JPH04193407A - Structure of super hard blade edge attaching portion of tool, and manufacture thereof - Google Patents
Structure of super hard blade edge attaching portion of tool, and manufacture thereofInfo
- Publication number
- JPH04193407A JPH04193407A JP32312790A JP32312790A JPH04193407A JP H04193407 A JPH04193407 A JP H04193407A JP 32312790 A JP32312790 A JP 32312790A JP 32312790 A JP32312790 A JP 32312790A JP H04193407 A JPH04193407 A JP H04193407A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- cutting edge
- boss
- blade edge
- carbide cutting
- tool
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 90
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009760 electrical discharge machining Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Cutting Tools, Boring Holders, And Turrets (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本発明は工作材料の切断又は切削等を行うた？／）の工
作機械等に用いるハイド等のような、超硬刃先を取り付
けた工具の超硬刃先取り付け部の構造及びその製造方法
に関するものてあり、特に超硬刃先をその受は部に取り
付けるためのボスを、刃先の要部に設けた凹部に嵌合し
て接着させたことを特徴とする工具の超硬刃先取り付け
部の構造とその製造方法に関するものである。Is the present invention intended for cutting or machining work materials? This article relates to the structure and manufacturing method of the carbide cutting edge attachment part of a tool with a carbide cutting edge attached, such as Hyde used in machine tools, etc., and especially for attaching the carbide cutting edge to its receiver. The present invention relates to a structure of a carbide cutting edge attachment part of a tool and a method of manufacturing the same, characterized in that a boss is fitted into a recess provided in a main part of the cutting edge and adhered thereto.
工作材料を切断したり、切削したりするための工具とし
ては、超硬合金製等の刃先を該刃先受は部に取り付けた
構造の工具が従来から広く用いられている。このような
工具においては、刃先には超硬合金等のような硬い材質
のものを用い、鋼鉄製の刃先受は部に取り付けた構造に
するのが普通である。
ところで、上を己のような工具は、鍛造又は溶接等の方
法により、超硬刃先とその受は部とを一体に構成したも
のもあるが、刃先とその受は部との膨張率の相違等の理
由により、一体に溶接するのが不適当なため、あるいは
超硬刃先を交換する必要等のため、ボルト等によって超
硬刃先をその受は部に取り付けた構造の工具が従来から
提供されている。
ところが、刃先が超硬合金等の硬い材料で構成されてい
る場合は、刃先に直接ねじ穴を穿つことはできないので
、別に設けたその中心にねじ穴を有するボスを超硬刃先
の要部に取り付け、該ボスを介して刃先受は部に取り付
けるのが通常であった。
ところが、従来は第３図の工具の刃先取り付け部の断面
図に示すように、超硬刃先１とボス２との間の接着は、
単に平坦な超硬刃先１の要部にボス２を鑞付け等によっ
て接着しただけの構造であったので、これでは鑞付け面
における応力、特に垂直方向の応力に耐える力は大きい
ものではなかった。
上記のような切削工具にあっては、万−切削等の作業中
に超硬刃先がその受は部から離脱するようなことがある
と、該刃先が飛散して危険であるので、予め厳しい品質
検査をしなければならないが、従来の超硬刃先を取り付
けた工具は上記理由によって超硬刃先が容易にその受は
部から離脱するような不良品の生じる率が高かった。
また、平坦な超硬刃先の要部にボスを取り付けるので、
ボスの取り付け作業に当たり、ボスの取り付け位置を定
めるのが困難であったという課題もある。BACKGROUND ART As tools for cutting or cutting work materials, tools having a structure in which a cutting edge made of cemented carbide or the like is attached to a cutting edge receiver have been widely used. In such tools, the cutting edge is usually made of a hard material such as cemented carbide, and the steel cutting edge receiver is usually attached to the tool. By the way, some tools like the one shown above have a carbide cutting edge and its holder part integrated into one body by forging or welding, but the difference in expansion coefficient between the cutting edge and its holder part makes it difficult to use. For these reasons, it is inappropriate to weld them together, or because the carbide cutting edge needs to be replaced, etc., so tools with a structure in which the carbide cutting edge is attached to its receiver with bolts, etc. have been conventionally provided. ing. However, if the cutting edge is made of a hard material such as cemented carbide, it is not possible to directly drill a screw hole in the cutting edge, so a separate boss with a screw hole in the center is attached to the main part of the carbide cutting edge. Attachment: Usually, the blade tip receiver was attached to the section via the boss. However, in the past, as shown in the cross-sectional view of the cutting edge attachment part of the tool in FIG.
