JPH0434484Y2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0434484Y2 JPH0434484Y2 JP1986105868U JP10586886U JPH0434484Y2 JP H0434484 Y2 JPH0434484 Y2 JP H0434484Y2 JP 1986105868 U JP1986105868 U JP 1986105868U JP 10586886 U JP10586886 U JP 10586886U JP H0434484 Y2 JPH0434484 Y2 JP H0434484Y2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- optical fiber
- optical
- holding member
- shape
- optical fibers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 113
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001651 Cyanoacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NLCKLZIHJQEMCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyano prop-2-enoate Chemical class C=CC(=O)OC#N NLCKLZIHJQEMCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- UHESRSKEBRADOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl carbamate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C=C.CCOC(N)=O UHESRSKEBRADOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Mechanical Coupling Of Light Guides (AREA)
- Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
Description
【考案の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本考案は、1本の光フアイバと他の光フアイバ
との間に光の授受を行うための着脱型の双方向光
結合器に関するものである。[Detailed description of the invention] [Field of industrial application] The present invention relates to a detachable bidirectional optical coupler for transmitting and receiving light between one optical fiber and another optical fiber. be.
本考案は、上記の様な双方向光結合器におい
て、第1の光フアイバ保持部材で第1の光フアイ
バをU字状に保持すると共に、弾性を有する透光
性部材で光フアイバ同士を光学的に結合すること
によつて、第1の光フアイバの伝送効率と光フア
イバ間の結合効率とが共に高くしかも小型である
様にしたものである。
The present invention provides a bidirectional optical coupler as described above, in which a first optical fiber holding member holds the first optical fiber in a U-shape, and an elastic light-transmitting member optically connects the optical fibers together. By symmetrically coupling the optical fibers, both the transmission efficiency of the first optical fiber and the coupling efficiency between the optical fibers are high, and the size of the optical fibers is small.
バス型やループ型の光フアイバネツトワークシ
ステムにおけるノード用光部品等として、双方向
光結合器が用いられている。
Bidirectional optical couplers are used as optical components for nodes in bus-type and loop-type optical fiber network systems.
この様な双方向光結合器の一従来例として、特
開昭60−254104号公報には、ループを形成する光
フアイバの一部をV字状に保持し、このV字の屈
曲部の近傍に送光用や受光用の光フアイバの一端
部を位置させる様にした光結合器が開示されてい
る。 As a conventional example of such a bidirectional optical coupler, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 60-254104 discloses that a part of an optical fiber forming a loop is held in a V-shape, and a part of the optical fiber forming a loop is held in a V-shape, and An optical coupler is disclosed in which one end of an optical fiber for transmitting and receiving light is positioned.
ところが、上述の一従来例の様に光フアイバを
V字状に保持すると、この光フアイバは一点で急
激に曲げられる。そしてこの様に曲げが急激であ
ると、屈曲部における漏光量が多く、しかも漏光
は広い方向の範囲に亘つて射出される。
However, when the optical fiber is held in a V-shape as in the above-mentioned conventional example, the optical fiber is sharply bent at one point. When the bending is abrupt like this, a large amount of light leaks at the bent portion, and moreover, the leaked light is emitted over a wide range of directions.
従つて、ループを形成する光フアイバの伝送効
率が低く、しかもこの光フアイバと送光用や受光
用の光フアイバとの間の結合効率も低い。 Therefore, the transmission efficiency of the optical fiber forming the loop is low, and the coupling efficiency between this optical fiber and the optical fiber for transmitting and receiving light is also low.
また、光フアイバをV字状に保持すると、光結
合器を全体として小型化することが容易でない。 Furthermore, if the optical fiber is held in a V-shape, it is difficult to downsize the optical coupler as a whole.
