JPH04502120A - water purification system - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.

Description

[Detailed description of the invention] Concerning the provision of free water. This invention is useful during emergencies due to natural disasters and It may be particularly useful in situations where a physically safe water supply is not readily available.

Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of illness and death among children in developing countries. This is with the Lord This is due to the inadequate water supply in these countries. For example, 198 In 5 years, 59% of the farming population in these countries will have secure access to water. (Lancet (1987) 10117, p.890) During periods of emergency caused by natural disasters, epidemics, war, etc., access to safe water supplies is essential. This means that normal methods of water purification (filtration and chemical treatments) are not available and boiling is not practical. Because it is not practical, it is further restricted.

Vibrio cholerae, Shigella spp. 5 pecies), Campylobacter diezi x 2 (Campy l oba ctt e rjejuni), Nizierisia coli (Escheridium ( Cryptosporidium) and Schistosoma spp. 5 pecies). And in addition to this, periods of natural disasters, other infections The disease is carried through contaminated water. One of the main purposes of the water treatment process is , to eliminate such harmful bacteria. Furthermore, some of these bacteria can form nterotoxins and cause disease even in the absence of microorganisms. child Vibrio cholerae (V ibri.

cholerae) and Shigella species (Shigella spec 1es), this Contains the causative agent of Bacillus and shigellosis. Molecular weight of these enterotoxins are 90 kilodaltons and 82 kilodaltons, respectively.

An ideal water purification system would therefore eliminate these enterotoxins and their pathogens. will have to ensure that it is removed. Safely supplying pure water Prevention is the best way to prevent these diseases. child People with one of these water-borne illnesses often suffer from gastroenteritis, which is usually accompanied by diarrhea. suffer. In young people, the elderly, and those weakened by malnutrition, diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration. and cause death due to electrolyte depletion.

However, this can be reversed by “oral hydration therapy” (“Diarrhea Hydration Treatment”). Rehydration therapy in diarrh oea.

) Mohalanobi S, Acute intestinal infections in children J. (Acute enteric 1nfections in childr en, r New drama of treatment and prevention J (new p r o s p e ct for treatment and prevent 1on), Eds, H olme, T., Holmgren, J., Merson, M., Mo1lby. R.

Elsevier, 1981. pp. 303-318).

76g, Sodium chloride I, 76g, Potassium chloride 1°52g9 Sodium bicarbonate Composed of 1.68 g. However, a much simpler formulation is also effective, simply glucose or sucrose, sodium chloride, potassium chloride and bicarbonate Contains sodium. The simplest hydration formula is glucose and sodium chloride. or preferably potassium chloride. This simple but effective procedure -Resulted in a significant reduction in child deaths due to intestinal infections. Typhoid fever, cholera and fever Antibiotics are not needed to treat most gastrointestinal infections, except for some cases of dysentery. In any case, antibiotics are generally not available in the two countries. Must be kept in mind.

The most important ingredients in oral hydration mix tea are sugar sodium ions and potassium. Uno, it's Aeon. There is some controversy over the optimal concentration of these ingredients, and currently manufactured The prescribed prescriptions are within the following ranges:

a) Mixture of glucose paces (B a n k, S, and Farthing, M, J, G (1988), Advances in oral rehydration ation.

Drugs, Supplement 36:p, 56 & 83).

Glucose 67-200 mmol/1 sodium ion: 35-90 mmol mol/l potassium ion: 1O-25 mmol/1b) Mixture of Satsuka lospace Compound (de Zoysa.

I2 and Lindsay-3mith, E. (1983), 'Diarrhoe. a management and oral rehydration the rapy in rural homes in Zimbabwe’, 5av e the Children Fund, London, p37): Sanoriki loin: 50-149 mmol/l sodium ion: 30-100 mmol Rimol/1 Recently, rotavirus (rotav), the causative agent of viral meningitis, has been studied. iris) and Cryptosporjdium 5p Chlorine 1, a common technique for purifying water from suspected sources (e.g. Therefore, it has been suggested that it will not become extinct.

The present invention is free from pathogenic microorganisms and without the need for chemical sterilization or boiling. cholerae and Shigella 5pecies enterotoxins. It provides a simple method to produce purified water free of

This method can be used for drinking or cooking purposes, for medical purposes, e.g. for preparing drugs, for injection or for intravenous use. For the administration of drugs by intravenous infusion, for blood or plasma substances and for oral hydration compositions can be used to provide water for use. This method is useful in developing countries, especially when dealing with natural disasters. Can be used for a period of

In other countries, this method is also used by outdoor workers, e.g. cambers, walkers. and by mountaineers to provide microorganism-free water from streams or rivers. and by medical teams lacking access to safe water supplies. Especially this invention? The advantage is that the equipment required to produce the necessary clean water is lightweight. It is a certain thing. It is worth mentioning that the water must be free of microorganisms and enterotoxins. The goal is not only to provide solutions, but also to provide solutions suitable for oral hydration treatment. .

Thus, the present invention provides at least one substantially microorganism-free water-soluble solid. A method for producing a non-toxic solution of the solid or its concentrated solution in a container equipped with a selectively permeable membrane in contact with it; hold in The other side of the membrane is kept in contact with water for a predetermined period of time so that water flows into the container by osmosis. consisting of preventing the entry or passage of microorganisms from the water into the container. .

Selectively permeable membranes allow water and low molecular weight solutes to pass into and out of the container. in water When contacted, the membrane allows water to enter the container and dissolve the solids. Contact As the contact time increases, water is drawn into the container by osmotic pressure, diluting the solid solution. too outside the container if it is solid or below the cutoff or exclusion size molecular weight of the membrane material. The two processes are graseous dilution of the solution. al dilution). Selecting solids and contact times and conditions This method allows for the formation of solutions of specific concentrations and also allows for the formation of substantially no By continuing until a limited dilution is achieved, this method can be used for e.g. It is possible to produce water that is suitable and substantially free of the original water-soluble solids.

