JPH0324158A - Highly heat-resistant resin composition - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain a highly heat-resistant resin composition provided with both high heat resistance and persistent antielectrostatic properties and being desirable as the raw material of electronic and electrical components, household electrical parts and automobile parts, etc., by using a highly heat-resistant resin and a polyamideimide elastomer as basic components. CONSTITUTION:A composition comprising a highly heat-resistant resin (A) (of a glass transition point >=150 deg.C or a crystalline m.p. >=200 deg.C, e.g. nylon 66) and a polyamideimide elastomer (B) [obtained from caprolactam (a), a tribasic or tetrabasic aromatic polycarboxylic acid (b) which can form at least one imide ring and a polyoxyethylene glycol or a polyoxyalkylene glycol mixture (c) based thereon (and having a component (c) content of 40-80wt.%) and having a relative viscosity >=1.5 at 30 deg.C] and containing components A and B in a weight ratio of 80:20-97:3 is used as an antielectrostatic, highly heat- resistant resin composition.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION This invention relates to a novel highly heat resistant resin composition with sustained antistatic performance. In more detail,
The present invention uses a highly heat-resistant resin and a polyamide-imide elastomer as the basic resin skin, and has both high heat resistance and continuous antistatic performance.
The present invention relates to a highly heat-resistant resin composition suitable as a material for various parts such as automobile parts and mechanical parts.

Conventional technology In recent years, high heat-resistant resins, which are called engineering resins and super engineering resins, have excellent heat resistance,
Because it has high strength, durability, and sliding properties, it is widely used in, for example, electrical and electronic equipment fields, automobile fields, and precision equipment and industrial equipment fields.

Under these circumstances, along with the expansion of new applications, the requirements for the functions of the resins used are diversifying, and one of these is the need for sustainable antistatic performance. When resin molded products are electrostatically charged, dirt and dust adhere to their surfaces, which not only disturbs their appearance, but also causes serious functional problems such as damage to electronic components and malfunctions. For this reason, one of the challenges in the development of molded materials is to impart antistatic properties and maintain their durability.

By the way, antistatic agents are generally added to resins to give them antistatic properties, and recently polymer antistatic agents have been attracting attention in terms of their sustainability, and their use has been increasing. is being attempted.

However, for highly heat-resistant resins, it is not enough for the polymeric antistatic agent added to simply provide antistatic performance; it is also necessary to have properties that can withstand high temperatures when the resin is in a certain form or used. However, the reality is that no polymeric antistatic agent that satisfactorily satisfies these properties has been found so far.

For example, the addition of polyamide elastomer to a resin has been disclosed as one of the few examples of imparting sustainable antistatic properties (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 193959/1983,
JP-A-60-23435, JP-A-63-9525
Publication No. 1). Such polyamide elastomers include, for example, polyether esteramide in which the hard segment is polyamide and the soot segment is polyether, and these segments are connected by an ester bond, or polyether esteramide, which is connected by an amide bond. Amides are known. However, this type of polyamide elastomer generally does not have sufficient heat deterioration resistance, and has the disadvantage that it cannot normally be used for highly heat-resistant resins, for example, where the forming temperature rarely exceeds 300°C. .

Problems to be Solved by the Invention Under these circumstances, the present invention solves the problem when the hollow temperature is normally 2.
For highly heat-resistant resins of 50°C or higher, often 300°C or higher, high-temperature resins that provide long-lasting antistatic performance and excellent thermal stability and heat deterioration resistance when used in molding or molding. It was made for the purpose of providing a heat-resistant resin composition.

Means for Solving the Problems The inventors of the present invention have conducted extensive research to develop a highly heat-resistant resin composition having the above-mentioned preferable properties. A polyamide-imide elastomer that hard segments polyamide-imide dicarboxylic acid obtained from an aromatic polycarboxylic acid capable of forming at least one imide ring, such as trimellitic acid or pyromellitic acid, is produced by combining a polyamide-imide dicarboxylic acid with a highly heat-resistant resin. It has mutuality and heat resistance,
It was discovered that the objective could be achieved by blending this into a highly heat-resistant resin in a predetermined ratio, and based on this knowledge, the present invention was completed.