Since the structure was simply that the boss 2 was bonded to the main part of the flat carbide cutting edge 1 by brazing or the like, it did not have a large ability to withstand stress on the brazed surface, especially stress in the vertical direction. . In the case of cutting tools such as those mentioned above, if the carbide cutting edge were to come off the support during cutting or other operations, the cutting edge would fly off and be dangerous. Although quality inspection must be carried out, conventional tools equipped with carbide cutting edges have a high rate of defective products in which the carbide cutting edge easily separates from the receiver for the reasons mentioned above. In addition, since the boss is attached to the main part of the flat carbide cutting edge,
When installing the boss, there is also the problem that it is difficult to determine the location where the boss will be installed.
【課題を解決するための手段及び作用】本発明は上記問
題を解決し、飛躍的に高い耐応力を有する超硬刃先を取
り付けた工具を提供するものであって、超硬刃先の要部
に設けた凹部に嵌合して接着されたボスを、ねじ止めに
よって超硬刃先受は部に取り付けた構造を特徴とする工
具の超硬刃先取り付け部の構造及びその製造方法であっ
て、上記凹部によって刃先とボスとの接着面積が太き（
なることと、刃先とボスとの嵌合による形体的特徴とが
相俟って、従来の数倍の応力を受けても容易に離脱しな
いような、超硬刃先を取り付けた工具が得られるもので
ある。
【実施例］
以下本発明を図面に示す実施例に基づいて詳細に説明す
る。
（第１実施例）
第１図（ａ）は本発明の第１実施例における、工具の刃
先取り付け部の断面側面図であるが、同図に示すように
、超硬刃先１の要部には予め穴加工によって凹部７を設
けておく。
このような凹部を設ける穴加工の方法としては、鋼鉄製
の刃先においては、焼き入れ前にドリル等で掘削しても
よいが、炭化タングステンのごとき超硬合金や超硬セラ
ミックス等のような、通常のドリルでは掘削が困難な材
質の超硬刃先に対しては、超硬合金の半焼結のときに上
記同様の穴加工をするか、又は放電加工の方法によって
穴加工をすればよい。放電加工においては、凹部の側壁
は平滑に加工できるが上記凹部の底部を平滑にすること
は難しいとされているが、後記のように後に鑞付け等に
よって接着するためには底部の微細な凹凸は支障にはな
らないで、むしろ接着効果を高めるものと推測される。
次に、別に設けたボス２を上記凹部７に嵌合させて鑞付
け等によって上記刃先１に取り付けるのであるが、それ
には中心にねじ穴８を有するボスを用い、上記ボス２の
先端を段付きにし、該突出部９を上記凹部７に嵌合させ
て両者を鑞付け等によって接着するのである。
この取り付け部の構造では突出部９の部分のみ凹部７に
合わせ加工すればよく、かつ段部で超硬刃先１に鉛直に
立設できるからねじ穴８が曲がらず、締め付けし易い。
次いで同図に示すようにボルト３によって上記ボス２を
介して刃先受は部４にねじ止めすることにより、ボス２
を取り付けた超硬刃先１を刃先受は部４に強固に取り付
けられることになる。
また、前記の超硬合金等の超硬刃先１の鑞付けには、銀
鑞を７００°Ｃ位に加熱して使用した。
（第２実施例）
第１図（ｂ）は別の実施例を示す同図（ａ）同様の図面
であって、この実施例においては、ボス２のねじ穴８が
上記実施例と異なり盲穴となって、底部１０を有するも
のである。このため、本実施例のものは底部１０の部分
だけ接着面積が大きくなるから、それだけ超硬刃先１と
ボス２との間の接着力が増大し、同刃先１がその受は部
４から容易に剥離しないものが得られる。
なおこの実施例では、底部１０には小径のカス抜き穴１
１を設けである。該カス穴１１を通って鑞付けによって
生じるガスが抜は出すから、これ以外の鑞付け箇所にカ
スの抜けた痕跡の穴を生じるのを未然に防ぐものである
。
（第３実施例）
第１図（Ｃ）は本発明の第３実施例における、同図（ａ
）同様の図面であって、この実施例においては超硬刃先
１に設ける凹部７の内周は、これに取り付けるべきボス
２の外周とほぼ等しく構成してお（ものであって、この
ため第１実施例におけると異なって、ボス２の下方には
特別の突出部を設けることなく、図示のようにボス２の
下端部をそのまま同刃先１に設けた凹部７に嵌合させて
鑞付け等によって接着するものである。
この実施例はボスの形状が単純であるのて、ボスの加工
が容易である。
（その他の実施例）
例えば、第２図（ａ）に平面区を示し、そのＡ−Ａ’線
断面右側面図を第２図（ｂ）に示すものは、磁気記憶材
料等の表面を平滑に切削するための工具であるが、超硬
刃先１はこれに鑞付け等によって取り付けられたボス２
を介してホルト３１＝よって刃先受は部４に取り付けら
れているものてあって、上記刃先受は部４はねじ穴５及
びねじ穴６を介して図示しないボルトによって工作機械
に取り付けて使用するものである。
本発明は上記各実施例のみに限定される必要はないこと
は言うまでもな（、ボスの外形は円筒状に限らず角柱状
等のものを用いてもよいし、本発明を実施する工具につ
いても、刃先を取り付けた工具であれば、必ずしも第２
図に示すような平滑切削用の工具に限らず、切断用の工
具、さらには耐磨耗性部財としての刃先を有する工具等
に用いてもよい。もちろん、ボスの数についても、工具
によっては１個のボスによって刃先受は部を取り付ける
構造にしてもよいし、またボスは三角形状又は千鳥状に
配置する等の構造にしてもよい。
刃先とボスとの間の接着方法についても、鑞付けに限ら
ず、溶接等の手段を採用できる材質のものてあれば、溶
接によって接着してもよい。
【発明の効果］
本発明は上記のように、超硬刃先の要部に凹部を設けて
、該凹部にねじ穴を前加工した超硬刃先取り付け用のボ
スを、鑞付け等によって接着した工具の超硬刃先取り付
け部の構造であるから、接着面に対して横方向の応力に
対しては、上記凹部７と突出部９との県会によって飛躍
的に大きな耐応力を生じるし、同面に対して引っ張り方
向への耐応力についても、接着面積め拡大によって向上
したから、■、従来の刃先を取り付けた工具に比して超
硬刃先とボスとの結合が強固であり、従来の数倍の力を
加えても剥離しないものである。したがって■２本発明
の工具を使用すれば、切削作業中に超硬刃先が剥離・離
脱するような事故も避けられる。
もちろん、工具から超硬刃先だけを取り外して交換する
こともできるという、従来の刃先を取り付けた工具の長
所も、損なわれないで維持される。
次に、本発明による前記のような刃先取り付け部の構造
の工具を用いれば、■上記のような容易に超硬刃先が離
脱しない工具が得られることはもちろん、■、型製品加
工においても不良品の生じる率が飛躍的に少なくなり、
製品の歩留りが向上する。
さらに本発明の製造方法は、超硬刃先の凹部を放電加工
等により簡易に加工できるのみならず、上記のように刃
先にボスを取り付ける位置には予め凹部を設けておく方
法であるから、■、ボスの取り付けに当たり、取り付け
るべき正確な位置を知ることができ、誤差の非常に少な
い位置にボスを取り付けることができる。そのため■、
従来の方法に比してボス周囲の間隙は、超硬刃先とその
受は部との膨張率の相違をカバーするのに必要なだけの
間隙で充分てあって、このように上記間隙が微小になる
ことにより、超硬刃先とその受は部との緊着性を一層高