On the other hand, the membranes contain microorganisms such as V, cholerae and shigella species. Produced water is virtually free of microorganisms and enterotoxins. It does not include. The water-soluble solids and the inside of the container are first sterilized, Provided there is no contamination during subsequent operations. Of course, some applications, For example, when it comes to applications such as the production of drinking water for healthy people, In such applications where sterility is not required, the water soluble solids and the inside of the container may be It is clean and will not contain harmful amounts of pathogenic microorganisms. Other applications, e.g. intravenous In the production of solutions for administration, absolute sterilization is essential, and in such cases water The soluble solids and the interior of the container are manufactured using sterile methods, sterilized and kept sterile until use. kept in condition.

The term "substantially free of microorganisms" means that the material contains less than one viable microorganism per ml. 0.1able) means containing cells or spores.

The method of the invention can be performed using any suitable, readily available or specially prepared selective Implementation using permeable membrane materials and any water-soluble solids (sterilized if necessary) be able to. Typical membrane materials have molecules in the 12-14 kilodalton (KD) range. Amount cut-off (cut-off) for multicellular parasites, protocytosis, and bacteria A. Except for things that exist in the water outside the tube, such as bacteria and viruses, cholerae and Shigella species. It has a molecular weight of

Some, such as the heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, The enterotoxin has a low molecular weight, or a molecular weight cutoff of about 4WD. It can be eliminated using membranes. Such a membrane can contain the molecular weight of endotoxin. Since it exceeds 1,000 kilodaltons, it also eliminates endotoxins. workman Ndotoxins (pyrogienes of bacterial origin) are produced by the cells of Gram-negative bacteria. It is a component of the cell wall and all intravenously administered solutions contain endotoxin. It must be something that does not exist. The inside of the semipermeable membrane and its interior are sterilized and the end Provided that they are free of toxins, the present invention provides solutions suitable for intravenous administration. It can be used to serve.

A wide variety of semipermeable materials are available with different molecular weight cut-offs, allowing for a wide range of choices. It is.

These substances include: a. Cellulose - widely used to describe osmotic phenomena and to purify substances by dialysis. It is.

b. Cellophane C, benzoylated cellulose d, viscose cellulose e.Collagen is included.

A preferred material is cellulose. This is because it is obtained in a very pure form. It is non-toxic, does not tear or break when wet, does not change in quality, and can be submerged in water for a long time. This is because it is possible to preserve time.

A preferred molecular weight cutoff is 12-14 kilodaltons. This is because are all microorganisms and important ae, Shigella species, Campylobac Furthermore, it is the most widely used material for dialysis, is cheap, and is readily available. hand is possible.

In some applications of this process, solids are present only to ensure water ingress. and substantially completely removed before the water is used. In such cases, solid The nature of the It is preferred that it be non-toxic at certain concentrations (minimum concentrations). Obviously, if If the solids are substantially completely removed by diffusion, the solids will reduce the molecular weight of the membrane. Must have a molecular weight below OFF.

In other applications, solids are present in the final solution produced by the method. It is necessary. The solid, if its molecular weight is greater than the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane, For example, dextrin, dextran or some water-soluble glucose In some cases, such as polymers, they are completely retained within the container (Economist Eco nomist, May 27, 1989, 118-120).

However, the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane is required to be present in the final solution. For solids whose molecular weight is less than A balance must be struck between ensuring sufficient water injection for do not have.

In producing water with a minimum concentration of solids, contact with water moving through the membrane is required. is preferable. If a particular final solids concentration is required, it can be achieved using moving water. However, it is preferable to use a predetermined initial amount of water; may be stationary or stirred.

Finding the minimum time required to achieve the desired final concentration of solute is a simple It's a matter of trial and error. It is unlikely that this will last less than 1 minute, but for more than 2 days. The fact that it costs a lot of money makes it unattractive for use. Usually the desired final concentration is within 24 hours, preferably from 2 to 12 hours, such as 3.4.6.8 or 10 can be achieved in time.

If you want to use more than one solid in the container, e.g. When preparing a certain food, create an osmotic pressure that allows the desired amount of water to enter. Therefore, it must contain at least one soluble solid.

If the container contains two or more solids, each of which is soluble in water and has the desired concentration. If you want to make a solution of Consider and adjust both the diffusion rate from the container. For more details, see the example below. There is a description. In such cases, the membrane is contacted with a predetermined initial amount of water. This minimum (or maximum) required contact time can be determined by simple trial and error. Determine.

A simple method to ensure a final concentration of solutes with a molecular weight below the membrane molecular weight cutoff The membrane is contacted with a predetermined initial amount of water and the concentration inside and outside the container is Continue contact with or without stirring until equilibrium is achieved. Therefore to achieve the desired concentration at a predetermined initial amount. Including sufficient solids, the predetermined minimum time is the time required to achieve equilibrium. shall be.

The water-soluble solid is a mixture of solutes, the molecular weight of one or more of the solutes being A similar method can be used when the solute is lower than the , maintain contact with water.

When selecting solids for use in the present invention, the relative water aggregation effects of the various solutes should be considered. r-gathering effect) must be taken into account. The osmotic pressure is On a weight-to-weight basis, lower molecular weight solutes are less likely to be Generates a higher osmotic pressure than molecular solutes. However, the internal diffusion of water Thus, the tendency of low molecular weight solutes to rapidly diffuse out of the container reduces the water aggregation effect. let For example, sodium and chloride ions quickly pass through cellulose membranes. , by a mixture of sodium chloride and glucose, sucrose or fructose. It has little effect on the amount of water collected.