本考案による双方向光結合器は、第1の光フア
イバ23をU字状に保持するための第1の光フア
イバ保持部材1と、この第1の光フアイバ保持部
材1と着脱可能であり、装着状態において前記U
字の2本の直線部8a,8bと湾曲部9との各々
の境界部10a,10bの近傍に第2及び第3の
光フアイバ24、25の各々の一端部が位置する
様にこれら第2及び第3の光フアイバ24、25
を保持するための第2の光フアイバ保持部材2
と、前記光フアイバ23〜25の断面形状と同一
の断面形状を有すると共に弾性を有しており、前
記装着状態において前記境界部10a,10bに
位置して前記第1の光フアイバ23と前記第2及
び第3の光フアイバ24,25とに密接する一対
の透光性部材26,27とを夫々具備している。
The bidirectional optical coupler according to the present invention includes a first optical fiber holding member 1 for holding the first optical fiber 23 in a U-shape, and is removable from the first optical fiber holding member 1. In the attached state, the U
The second and third optical fibers 24 and 25 are arranged so that one end of each of them is located near the boundary 10a and 10b between the two straight parts 8a and 8b and the curved part 9, respectively. and third optical fibers 24, 25
A second optical fiber holding member 2 for holding the
It has the same cross-sectional shape as the optical fibers 23 to 25 and has elasticity, and is located at the boundary portions 10a and 10b in the attached state so that the first optical fiber 23 and the first optical fiber A pair of translucent members 26 and 27 are provided in close contact with the second and third optical fibers 24 and 25, respectively.
本考案による双方向光結合器では、第1の光フ
アイバ23がU字状に保持されるので、例えばV
字状に保持される場合に比べて、光フアイバ23
の曲げが緩やかである。このために、U字の2本
の直線部8a,8bと湾曲部9との各々の境界部
10a,10bの近傍における第1の光フアイバ
23からの漏光量が少なく、しかも漏光は第1の
光フアイバ23の軸方向へ集中的に射出される。
In the bidirectional optical coupler according to the present invention, since the first optical fiber 23 is held in a U-shape, for example, V
Compared to the case where the optical fiber 23 is held in a
The bending is gentle. For this reason, the amount of light leakage from the first optical fiber 23 near the respective boundaries 10a, 10b between the two straight U-shaped parts 8a, 8b and the curved part 9 is small, and moreover, the amount of light leakage is smaller than that of the first optical fiber 23. The light is emitted intensively in the axial direction of the optical fiber 23.
また、第1の光フアイバ23がU字状に保持さ
れるので、第1の光フアイバ23の2本の直線部
は互いに平行に延びる。 Further, since the first optical fiber 23 is held in a U-shape, the two straight portions of the first optical fiber 23 extend parallel to each other.
また、弾性を有する透光性部材26,27が第
1の光フアイバ23と第2及び第3の光フアイバ
24,25とに密接するので、光フアイバ23〜
25同士の結合部における漏光量が少ない。 Furthermore, since the elastic translucent members 26 and 27 are in close contact with the first optical fiber 23 and the second and third optical fibers 24 and 25, the optical fibers 23 to
The amount of light leakage at the joint between 25 is small.
しかも、透光性部材26,27が第1の光フア
イバ23と第2及び第3の光フアイバ24,25
とに密接するのは、第1の光フアイバ保持部材1
に第2の光フアイバ保持部材2を装着した場合で
あり、離脱状態では透光性部材26,27が第1
の光フアイバ23に密接しない。このため、離脱
状態では第1の光フアイバ23からの漏光量が特
に少ない。 Moreover, the translucent members 26 and 27 connect the first optical fiber 23 and the second and third optical fibers 24 and 25.
The first optical fiber holding member 1 is in close contact with the
This is a case where the second optical fiber holding member 2 is attached to the second optical fiber holding member 2, and in the detached state, the transparent members 26 and 27 are
Do not come into close contact with the optical fiber 23 of the Therefore, in the detached state, the amount of light leaking from the first optical fiber 23 is particularly small.
以下、本考案の一実施例を第1図を参照しなが
ら説明する。
An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG.
本実施例の双方向光結合器は、第1及び第2の
光フアイバ保持部材1,2を有している。光フア
イバ保持部材1には穴3a,3b及び4a,4b
が形成されており、光フアイバ保持部材2には円
柱状の突出部5a,5bと弾性を有する鉤状の突
出部6a,6bとが一体成形されている。 The bidirectional optical coupler of this embodiment has first and second optical fiber holding members 1 and 2. The optical fiber holding member 1 has holes 3a, 3b and 4a, 4b.
The optical fiber holding member 2 is integrally formed with cylindrical protrusions 5a, 5b and elastic hook-shaped protrusions 6a, 6b.
従つて、穴3a,3bによつて突出部5a,5
bを案内しつつ、突出部6a,6bを穴4a,4
bへ挿入したり穴4a,4bから抜き出すことに
よつて、光フアイバ保持部材1と2とが再現性良
く互いに着脱される。 Therefore, the protrusions 5a, 5 are formed by the holes 3a, 3b.
