/EP0538347A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-07-09 WO PCT/US1991/004750 patent/WO1992000816A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7558520B2 (en) | 2003-10-24 | 2009-07-07 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Heating member for an image forming apparatus, having improved releasibility and conductivity |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0538347A1 (en) | 1993-04-28 |
| WO1992000816A1 (en) | 1992-01-23 |
| EP0538347A4 (en) | 1993-09-15 |
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