Sugar collects much more water, as seen in the examples below.

Water soluble solids included in other containers include dried blood material, blood or plasma substitutes, More complex oral water supplements, e.g. other electrolytes or amino acids and nutritional components , such as partially dehydrated food containing dry nutritional substances, solid milk and water soluble solids.

If these solids do not contain nutritional components, nutritional components may be added. stomach. Other preferred water gathering and nutrient solids include rice powder (rice powder), and rice powder.

The nutrient suspension produced according to the present invention is characterized by the fact that during the aggregation of water by water-soluble solids, Alternatively, it may be heated later.

sugar, such as glucose, sucrose or fructose and at least one Oral hydration agents based on electrolytes, e.g. sodium chloride, can be prepared by the method of the present invention. Can be manufactured. Preferably, these include the membrane and a predetermined starting amount. of water, the electrolyte becomes 1,000 liters inside and outside the container, and most of the sugar diffuses and becomes voluminous. It can also be manufactured by placing the eye in contact with the inside of the container.

Furthermore, the solute can be , either in the initial collection of water with water-soluble solids or in subsequent stages. can be introduced into the container by diffusion from water (injected).

A particular aspect of the invention is to incorporate a mixture of chemicals of known composition into a semipermeable material (i.e. , a substance that allows the passage of molecules smaller than a certain molecular weight, molecular weight cutoff)) into the formed tubing, sealingly tie the tubing at each end (but by other means), then It is characterized by immersing the tubing in water. Water on the outside of the tube passes through a semi-permeable membrane and enters the tube. Inside, the mixture becomes a concentrated solution. This concentrated solution is similar to the water on the outside of the tube. Since the water also has a high osmotic pressure, more water will diffuse into the tube and the solution inside the tube will The total amount of increases gradually. At the same time some of the mixture gradually exits the tube. It's coming. This is because the membrane is permeable to the constituents of the mixture. if, If the semipermeable material is at the molecular weight cutoff or 12-14 kilodaltons, the outside of the tube Protocia, bacteria, fungi and viruses that may be present in the water are In addition, the enterots produced by water-borne pathogens may permeate into the side solution. Many of the toxins are too large to pass into solution. Polarization, inside the tube The side contains all microorganisms and the most important enterotoxin. (provided that the interior and water-soluble solids are initially contaminated with microorganisms and entero- (provided it is free of toxins).

In addition to providing water free of microorganisms, the present invention also provides a The focus is on providing solutions suitable for oral hydration therapy. Soaking required The period of time depends on the tube components and the amount and composition of the initial mixture contained within the tube. (See Examples below).

The containers and membranes used in the invention can take any convenient form. Big To produce potable water in large quantities, the container must have a large surface area and be placed near a flowing stream, such as a river or reservoir. The membrane has a form suitable for still water, and is further supplemented with water-soluble solids. Means for extracting added or purified water may be provided. Small scale, e.g. In the case of use for personal administration of oral hydration agents, the container simply contains at least one Close! It is sufficient that the membrane exists in a tubular shape having ends. This container (or smaller) After a predetermined minimum immersion of the chain end), from several meters to one liter, e.g. Oral hydration of 50 ml to 500 ml, preferably 100 to 200 ml To make the agent, it is immersed in a container such as a bracket or pitcher. Other specific examples as a complex external container for purifying contaminated water and/or for extracting purified water. Means: e.g. mouthpiece, drinking tube, septum ), optionally equipped with a hypodermic needle or intravenous infusion set with an attached needle good.

As a further illustration, the container is reusable and permeable to water containing a certain amount of water-soluble solids. It may also include multiple compartments that are sealed so that they do not occur. like that The compartments contain solids that can be stored in reusable containers or used At every turn, it opens to release.

This compartment has a screw-on, click-fit cap. fit cap), break line (break] 1ne) or other It may have an opening means such as a weak point, Alternatively, simply by cutting or tearing, depending on the material, method of construction and end use purpose. Can be opened. Compartments containing drugs, additional solutes, insoluble substances or liquids is released into purified water when its contents or membranes are removed from the dirty starting water. I can do something. This method allows for rapid administration, making expensive and valuable Loss of substances due to diffusion into the starting water can be prevented.

In some applications, the membrane and the container containing at least one water-soluble solid are in communication. In the form of a continuous woven fabric, with perforations or as individual containers from a number of container webs. It may also be made with a means to separate the materials.

Containers transport and transport membranes and/or other fragile, delicate, non-critical components. It may also be provided with means of protection during storage. The container is equipped with suspension means You can leave it there. Prevents access to clean solution until contaminated water is removed It is also possible to have a means to do so.

When designing a container equipped with (or consisting of) a membrane for use in the present invention, it is necessary to Do you need to allow enough internal volume to contain the desired final volume? It is preferable to achieve without back pressure. Yes. This more t-hack pressure reduces the osmotic pressure caused by the solute and in severe cases can destroy the membrane and cause loss or contamination of purified water.

The means of obtaining purified water from the container is free from contamination from the environment, especially those that have come into contact with the membrane (and the container). The design shall take into account the prevention of contamination from impure water.

The container may also include means and/or an indication that a predetermined minimum contact time has elapsed. The device may include means for indicating that the interior is no longer sterile. this is, For example, high molecular weight blue dextran can be placed on the outside of the membrane as an indicator of contamination. , thereby can be achieved by coloring the contaminated water. Therefore , contamination of bactericidal solutes (e.g. when membranes are ruptured) is indicated by coloration of the solution. . For displaying sugar and salt concentrations, use instructions similar to those used during urine sampling. You can use pieces.