While guiding the protrusions 6a, 6b into the holes 4a, 4
The optical fiber holding members 1 and 2 can be attached to and detached from each other with good reproducibility by inserting the optical fibers into the holes 4a and 4b or pulling them out from the holes 4a and 4b.
光フアイバ保持部材1の表面には、U字状に延
びている光フアイバ案内溝7が形成されており、
更にまたこの光フアイバ案内溝7の2本の直線部
8a,8bと湾曲部9との境界部10a,10b
から直線部8a,8bに対して同軸状に延び且つ
光フアイバ案内溝7と同一の断面形状を有する溝
11a,11bが形成されている。 An optical fiber guide groove 7 extending in a U-shape is formed on the surface of the optical fiber holding member 1.
Furthermore, the boundary portions 10a, 10b between the two straight portions 8a, 8b and the curved portion 9 of the optical fiber guide groove 7
Grooves 11a and 11b are formed that extend coaxially from the straight portions 8a and 8b and have the same cross-sectional shape as the optical fiber guide groove 7.
光フアイバ案内溝7の直線部8a,8bの一部
には、光フアイバ案内溝7よりも巾の広い溝12
a,12bが形成されており、光フアイバ押え具
13の突出部14a,14bが溝12a,12b
に夫々嵌合する様になつている。 A groove 12 wider than the optical fiber guide groove 7 is formed in a part of the straight portions 8a and 8b of the optical fiber guide groove 7.
a, 12b are formed, and the protruding parts 14a, 14b of the optical fiber holding tool 13 are formed in the grooves 12a, 12b.
They are designed to fit into each other.
一方、光フアイバ保持部材2の表面には、光フ
アイバ保持部材2が光フアイバ保持部材1に装着
されたときに溝11a,11bと同軸状になる様
な光フアイバ案内溝15a,15bと、2本の光
フアイバを案内するための光フアイバ案内溝16
とが形成されている。 On the other hand, on the surface of the optical fiber holding member 2, there are optical fiber guide grooves 15a and 15b which are coaxial with the grooves 11a and 11b when the optical fiber holding member 2 is attached to the optical fiber holding member 1. Optical fiber guide groove 16 for guiding the optical fiber of the book
is formed.
光フアイバ案内溝15a,15b,16の各々
の一部には、これらの光フアイバ案内溝15a,
15b、16の各々よりも巾の広い溝17a,1
7b、18が形成されている。 A portion of each of the optical fiber guide grooves 15a, 15b, and 16 has these optical fiber guide grooves 15a,
Grooves 17a, 1 wider than each of grooves 15b, 16
7b, 18 are formed.
そして、光フアイバ押え具19の突出部20
a,20bが溝17a,17bに夫々嵌合すると
共に、光フアイバ押え具21の突出部22が溝1
8に嵌合する様になつている。 Then, the protrusion 20 of the optical fiber presser 19
a, 20b are fitted into the grooves 17a, 17b, respectively, and the protrusion 22 of the optical fiber holding tool 21 is fitted into the groove 1.
It is designed to fit into 8.
この様な本実施例の双方向光結合器を用いて光
結合を行うには、主光フアイバ23のコア23a
を光フアイバ案内溝7内に位置させると共に、先
端部においてコア24a,25aを露出させた送
光用及び受光用の副光フアイバ24,25を光フ
アイバ案内溝15a,15b内と光フアイバ案内
溝16内とに位置させる。 In order to perform optical coupling using the bidirectional optical coupler of this embodiment, the core 23a of the main optical fiber 23 is
are positioned in the optical fiber guide groove 7, and the auxiliary optical fibers 24, 25 for light transmission and light reception, with cores 24a, 25a exposed at their tips, are placed in the optical fiber guide grooves 15a, 15b and in the optical fiber guide grooves. 16.
また、伸縮性のあるゴム状の透光性部材26,
27を、夫々の両方の端面26a,26b,27
a,27bに透光性のグリースを塗布した状態
で、溝11a,11b内に夫々位置させる。但
し、グリースの塗布は必ずしも必要ではない。 In addition, a stretchable rubber-like transparent member 26,
27, both end faces 26a, 26b, 27
With translucent grease applied to a and 27b, they are placed in the grooves 11a and 11b, respectively. However, applying grease is not always necessary.