That is, in the present invention, (A) the glass transition temperature is 150°C.
or a highly heat-resistant resin with a crystal melting point of 200°C or more,
(B) Mainly composed of (a) cabrolactam, (b) trivalent or tetravalent aromatic polycarboxylic acid capable of forming at least one imide ring, (c) polyoxyethylene glycol or polyoxyethylene glycol polyoxyalkylene glycol mixture and optionally (d)
(c) A polyamideimide elastomer having a K content of 40 to 80% by weight and a relative viscosity of 1.5 or more at a temperature of 30°C, obtained from at least one diamine having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. The object of the present invention is to provide a highly heat-resistant resin composition having long-lasting antistatic properties, characterized in that it contains the following in a weight ratio of 80:20 to 97:3.

The present invention will be explained in detail below.

The highly heat-resistant resin used as the FR component (A) of the composite of the present invention is a resin generally referred to as an engineering resin or a super engineering resin, which has a glass transition temperature of 150°C or higher or a crystalline melting point of 200°C or higher. , usually requiring a certain temperature of 250° C. or higher. Examples of such highly heat-resistant resins include aliphatic polyamides such as nylon 6, nylon 6.6, and nylon 6.10, aromatic polyamides made from xylylene diamine and adivic acid, polyethylene terephthalate, and polybutylene tere-7-thale. Aromatic polyester resins such as polymethylpentene resins, poly7-enylene ether resins, polysulfone resins, polyethersulfone resins, polyphenylene sulfide resins, polyamides that are polymers of bisphenol A and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, etc. Arylate resin, polyetherimide resin, polyamideimide resin, polyetherketone resin, polyetheretherketone resin, p
-Polymer liquid crystal resins having a basic skeleton of -hydroxypenzoyl groups, and polymer alloys containing these resins as one layer may be mentioned.

Next, the (B) predominant polyamideimide elastomer of the composition of the present invention is (a) cabrolactam, (b) trivalent or tetravalent polycarboxylic acid, and (c) polyoxyethylene glycol or polyoxyethylene. A polyamideimide which becomes a hard segment is obtained from a mixture with a polyoxyalkylene glycol mainly composed of glycol, and from (a) a 5E component and (b) a TR component, and this is a soft segment (c) a. It is a multi-block copolymer that is linked with glycol and ester bonds.

As the component (b), a trivalent or tetravalent aromatic polycarboxylic acid capable of reacting with an amino group to form at least one imide ring, or an acid anhydride thereof is used.

(b) Specifically, the trivalent tricarboxylic acid used as the Jffi component is l. 2.44 Limellitic acid, 1
．． 2.5-naphthalene tricarboxylic acid, 2.6.7-naphthalene tricarboxylic acid, 3.3'. 4-diphenyltricarboxylic acid, penzophenone-3.3. '4-tricarboxylic acid, diphenylsulfone-3.3'. Examples include 4-tricarboxylic acid, di-7enyl ether-3,3',4-tricarboxylic acid, and the like.

In addition, as the tetravalent tetracarboxylic acid, specifically,
Biromellitic acid, di7enyl-2.2'. 3.3'-tetracarboxylic acid, penzophenone-2.2'. 3.3'
-Tetracarboxylic acid, diphenylsulfone-2.2'.
3.3'-tetracarboxylic acid, diphenyl ether-2
．． 2'. Examples include 3.3'-tetracarboxylic acid.

These polycarboxylic acids are used in substantially equimolar amounts, that is, 0.9 to 1.1 times the molar amount to the glycol (c).

Polyamideimide, which is a hard segment, is involved in the heat resistance, strength, and hardness of the elastomer, and the polyamideimide content in this elastomer is between 20 and 6
It is necessary that it be 0% by weight. The content is 20% by weight
If it is less than 60% by weight, the strength of the elastomer may decrease, and if it exceeds 60% by weight, the antistatic effect tends to decrease, which is not preferable.