Such a piece can have several sections containing different indicators. For example, color display of pH, glucose, sodium, potassium, and chlorine concentration. or given. This kind of indicator piece is available from BDHLimlted. , Poole, UK). The preferred form of this substance is a long thin tube. It is. This is because it increases the surface area/volume ratio which allows for rapid uptake of water. It is et al. Various oral hydration agents have been proposed, but one simple one is It is a ``glucose electrolyte'' solution recommended by the World Health Organization. This is nato Liumium 90 mmol/1. Potassium 20mmoJ/I, chlorine 80mmo1/], It consists of 30 mmol/1 bicarbonate and 11 mmol/1 glucose. Even more complex A crude prescription is sodium 50rnmol/I, potassium 20mmol/1. Chlorine 50 mmol/I, bicarbonate 20 mmol/1. Glucose 91 mmol /1.　Fructose 2 mmol/1], sucrose 94 mmol/1 and Que 9 mmol/1 of phosphoric acid.

Flavoring agents may also include polymeric soluble proteins and/or polysaccharides and other It can be added as well as other ingredients required for the final solution.

Preferably, the water purification system contains an oral hydration mixture or other chemical ingredients. It consists of a semi-permeable membrane tube of a certain length containing a compound. The tube can be clipped or knotted at one end. knot or heat sealing or bruin sealed by gluing means. The other end preferably has a clip on the hand After the tube has been sealed and soaked overnight (or other suitable period) in water, It can be opened to allow access to the purified water inside. Place the tube in water overnight (or other After immersion (for a suitable period of time), the user removes the tube from the water and removes any remaining water from the outside of the tube. Remove the water, remove the clip, and pour the contents into a drinking container. Pour or serve directly to the opening of the tube using the mouthpiece. The pipe is Preferably, throw it away. This is because it is biodegradable and soil waste. Used to modify or improve texture. On the contrary, this The water purification system is (1) A semi-transparent tube of a certain length, sealed at one end and funnel-shaped at the other end; (2) a clip that temporarily seals the opening while the tube is immersed in water; (3) supplied in the form of a kit consisting of an oral hydration mixture or a mixture of chemicals; I can do that. The user pours the mixture into the tube through the funnel-shaped end and Seal the barbed end with a clip and immerse the tube in water. After a suitable period of soaking, use The user should remove the tube from the water, remove any water that has adhered to the outside of the tube, and remove the clip. Remove and pour the solution into another drinking container, or insert the funnel-shaped end into the mouthpiece. drink the solution directly from the tube. The tube is then preferably discarded. It will be done. For, when the tube is wet, it is difficult to add a new mixture again. Contamination of the inside of the tube can occur due to technical difficulties and insufficient precautions It's for a reason.

The present invention has been used in developing countries to contain microorganisms rather than as a form of hydration treatment. The composition of the mixture to be included inside the pipe when used only to provide a water source The scope is much larger. For this purpose, for example, the total amount of sugar (because the final concentration is higher than that of oral hydration treatment) (when not exact), the diffusion rate increases proportionally and decreases the soaking time of the tube. It's coming. In addition to this, high molecular weight water-soluble proteins and/or polysaccharides You can also add rides into the mix. This is because these This is to increase the scanning speed. Also, flavoring agents that improve taste are very important. be.

The present invention further provides containers used in the above-described method, purified water, and containers used in the production of pharmaceuticals. the use of containers made by the method of the invention and the treatment of humans or animals with solutions produced by the method of the invention. Provide a method for placing Such solutions, containers and methods are further aspects of the invention. form.

Particular aspects of the claimed invention are as follows.

A. All microorganisms and Vibrio cholerae and Shigell A non-toxic water soluble solid free of enterotoxins of type A and effective in providing osmotic pressure. A method for providing a solution of salt, which method comprises dissolving the salt and making the solution concentrated enough to drink. Osmotic pressure forces water into the container until enough water enters the container to dilute the microorganisms or molecules with a molecular weight greater than 70 kilodaltons. A mixture of compounds contained in a sealed beverage container with a membrane to prevent Consists of pickling.

B. The container is sealed at one end and one end is used as a mouthpiece or can be opened again to cooperate with another mouthpiece for drinking. The above method consists of a tube that is

The above method prevents the passage of molecules having a molecular weight greater than 12 kilodaltons through a C0 membrane.

D. Membrane or cellulose or its derivatives or regenerated forms thereof The above method OE, which is a non-toxic water-soluble salt, is suitable for oral hydration treatment. The above method is a mixture with a composition such that the solution results in a liquid solution.

F. (1) a mixture of solid chemicals for hydration treatment; (2) a drinkable product with a membrane as described above; (3) means for temporarily sealing the container while immersed in water; A kit used in the above method consisting of:

G. A beverage container, permanently sealed at one end and temporarily closed at the other end by means of a clip. A kit as described above consisting of a tube provided for sealing.

A mixture of H4 compounds or contained in a beverage container.''-Kit 1-0 1. In conjunction with the container, put salt in the mouthpiece and container so that you can safely drink from the container. 7. A kit as described above, further comprising means for providing both means for filling the kit.

J. The membrane has the above-mentioned key that prevents the passage of molecules with a molecular weight greater than 12 gyrodaltons. t.

1<, the above kit, which is a membrane, cellulose or a derivative thereof, or a regenerated form.

A mixture of soluble chemicals can be dissolved in water for use in drinking or hydration treatments. osmosis, which provides water for forming a liquid; and dialysis to remove microorganisms or harmful high molecular weight substances from solutions. Use of a single membrane.