透光性部材26,27の材料としては、屈折率
が1以上の接着剤、特に紫外線硬化型接着剤や硬
化型接着剤等が好ましい。紫外線硬化型接着剤と
してはポリオールポリアクリレート、ポリエステ
ルポリアクリレート、エポキシアクリレート及び
ウレタンアクリレート等があり、硬化型接着剤と
してはシアノアクリレート、エポキシ樹脂、ポリ
ウレタン樹脂及びレゾルシン樹脂等がある。 The material for the translucent members 26 and 27 is preferably an adhesive having a refractive index of 1 or more, particularly an ultraviolet curable adhesive or a curable adhesive. Examples of ultraviolet curable adhesives include polyol polyacrylates, polyester polyacrylates, epoxy acrylates, and urethane acrylates, and examples of curable adhesives include cyanoacrylates, epoxy resins, polyurethane resins, and resorcinol resins.
なお透光性部材26,27の一方の端面26
a,27aは、主光フアイバ23のコア23aの
境界部10a,10bにおける外周面に沿う形状
を有しており、他方の端面26b,27bは、副
光フアイバ24,25のコア24a,25aの端
面に沿う形状を有している。 Note that one end surface 26 of the translucent members 26 and 27
a, 27a have a shape that follows the outer peripheral surface of the boundary portions 10a, 10b of the core 23a of the main optical fiber 23, and the other end surfaces 26b, 27b have a shape that follows the outer peripheral surface of the core 24a, 25a of the sub optical fibers 24, 25. It has a shape that follows the end face.
また透光性部材26,27は、光フアイバ23
〜25のコア23a〜25aと同一の断面形状を
有している。 Further, the translucent members 26 and 27 are optical fibers 23
It has the same cross-sectional shape as the cores 23a to 25a of No. 25 to 25.
以上の様に光フアイバ23〜25を光フアイバ
案内溝7,15a,15b,16内に位置させる
と共に透光性部材26,27を溝11a,11b
内に位置させた状態で、光フアイバ押え具13,
19,21によつて光フアイバ23〜25を押
え、且つ光フアイバ保持部材2を光フアイバ保持
部材1に装着すると、主光フアイバ23と副光フ
アイバ24,25とが透光性部材26,27を介
して密接し、これらの間で光の授受が行われる。 As described above, the optical fibers 23 to 25 are positioned in the optical fiber guide grooves 7, 15a, 15b, 16, and the translucent members 26, 27 are placed in the grooves 11a, 11b.
With the optical fiber holding tool 13,
When the optical fibers 23 to 25 are held down by the optical fibers 19 and 21 and the optical fiber holding member 2 is attached to the optical fiber holding member 1, the main optical fiber 23 and the sub optical fibers 24 and 25 are connected to the transparent members 26 and 27. They are in close contact with each other, and light is exchanged between them.
なお、透光性部材26,27の端面26a,2
6b,27a,27bに塗布する上述の透光性の
グリースは、光フアイバ保持部材1,2の着脱を
行う毎に塗布するのが好ましい。 Note that the end surfaces 26a, 2 of the translucent members 26, 27
It is preferable to apply the above-mentioned translucent grease to 6b, 27a, 27b each time the optical fiber holding members 1, 2 are attached or detached.
本考案による双方向光結合器では、第1の光フ
アイバからの漏光量が少なく且つ第1及び第2の
光フアイバ保持部材の離脱状態では特に少ないの
で、第1の光フアイバの伝送効率が高い。しかも
漏光は第1の光フアイバの軸方向へ集中的に射出
され、且つ光フアイバ同士の結合部における漏光
量が少ないので、第1の光フアイバと第2及び第
3の光フアイバとの間の結合効率も高い。
In the bidirectional optical coupler according to the present invention, the amount of light leakage from the first optical fiber is small, and it is especially small when the first and second optical fiber holding members are detached, so that the transmission efficiency of the first optical fiber is high. . Furthermore, the leakage light is concentrated in the axial direction of the first optical fiber, and the amount of leakage light at the joint between the optical fibers is small. The coupling efficiency is also high.
また、第1の光フアイバの2本の直線部は互い
に平行に延びるので、双方向光結合器が全体とし
て小型である。 Further, since the two straight portions of the first optical fiber extend parallel to each other, the bidirectional optical coupler is compact as a whole.
第1図は本考案の一実施例を示す分解斜視図で
ある。
なお図面に用いた符号において、1,2……光
フアイバ保持部材、8a,8b……直線部、9…
…湾曲部、10a,10b……境界部、23……
主光フアイバ、24,25……副光フアイバ、2
6,27……透光性部材、である。
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view showing one embodiment of the present invention. In addition, in the symbols used in the drawings, 1, 2...optical fiber holding member, 8a, 8b...straight portion, 9...