Further, the number average molecular weight of the polyamideimide is preferably 500 or more and 3000 or less, more preferably 500 or more and 2000 or less. When the number average molecular weight of polyamideimide is less than 500, the melting point becomes low,
Heat resistance decreases, and if it exceeds 3000, fluidity decreases, which is not preferable.

In order to improve the heat resistance of the composition of the present invention, (d) is added to introduce an imide ring into the polyamideimide.
When a diamine is used in combination, the polycarboxylic acid is used in an amount of 0.9 to 1.1 times the total number of moles of the glycol component (c) and the diamine component (d).

The diamine of component (d) includes ethylene diamine, tetramethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine,
7 enylene diamine and the like. The amount used is preferably equal to or less than i times the molar amount of glycol fraction (c); if it is used in an amount larger than this, it becomes difficult to obtain a homogeneous elastomer, which is not preferable.

As component (c) a in the polyamideimide elastomer, polyoxyethylene glycol or a mixture of polyoxyethylene glycol and polyoxyalkylene glycol other than polyoxyethylene glycol is used. The number average molecular weight of the polyoxyethylene glycol used is not particularly limited, but is preferably within the range of 500 to 5,000. If it is less than 500, the melting point may become low and the heat resistance may be insufficient, depending on the number of elastomers used, so it is not preferable. Also, 500
If it exceeds 0, it is not preferable because it becomes difficult to form a strong elastomer.

The polyoxyalkylene glycol that can be used in combination with polyoxyethylene glycol has a glycol content of less than 50% by weight and a number average molecular weight of 500 to 5.
000 polyoxytetramethylene glycol, modified polyoxytetramethylene glycol, polyoxypropylene glycol, etc. can be used.

As the modified polyoxytetramethylene glycol, ordinary polyoxytetramethylene glycol (cHa
) 4 Part of 0- is replaced with -R-0- I; Here, R is an alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as ethylene group, 1.2-propylene group, 1.3-propylene group, 2-methyl-1.3-propylene group, 2.2- dimethyl-1,3-propylene group,
Examples include pentamethylene group and hexamethylene group. There is no particular restriction on the amount of denaturation, but the usual 3 to 50
Selected within the range of weight %. Further, the amount of modification and the type of the alkylene group are appropriately selected depending on required properties such as low-temperature impact resistance and heat resistance.

This modified polyoxytetramethylene glycol can be produced, for example, by copolymerization of a tetrahydride group and a diol using a heteroboric acid as a catalyst, or by copolymerization of a diol or a cyclic ether which is a condensation product of a diol and butanediol. I can do it.

Regarding the method for producing the polyamide-imide elastomer used in the composition of the present invention, any method may be used as long as it can produce a homogeneous amide-imide elastomer, and for example, the following method may be used.

Caprolactam fraction (a), aromatic polycarboxylic acid fraction (b) and glycol component (c) are combined (b) caprolactam fraction (
c) The ingredients are mixed in a substantially equimolar ratio, and the water content in the rawhide polymer is maintained at 0.1-1% by weight at 150-300°C, more preferably at 180-280°C.
This is a method of polymerization. In this method, the reaction temperature can also be raised stepwise during dehydration condensation.

At this time, some cabrolactam remains unreacted, but this is distilled off under reduced pressure and removed from the reaction mixture.

After removing the unreacted cabrolactam, the reaction mixture can be roughly polymerized by post-polymerization under reduced pressure at 200 to 300°C, more preferably at 230 to 280°C, if necessary.

In this reaction method, esterification and amidation occur simultaneously during the dehydration condensation process to prevent coarse phase separation, thereby producing a homogeneous and transparent elastomer.

By causing the esterification reaction and caprolactam polymerization to occur simultaneously, and controlling the rate of each reaction,
In order to obtain a transparent and homogeneous elastomer, the water produced is removed from the reaction system to reduce the water content of the reaction system to o. It is preferable to carry out polymerization while maintaining the content within the range of i-t weight %. When this water content exceeds 1% by weight, caprolactam polymerization takes priority and coarse phase separation occurs;
If the amount is less than % by weight, esterification takes priority and cabrolactam does not react, making it impossible to obtain an elastomer with the desired structure. This water content is appropriately selected within the above range depending on the desired physical properties of the elastomer.