める効果も生じる。[Means and effects for solving the problems] The present invention solves the above problems and provides a tool equipped with a carbide cutting edge that has dramatically high stress resistance. A structure of a carbide cutting edge attachment part of a tool and a method for manufacturing the same, characterized in that a boss fitted into a provided recess and bonded to the carbide cutting edge receiver is attached to the carbide cutting edge receiver part by screwing. The adhesive area between the cutting edge and the boss is large (
This, combined with the physical characteristics of the fit between the cutting edge and the boss, makes it possible to obtain a tool with a carbide cutting edge that does not easily detach even when subjected to several times the stress of a conventional tool. It is. [Example] The present invention will be described in detail below based on an example shown in the drawings. (First Embodiment) FIG. 1(a) is a cross-sectional side view of the cutting edge attachment part of the tool in the first embodiment of the present invention. The recess 7 is provided in advance by hole machining. As a method for drilling holes to create such recesses, for steel cutting edges, drilling may be performed before hardening, but for materials such as cemented carbide such as tungsten carbide, cemented carbide ceramics, etc. For a cemented carbide cutting edge made of a material that is difficult to drill with a normal drill, the hole can be drilled in the same manner as described above when the cemented carbide is semi-sintered, or by electric discharge machining. In electric discharge machining, the side walls of the recess can be machined smooth, but it is said that it is difficult to make the bottom of the recess smooth.However, as described later, fine irregularities on the bottom are necessary for bonding by brazing etc. It is presumed that this does not pose a problem, but rather enhances the adhesion effect. Next, a separately provided boss 2 is fitted into the recess 7 and attached to the cutting edge 1 by brazing or the like. For this purpose, a boss having a screw hole 8 in the center is used, and the tip of the boss 2 is stepped. The projection 9 is fitted into the recess 7 and the two are bonded together by brazing or the like. With this structure of the attachment part, only the protruding part 9 needs to be machined to match the concave part 7, and since the stepped part can be installed vertically to the carbide cutting edge 1, the screw hole 8 does not bend, making it easy to tighten. Next, as shown in the same figure, the cutting edge receiver is screwed to the part 4 via the boss 2 with the bolt 3, so that the boss 2
The carbide cutting edge 1 with the attached carbide cutting edge 1 is firmly attached to the cutting edge receiver part 4. Furthermore, silver solder heated to about 700° C. was used for brazing the cemented carbide cutting edge 1 made of the above-mentioned cemented carbide or the like. (Second Embodiment) FIG. 1(b) is a drawing similar to FIG. 1(a) showing another embodiment. In this embodiment, the screw hole 8 of the boss 2 is blind, unlike in the above embodiment. It is a hole and has a bottom part 10. Therefore, in the case of this embodiment, since the bonding area is increased only at the bottom portion 10, the adhesive force between the carbide cutting edge 1 and the boss 2 increases accordingly, and the cutting edge 1 can be easily removed from the receiving portion 4. A product that does not peel off can be obtained. In this embodiment, a small diameter scraping hole 1 is provided in the bottom portion 10.
1 is provided. Since the gas generated by brazing is discharged through the waste hole 11, it is possible to prevent the formation of holes where the waste remains in other brazing locations. (Third Embodiment) FIG. 1(C) shows the same figure (a