...Curved part, 10a, 10b... Boundary part, 23...
Main optical fiber, 24, 25...Sub-optical fiber, 2
6, 27...translucent member.
Claims (1)
第1の光フアイバ保持部材と、 この第1の光フアイバ保持部材と着脱可能で
あり、装着状態において前記U字の2本の直線
部と湾曲部との各々の境界部の近傍に第2及び
第3の光フアイバの各々の一端部が位置する様
にこれら第2及び第3の光フアイバを保持する
ための第2の光フアイバ保持部材と、 前記光フアイバの断面形状と同一の断面形状
を有すると共に弾性を有しており、前記装着状
態において前記境界部に位置して前記第1の光
フアイバと前記第2及び第3の光フアイバとに
密接する一対の透光性部材とを夫々具備する双
方向光結合器。 2 前記第2の光フアイバ保持部材が前記第2及
び第3の光フアイバを前記U字の前記2本の直
線部の各々と同軸状に保持する実用新案登録請
求の範囲第1項に記載の双方向光結合器。 3 前記第1の光フアイバ保持部材が前記第1の
光フアイバのための案内溝と押え具とを有して
おり、前記第2の光フアイバ保持部材が前記第
2及び第3の光フアイバのための案内溝と押え
具とを有している実用新案登録請求の範囲第1
項または第2項に記載の双方向光結合器。 4 前記透光性部材の一方の端面が前記第1の光
フアイバの前記境界部における外周面に沿う形
状を有しており、他方の端面が前記第2及び第
3の光フアイバの端面に沿う形状を有している
実用新案登録請求の範囲第1項〜第3項の何れ
か1項に記載の双方向光結合器。[Claims for Utility Model Registration] 1. A first optical fiber holding member for holding the first optical fiber in a U-shape, which is removable from the first optical fiber holding member, and which is attached to the first optical fiber in the attached state. The second and third optical fibers are held so that one end of each of the second and third optical fibers is located near the boundary between the two straight parts and the curved part of the U-shape. a second optical fiber holding member that has the same cross-sectional shape as the optical fiber and is elastic, and is located at the boundary portion in the attached state and is connected to the first optical fiber; A bidirectional optical coupler comprising a pair of light-transmitting members in close contact with the second and third optical fibers. 2. The utility model according to claim 1, wherein the second optical fiber holding member holds the second and third optical fibers coaxially with each of the two straight portions of the U-shape. Bidirectional optical coupler. 3. The first optical fiber holding member has a guide groove and a presser for the first optical fiber, and the second optical fiber holding member has a holding member for the second and third optical fibers. Utility model registration claim 1 which has a guide groove and a presser for
The bidirectional optical coupler according to item 1 or 2. 4. One end surface of the light-transmitting member has a shape that follows the outer circumferential surface of the first optical fiber at the boundary, and the other end surface follows the end surfaces of the second and third optical fibers. A bidirectional optical coupler according to any one of claims 1 to 3 of the utility model registration claim, which has a shape.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1986105868U JPH0434484Y2 (en) | 1986-07-10 | 1986-07-10 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1986105868U JPH0434484Y2 (en) | 1986-07-10 | 1986-07-10 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS6311607U JPS6311607U (en) | 1988-01-26 |
JPH0434484Y2 true JPH0434484Y2 (en) | 1992-08-17 |
Family
ID=30980702
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP1986105868U Expired JPH0434484Y2 (en) | 1986-07-10 | 1986-07-10 |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH0434484Y2 (en) |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS60254104A (en) * | 1984-05-07 | 1985-12-14 | ノーザン・テレコム・リミテツド | Optical fiber coupler |
JPS6114607A (en) * | 1984-06-21 | 1986-01-22 | エイビイ・エレクトロニック・コンポーネンツ・リミテッド | Optical fiber coupler |
-
1986
- 1986-07-10 JP JP1986105868U patent/JPH0434484Y2/ja not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS60254104A (en) * | 1984-05-07 | 1985-12-14 | ノーザン・テレコム・リミテツド | Optical fiber coupler |
JPS6114607A (en) * | 1984-06-21 | 1986-01-22 | エイビイ・エレクトロニック・コンポーネンツ・リミテッド | Optical fiber coupler |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS6311607U (en) | 1988-01-26 |
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