The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings. here, FIG. 1 shows a partially cut-away front view of a container for use in the invention.

FIG. 2 shows a side view of the device of FIG. Figure 3 shows different types of containers used in the present invention. showing a front view of the container, FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of Example 2.

Referring to FIG. 1, a container 1 includes a suspension means l, a spout with a lid 3 and a purifier. It consists of a septum 4 that draws out water. Internally, the container has walls that are impermeable to water. The wastewater 5 and It has two compartments for purified water 6. Compartment 6 is a separate body A quantity of water soluble solid 8 is provided in contact with 7.

In use, waste water is poured into compartment 5 via the spout. . The container is then placed on a suitable hook while compartment 6 is filled with purified water. Hanged. The remaining waste water should be poured into the spout 3 before drawing out the purified water from the septum 4. be thrown away from

Provide separate pouring means and means for collecting purified water, such as a tap or dropper. I can do it. Separator between two compartments or entirely selectively permeable membrane material Being is not essential. However, the part of the separator 7 that comes into contact with the solid 8 It is a substance like that. The placement of the separator 7 in the container is not strict; Or something like a diagonal separator is also good.

Another container for use in the present invention is a container such as that described in Figures 1 and 2, or simply Instead of one solid 8, the container can contain multiple solids or concentrated solutions of solids, as shown in Figure 3. It is equipped with a packet of liquid. The container in Figure 3 has one of the wrappers 10 broken and the solids separated. Operate it so that it comes into contact with the membrane of the separation body 7, and then pour the Convert Mejitro with waste water. and collect the purified water as described above. Discard the remaining waste water and use purified water. Once collected, the container should be opened with the second package 10 and flushed with a new volume of waste water. It can be reused by doing so. Packets containing solid or liquid ingredients, e.g. drugs may be provided for release of solid or liquid components into purified water. Co for purified water The compartment is subdivided into water soluble solids, semi-permeable membranes and water recovery means. There may be a plurality of sealed compartments comprising sections. different packaging , each may be coded to contain a different substance to be added. For example, colored It is a code.

There are many variations of containers that can be used with the present invention. The present invention will be explained below using examples. They are not intended to be more detailed or to limit the claims of the invention.

The following experiments were conducted to determine the conditions for producing oral hydration agents by the method of the present invention. It was conducted to Unless otherwise noted, glucose determination methods are from Technico n(trademark) RAlooO (Technicon, Basingstoke, UK) ), and sodium t and potassium ion concentrations were determined using IL343 frame. Flame Photometer (Instrument) Laboratories Ltd, Warrington, UK The study was conducted using the Japanese government.

In many cases, the solutions to be measured first had to be diluted to a considerable extent.

Experiment 1 20 parts glucose, 5.25 parts sodium chloride, 1.5 parts potassium chloride ( 40g of the formulation (parts by weight) in a 38mm or 29mm diameter section of cellulose dialysis tube, and both ends were sealed. Place each section of tube in sulfuric water for 17 ℃ or 30°C. Place a section of 29mm tubing in 1 liter of still water. It was immersed at 17°C or 30°C. The results are shown in Tables 1 to 6.

Table 1. 17°C running water, 38mm diameter pipe.

Time Accumulated amount Glucose (Na”) (K’″) (h) (ml) Milimo Le mmol mmol 3.5 10B 960 290 25.54.5 1 26 676 121 8.45.5 138 488 64 3.66.51 44 338 38 1.8 7.5148 328 25 1.1 g, 25 351 224 16 0.6 Table 2. 17℃ running water, 29mm diameter pipe Time Accumulation amount Glucose (Na”) (K”) (h) (ml) Milli Mol mmol mmol 2.5 110 902 286 37.83.5 132 612 12+ 12.44.5 152 376 43 3 5.5 166 366 38 0.96.5 173 166 9 0.4 7.5 178 128 5 0.2 8.25 180 78 3 0.1 Table 3. 30’C running water, 29mm diameter tube Time Accumulation amount Glucose (Na”) ) (K”) (h) (ml) mmol mmol mmol 2-5 13 8 478 67 6.43.5160 272 19 1.2 4.5 176 124 6 0.3 5.5 1?8 80 3 0.3 6.5177 146 3 0.2 7.5 178 96 3 0.3 8.25 178 170 2 0.2 Table 4. 30″C running water, 38mm diameter pipe Time Accumulated amount Glucose (Na″″) [K″) (h) (ml) Milimo mmol mmol 2.5 130 128 127 13.63.5 1 50 128 45 3.44.5 162 194 11 0.55.5 1 68 86 4 0.2 6.5 +74 78 3 0.2 7.5 174 102 3 0.2 8.25 174 100 2 0.1 Table 5. 17℃, constant amount of external water Time Accumulation amount Glucose (Na”) (K”) (h) (ml) Milli Mol mmol mmol 3.5 112 954 376 684.5 12 4 704 44.5 5.5 136 562 194 36.26.5 144 456 170 33.57.5 150 382 155 32g, 5 151 320 11 6 25.5 Table 6. Fixed amount of water outside at 30℃ Time Accumulation amount Glucose (Na) (K) (h) (ml) mmol Millimoles Millimoles 2.5 116 462 288 51.23.5 13 2 576 +90 35.74.5 142 428 166 335.5 148 366 149 316.5 152 296 145 31.57. 5 154 280 149 338.5 152 224 120 27.9 24 154 116 125 28.7 comments Use in this particular formulation in running water is for oral hydration therapy, glucose/Nat. It did not provide the necessary balance of lium/potassium ions.