) In this embodiment, the inner periphery of the recess 7 provided in the carbide cutting edge 1 is configured to be approximately equal to the outer periphery of the boss 2 to be attached to it. Unlike in the first embodiment, no special protrusion is provided below the boss 2, and the lower end of the boss 2 is fitted into the recess 7 provided on the cutting edge 1 as shown in the figure for brazing, etc. In this embodiment, the shape of the boss is simple, so it is easy to process the boss. (Other Examples) For example, FIG. The right side view of the cross section taken along line A-A' is shown in FIG. attached boss 2
Holt 31 = Therefore, the cutting edge holder is attached to part 4, and the cutting edge holder is attached to the machine tool using bolts (not shown) through screw holes 5 and 6. It is something. It goes without saying that the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments only (the outer shape of the boss is not limited to a cylindrical shape, but may also be prismatic, etc., and the tool for carrying out the present invention may also be If the tool is equipped with a cutting edge, the second
The present invention is not limited to a smooth cutting tool as shown in the figure, but may also be used for a cutting tool, or even a tool having a cutting edge as a wear-resistant component. Of course, regarding the number of bosses, depending on the tool, the blade edge receiver may be attached to one boss, or the bosses may be arranged in a triangular or staggered manner. The bonding method between the cutting edge and the boss is not limited to brazing, but may be bonded by welding if the material is made of a material that can be welded. Effects of the Invention As described above, the present invention provides a tool in which a recess is provided in the main part of the carbide cutting edge, and a boss for attaching the carbide cutting edge, which has a pre-machined screw hole, is attached to the recess by brazing or the like. Because of the structure of the carbide cutting edge attachment part, the combination of the concave part 7 and the protruding part 9 creates a dramatically large stress resistance against stress in the lateral direction to the adhesive surface, and The stress resistance in the tensile direction has also been improved by increasing the bonding area. ■ Compared to tools with conventional cutting edges, the bond between the carbide cutting edge and the boss is stronger, and It does not peel off even if double the force is applied. Therefore, (2) If the tool of the present invention is used, accidents such as peeling and detachment of the carbide cutting edge during cutting operations can be avoided. Of course, the advantages of tools with conventional cutting edges, such as the ability to remove only the carbide cutting edge from the tool and replace it, remain intact. Next, by using the tool of the present invention with the structure of the cutting edge attachment part described above, it is possible to obtain not only (1) a tool in which the carbide cutting edge does not easily come off as described above, but also (2) problems in machining molded products. The rate of producing non-defective products has been dramatically reduced,
Product yield is improved. Furthermore, the manufacturing method of the present invention not only allows the concave portion of the carbide cutting edge to be easily machined by electric discharge machining or the like, but also has the method of providing the concave portion in advance at the position where the boss is attached to the cutting edge as described above. When installing the boss, it is possible to know the exact location where the boss should be installed, and the boss can be installed at a position with very little error. Therefore ■,
Compared to the conventional method, the gap around the boss is sufficient to cover the difference in expansion rate between the carbide cutting edge and its bearing part. This also produces the effect of further increasing the adhesion between the carbide cutting edge and its receiver.