A sterile glucose solution for drinking is obtained by steeping for 8 hours or more. (Table 1-4) .

Use of this formulation with an external static constant volume of water provides a near-accurate glucosurine for oral hydration. salt/salt balance (Tables 5 and 6).

An increase in temperature from 17°C to 30°C increases the rate of water uptake and the glucose/salt level. It appears to increase the rate at which equilibration occurs (Tables 5 and 6).

The diameter of the tube appears to influence the rate of water uptake and the composition of the resulting solution. . Smaller diameter tubes have a greater water uptake rate and with glucose/salt loss (Tables 1 and 2).

This is probably due to the larger surface area/volume ratio.The purpose of this experiment was to By varying the amount of water, you can influence both the rate of water uptake and the composition of the resulting solution. The purpose is to examine the effects on

experiment! The same glucose/sodium chloride/potassium chloride mixture used in Add part g to a 22 cm long 29 mm diameter tube and soak the tube with 50 to 500 ml of water. was immersed at 30°C. Internal volume and concentration were determined at 24 hours. The results are shown in Table 7. .

Table 7゜ Initial external uptake Glucose Na''K゛Volume ml) Amount (ml) Milli Mol/l mmol 1 mmol/130046115+17 26 250 45 170 +37 31 +50 42 301 228 52 comment By varying the formulation or the volume of water being soaked, the amount of water uptake and yield can be adjusted. The composition of the solution is affected.

Therefore, by soaking the formulation in an appropriate amount of water, a solution of known composition can be obtained. It is possible. Based on the above results, is it a solution with an appropriate composition for oral hydration therapy? , obtained by soaking 10 g of the above formulation in 400 to 500 rnl of water. I understand that.

Experiment 3 The experiments described below are based on the obtained composition of the solution by changing the composition of the mixture. This was carried out to examine the impact.

5.22 parts of sodium chloride, 1.1.25 parts of potassium chloride, and a variable of 16 A new formulation containing 32 parts by weight of glucose was used. part of this mixture Add to 29mm tube,! The shoes were kept warm in 1 to 30°C of water. Internal amount and concentration The temperature was measured in 24 hours. The results are shown in Table 8.

Table 8゜ Glucose Volume Glucose Na"K" (g) (ml) mmol F1 mmol 1 mmol/118 110 79 81, 14 26 +42 169 86 14 This experiment consisted of 36 g of glucose, 10.44 g of sodium chloride, and 2 g of potassium chloride. ．． Put 25g into a 29mm tube, 2 liters of water: 18 hours and 24 hours at 30°C. Redo with soaked mixture. The results are shown in Table 9.

Table 9゜ Time rrfI amount g/l/: 7-su N a “K” (h) (ml) mmol/l mmol/l mmol/1 comment 16g to 20g of glucose, 5.22g of sodium chloride and 1.2g of potassium chloride. A mixture containing 125 g is effective for oral hydration therapy when soaked in 1 liter of water. A suitable solution can be prepared (Table 8).

Larger volumes of solution suitable for oral hydration therapy can be obtained by using larger amounts of the mixture. However, the amount of water immersed increases (Table 9) Experiment 4 1 liter of water, 18 g of glucose in a 29 mm tube kept at 4°C, Experiment using a mixture of 5.22 g of sodium chloride and 1.125 g of potassium chloride 3 was repeated. Glucose concentration was determined by Sigma Ltd. (Pool It was determined using a diagnostic kit purchased from E.E., UK). Sodium ion concentration is Sodium sensitive electrode (Whatman International 1onal Ltd, Maidstone, UK).

The results are shown in Table 10.

Table 10゜ Time Amount Glucose Na” (h) (ml) mmol/l mmol/1 comment Solutions suitable for oral hydration therapy should be prepared when the water temperature is as low as 2°C. It shows that it can be obtained within 4 hours.

Experiment 5 Solutions containing glucose, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride or oral hydration therapy Although preferred, a simpler formulation containing only sucrose and sodium chloride is also It turned out to be effective.

A portion of 50g sucrose and 120g sodium chloride is 38mm or 83m Sections of m tubes were immersed in running water at room temperature for various times to determine the internal volume and concentration. was measured. Saccharose concentration is determined by Dupois et al. (Cut+ois) Analysis tical Chemistry, 39; 350-356 (1956). Determined using the nol/sulfuric acid method. Sodium ion concentration is measured using a sodium sensitive element. Using Kutrode (Whatman International-ional Ltd) It was decided that The results are shown in Table 11.

Table 11゜ Tube Time Volume Amount Sucrose Na″″ (h) (ml) mmol/ l mmol/I38+nm 16 670 80 1783+nm 16 650 96 4624, 680 46 12 40 7+5 19 12 comment The rate of water uptake and the composition of the solution depended on the diameter of the tube used.

Using an 83 mm tube, a large volume of solution (650 ml > 1 Obtained after 6 hours (Table]).

The method is useful for obtaining large quantities of sterile sucrose-containing solutions for beverages and other purposes. It is. Water uptake with saccharose is more efficient than with glucose. be.

Experiment 6 The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of soaking a sucrose-containing mixture in a given amount of water. There was something to consider. Place a portion of the mixture below inside a section of 32mm tubing. It was then immersed in water at 30°C, and the internal volume and concentration were measured.

The results are shown in Table 12.

A 20g sucrose, 5.22g NaCl 1.13g KCIB 20 g Sucrose, 7.83g NaC11, 69g KCIC20g Saccharose 10.44g NaC 12.25g KCID 30g Sucrose, 5. 22g NaCl 1.13g KCI table 12° Mixture Initial amount Time Capacity Sacca Na “K + Claw h) (ml) Millimorph 1 mmol/I mmol/lA 1 liter e 8 138 128 77 13B 1.51itres 8 156 1 26 86 14C2Htres 8 168 NO8734D 1litre 8 188 186 86 14 comments Solutions having a composition suitable for oral hydration may contain either 1, 1.5 or 2 liters of water. In both cases, it is obtained after only 8 hours of soaking (Table 12).

Water uptake by sucrose is more efficient than that achieved with glucose. be.

Experiment 7 The purpose of this experiment, described below, was to examine the ability of the membrane to exclude particles present in the internal solution. It was to do. 40g glucose/sodium chloride/potassium chloride mixture Pseudomonas aeruginosa blue dextran (0, It was immersed in still water containing 2g/l, mw2 x 10'D).

Final OD of solution outside the tube: A, □. =0.241 Final OD of solution in tube: Ag 2O = 0 Pseudomonas amount in extra tube solution = 45 x 10 @ pieces/m 18174 hours soaking After soaking, no Pseudomonas was detected in the tube. The detection method used was bacterial It was possible to detect 1 cell/ml.

comment The membrane was successfully coated with blue dextran (molecular weight 2XlO@) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eliminated Pseudo-monas aeruginosa .

Since pathogenic bacteria are larger than blue dextran molecules, this result indicates that harmful bacteria and This suggests that viruses are eliminated by membranes.

Experiment 8 The purpose of this experiment was to ensure that the individual components of an oral hydration treatment mixture were placed in a semipermeable membrane. The purpose of this study was to examine what kind of behavior it would exhibit in this case.

100 mmol portion of glucose (18 g), sodium chloride (5,8 g) or Potassium chloride (7.4 g) was placed in a section of 29 mm tubing, and each section of tubing was was immersed in 1 liter of water at 30°C. Internal capacity and internal and external glucose, sodium chloride Lium and potassium chloride concentrations were measured.

The results are shown in Table 13.

Table 13゜ Time Glucose NaCl KCI (h) mmol/l mmol/l mmol/l inside volume outside inside volume Outside capacity Inside outside (ml) (ml) (ml) 8 80 160 100 16 111 120 II +10 102 comments nt This result indicates that most of the water uptake occurs during the first 8 hours of immersion and glucose has the greatest water uptake capacity per mole of test compound.

Both sodium chloride and potassium chloride were rapidly (8 hours) mixed with the solution outside the membrane. (within), but glucose takes longer.

By varying the amount of external solution and the amount of material inside the initial membrane, the system can It can be used to obtain sterile glucose and saline solutions of the desired composition. water This is because most of the water is washed away by sugar and there is a rapid equilibrium of salt. −) has very important practical implications. First, at least the water you need As long as half of the salt is in the bag, dangerous concentrations of salt are unlikely (this study This is clearly the case when using potassium salts and either oral or injectable therapy. means. Second, sugar, or even dextran or purified water, should not be added to the diet in a suitable diet. 1, which means that it can be immersed in salt water, and the salt enters by diffusion. , this would allow easy addition to simple formulations to be manufactured.

Experiment 9 The water uptake capacity of other water-IIF soluble compounds was determined as follows.

(a,) 1 g of f-xtran (medical grade, molecular weight 60-90, 000), ( b) 10g dextrin (type 3), (c) 10g dextran and sucrose (d) 5 g of sukkah and 75 g of 1 kou of sukkah were placed in a section of 29rnm tube. , the tube was immersed in running water (room temperature). The internal capacity was measured7, and the results are shown in Table 14. .

Table 14゜ Capacity after 18 hours After 24 hours Textrun-18+nl (1.8ml/g) 2On+1 (20ml,' g’) (0.95 dry weight or tube? collection) Saccharose-39ml (8ml/g>39ml (8ml/g) Text Phosphorus = 66ml (7ml/g) 76ml (8m!/g) Dextrin + Soccer 0-Su 86ml (6ml/’g) 98ml (7ml/g) Comment 1- On a weight basis, dextran appears to be the most effective at water uptake.

Experiment 10 Dextran solution containing saline can be used as a plasma replacement administered by intravenous infusion. Usually used. The purpose of this experiment was to pull water through a dextran or semipermeable membrane. It has been used to determine whether it can be used to obtain a solution free of microorganisms. There was something to be determined.

(a) 2 g dextran (medical grade, molecular weight approx. 70,000) or (b) ) Add 2 g of dextran and 9 g of sodium chloride to a section of 29 mm tubing. The tube section was placed inside and soaked in 1 liter of water at 20°C.

Add 2 g of dextran from the 29 mm tube section to 1 liter of saline. (9g,/1). 40ml aliquot of 5% dextran solution (above) (prepared in the same manner as described in Section 1) was placed in a 29 mm tube and immersed in saline solution (9 g/l). did.

The volume and ion concentration of the resulting solution were measured at various times after immersion (Na ion i-pole). The results are shown in Table 15.

comment Although dextran is effective in drawing water across semipermeable membranes, other solutions tested Unlike quality, uptake takes a long time to reach "saturation." Socceroo A further difference between dextran, glucose, and sodium chloride is that dextran itself body, cannot pass through semipermeable membranes (its molecular weight is 70,000), and therefore and is held entirely within the tube. This means taking a 10ml sample from the tube. This was proven by evaporation and drying. Drying of recovered dextran The weight showed that all of it was kept inside the bag. Dextran 2 When a mixture of g and 9 g of sodium chloride is soaked in 1 liter of water for 24 hours, A solution of ideal composition for intravenous infusion: 5% dextran and 0.9% sodium chloride. Thorium was obtained. Such a solution is a 5% dextran solution (as described above). This could also be achieved by soaking the preparation) in 0.9% sodium chloride. this The method involves preparing a dextran-based solution supplemented with other solutes, including various drugs. It could also be used for manufacturing.