第１図各図はそれぞれ、本発明の実施例を示す工具の超
硬刃先取り付け部の断面側面図、第２図（ａ）は超硬刃
先を取り付けた工具の例を示す平面図、同図（ｂ）は同
図（ａ）のＡ−Ａ’線断面右側面図、第３図は従来の工
具の超硬刃先取り付け部の断面側面図である。
図中、
１ 超硬刃先、２：ボス、３・ホルト、４・刃先受は部
、５．６．８：ねじ穴、７：凹部、９ 突出部、１０：
底部、
１１：ガス抜き穴、
１２：ボスと刃先受は部との間隙1. Each figure is a cross-sectional side view of a carbide cutting edge attachment part of a tool showing an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2(a) is a plan view showing an example of a tool to which a carbide cutting edge is attached. (b) is a right side cross-sectional view taken along the line AA' in FIG. 3(a), and FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view of a carbide cutting edge attachment portion of a conventional tool. In the figure, 1 Carbide cutting edge, 2: Boss, 3 Holt, 4 Cutting edge receiver, 5.6.8: Screw hole, 7: Recess, 9 Projection, 10:
Bottom, 11: Gas vent hole, 12: Gap between boss and blade holder
Claims (7)
たボスを、ねじ止めによって同刃先受け部に取り付けた
構造を特徴とする工具の超硬刃先取り付け部の構造。(1) A structure of a carbide cutting edge attachment part of a tool characterized by a structure in which a boss that is fitted into a recess provided in the main part of the carbide cutting edge and adhered thereto is attached to the cutting edge receiving part by screwing.
の要部に設けた凹部に嵌合して接着した構造を特徴とす
る請求項１記載の工具の超硬刃先取り付け部の構造。(2) The carbide cutting edge attachment part of the tool according to claim 1, characterized in that the tip of the boss is stepped and the protruding part is fitted into and bonded to a recess provided in the main part of the carbide cutting edge. structure.
を設けた構造を特徴とする請求項１又は２記載の工具の
超硬刃先取り付け部の構造。(3) The structure of the carbide cutting edge attachment portion of a tool according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the screw hole of the boss is a blind hole and a gas vent hole is provided at the bottom of the screw hole.
徴とする請求項１ないし３のいずれかに記載の工具の超
硬刃先取り付け部の構造。(4) The structure of the carbide cutting edge attachment portion of a tool according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the adhesion is performed by brazing.
形成されたものであることを特徴とする請求項１ないし
４のいずれかに記載の工具の超硬刃先取り付け部の構造
。(5) The structure of a carbide cutting edge attachment portion of a tool according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the recess provided in the main part of the carbide cutting edge is formed by electrical discharge machining.
のであることを特徴とする請求項１ないし５のいずれか
に記載の工具の超硬刃先取り付け部の構造。(6) The structure of a cemented carbide cutting edge attachment portion of a tool according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the carbide cutting edge is made of a cemented carbide or a cemented carbide ceramic.
前加工したボスを嵌合させ、鑞付け等によって接着した
ことを特徴とする工具の超硬刃先取り付け部の製造方法
。(7) A method for manufacturing a carbide cutting edge attachment part for a tool, characterized in that a recess is provided in the main part of the carbide cutting edge, a boss with a pre-processed screw hole is fitted into the recess, and the boss is bonded by brazing or the like. .
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP32312790A JPH04193407A (en) | 1990-11-28 | 1990-11-28 | Structure of super hard blade edge attaching portion of tool, and manufacture thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP32312790A JPH04193407A (en) | 1990-11-28 | 1990-11-28 | Structure of super hard blade edge attaching portion of tool, and manufacture thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH04193407A true JPH04193407A (en) | 1992-07-13 |
Family
ID=18151391
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP32312790A Pending JPH04193407A (en) | 1990-11-28 | 1990-11-28 | Structure of super hard blade edge attaching portion of tool, and manufacture thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH04193407A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0625562U (en) * | 1992-09-01 | 1994-04-08 | 石川島建機株式会社 | Swing valve type viscous fluid pump valve plate |
-
1990
- 1990-11-28 JP JP32312790A patent/JPH04193407A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0625562U (en) * | 1992-09-01 | 1994-04-08 | 石川島建機株式会社 | Swing valve type viscous fluid pump valve plate |
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