Experiment 2 A mixture suitable for oral hydration therapy was prepared containing the following chemicals (Mixture 10 (per 0g).

Sodium chloride 3.18 g Potassium chloride 2.75g Bicarbonate of soda 3.04g Citric acid 3.18g Glucose 29.55g Saccharose 58.31g 11 g of this solution was then measured with a diameter of 4.2 cm and a molecular weight cutoff of 12-14 kg. Dalton's 30cm long cellulose dialysis tube (Medicell Ltd, Isl) ingt-on, London). The tube is then tied and sealed at each end. (after carefully moistening each end) and immersed in a large container with a constant flow of tap water. . After various elapsed times, the tubes were removed from the water and the amount of solution inside the tube was measured.

The solution was then injected into the tube, which was resealed and re-immersed in running water. .

After immersing in water for 8 hours, the solution in the tube was collected using a pocket refractometer (pocket refractometer). et refractom-eter) (Bellingham and 5t a-nley Ltd, Tunbridge Wells.

(UK) was used to analyze total sugar content. Plot the amount of water in the tube versus time on a graph (Figure 41 curve a).

Experiment by increasing the amount of mixture and, hopefully, increasing the length of the same type of dialysis tubing. It was repeated (Figure 4). The curve in Figure 4 shows that if the initial amount of the mixture is 22g, then the initial amount is 22g. At 33 g, curve C was obtained. If the initial amount of mixture is 55 g, curve d is obtained. It was done.

The effect of the amount of mixture used on the final solution volume obtained and the final sugar concentration is It is shown in Table 16. From Figure 4, it can be seen that for the volume of mixture used, The amount of water sprayed increases at first and then levels off towards a maximum value.

The 8 hour soak time was chosen because it is the average sleeping time for adults. follow Soak the tube in water before going to bed, and when you wake up, the solution inside the tube will be ready for oral hydration treatment. The concentration is appropriate for medical treatment.

In the table below, the amount of water “purified” (i.e., taken into the dialysis tubing) is It can be seen that the initial amount of the mixed mixture increases as the amount increases. The final concentration of sugar is Each was between 3% and 4.75% after 8 hours of soaking.

Table 16 Mixture in tube 8 hours later Amount in solution in tube 8 hours later Sugar concentration in solution amount The following claims set out or continue to represent several important aspects of the invention. or where it may be possible to request protection in a foreign patent application. It is not intended to include all aspects, but to illustrate the generality of the inventive concept described above. Don't think of it as a loss.

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Claims (21)

[Claims] 1. producing a non-toxic solution of at least one water-soluble solid substantially free of microorganisms; A method of contacting a solid or a concentrated solution thereof with a selectively permeable membrane. and keep the other side of the membrane in contact with water for a predetermined minimum time. This allows water to enter the container due to osmotic pressure, but microorganisms from the water can enter the container. A method of producing a non-toxic solution that prevents 2. The membrane contains microorganisms and V. enterots of cholerae and Shigella species. 2. The compound of claim 1 having a molecular weight cut-off to exclude the compound from entering the container. Method. 3. Claim 1 or is the second method. 4. At least one water-soluble solid has a molecular weight greater than the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane. The method according to claim 1 or 2. 5. At least one water soluble solid is sugar, water soluble glucose polymer, water soluble polymer, etc. Claim 1 selected from lysaccharides, rice powder, electrolyte salts and amino acids. Method 4. 6. at least one water-soluble solid glucose, dextrose, fructose, and sucrose. Law. 7. 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the membrane is in contact with running water. 8. The membrane can contain virtually any water soluble material with a molecular weight less than the membrane's molecular weight cutoff. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the solids are contacted with the flowing water for a sufficient time to diffuse out of the container. 9. A method according to claims 1 to 6, wherein the membrane is contacted with a predetermined amount of still or agitated water. . 10. The membrane contains at least one water component having a molecular weight less than the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane. For a sufficient time for soluble solids to diffuse out of the container, the solids concentration inside the container is equal to the concentration outside the container. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising contacting the water until equilibrated with the water. 11. Claims 1 to 10 for producing purified water substantially free of water-soluble solids. Method. 12. Water soluble solids constitute a mixture suitable for producing oral hydration treatment formulations and the membrane is in contact with water for a predetermined period of time to form an oral hydration agent within the container. 11. The method of claims 1 to 10. 13. 11. A method according to claims 1 to 10, wherein the method produces a drug solution suitable for injection. 14. Blood or plasma replacement solution for rehydration of dried blood substances or for intravenous injection 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is used for the production of liquids. 15. Dry nutritive substance, milk solids or at least one water soluble solid in the container The nutrition of claims 1 to 10 comprising retaining a partially dehydrated food substance comprising: Method of manufacturing ingestion suspension. 16. Claims 1 to 3, comprising a selectively permeable membrane and means for recovering purified water from the container. Container used for any one of 15 methods. 17. 17. The container of claim 16, comprising at least one water soluble solid. 18. The container according to claim 16 or 17 for use in a method for treating humans or animals. 19. Claim 17 or for the manufacture of purified water or medicines for use in the treatment of humans or animals is how to use 18 containers. 20. At least one water-soluble solid by the method of any one of claims 1 to 15. Prepare a non-toxic solution for the body and administer to the person or animal in need orally, intravenously or by injection. A method of treating a person or animal comprising administering an effective and non-toxic amount of purified water. 21. At least one product produced by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 15. A non-toxic solution of water-soluble solids.