Furthermore, in this reaction, the water content in the reaction system may be gradually reduced as the reaction progresses, if desired. This moisture content can be controlled by, for example, reaction temperature,
This can be done by controlling reaction conditions such as the flow rate of inert gas introduced and the degree of pressure reduction, or by changing the reactor structure.

The degree of polymerization of the polyamideimide elastomer used in the composite of the present invention can be changed as desired, but
Preferably, the relative viscosity, measured at 30° C. at 0.5% (weight/volume) in meta-cresol, is greater than or equal to 1.5. If it is lower than 1.5, mechanical properties cannot be sufficiently developed.

A more preferable relative viscosity is 1.6 or more.

When diamine (d) is used in combination, the reaction can be carried out either in one step or in two steps. The former consists of cabrolactam (a), polycarboxylic acid block (b), glycol block (c), and diamine block (d
) are simultaneously prepared and reacted. The latter is a method in which the polycarbon aa component (b) and the diamine component (d) are first reacted, and then the cabrolactam (a) and the glycol component (c) are reacted together.

When producing a polyamideimide elastomer, an esterification catalyst can be used as a polymerization promoter.

Examples of the polymerization accelerator include phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid,
Phosphorous compounds such as metaphosphoric acid; tetraalkylorthotitanates such as tetrabutyl orthotitanate; tin-based catalysts such as dibutyltin oxide and dibutyltin laurate; manganese-based catalysts such as manganese acetate; antimony-based catalysts such as antimony dioxide; lead acetate, etc. A lead-based catalyst or the like is suitable. The catalyst may be added at the initial stage of polymerization or at the middle stage of polymerization.

In addition, in order to increase the thermal stability of the obtained polyamide-imide elastomer, stabilizers such as various heat-resistant anti-aging agents and antioxidants can be used. May be added. It can also be added after polymerization and before kneading with the highly heat resistant resin.

Examples of the heat-resistant stabilizer include N,N'-hexamethylene bis(3.5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid amide'), 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-t- butylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(
Various hindered phenols such as (4-ethyl-6-t-butylphenol); N,N'-bis(β-na7thyl)-p-7enylenediamine, Aromatic amines such as dilene diamine and poly(2.2.4-trimethyl-1.2-dihydroquinoline); copper salts such as steel chloride and copper iodide; sulfur compounds such as dilaurylthiodipropionate; Examples include phosphorus compounds.

In the composite of the present invention, the antistatic property is further improved by using the above-mentioned polyamideimide elastomer (B) in combination with a low molecular electrolyte.

Examples of such low molecular electrolytes include alkali metal salts of aromatic sulfonic acids such as dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid, laurylsulfonic acid,
Examples include alkali metal salts of alkylsulfonic acids such as stearylsulfonic acid, and among these, sodium alkylsulfonate is preferred.

In the composite of the present invention, (A) the highly heat-resistant resin and (B)
) The ratio of ffi to the polyamideimide elastomer must be within a weight ratio of 80:20 to 97:3, and (B) if 11 minutes is less than this, sufficient antistatic effect will not be obtained. If the amount exceeds this amount, no improvement in the antistatic effect will be observed considering the amount, and the rigidity will decrease, which is not preferable.

The composition of the present invention may include various additives such as pigments, dyes, reinforcing fillers, etc., as long as they do not impair the purpose of the present invention.
Heat stabilizers, antioxidants, nucleating agents, lubricants, plasticizers, ultraviolet absorbers, mold release agents, flame retardants, other polymers, etc. can be added in any process such as the kneading process or the molding process. .

The composite of the present invention can be prepared by mixing the mixture consisting of the above-mentioned (A) FR component, (B) IR component, and the low molecular electrolyte and various additives used as necessary using a known method such as a Banbury mixer, a mixing rotor, or a single-shaft mixer. Alternatively, it can be prepared by a method of kneading using a twin-screw extruder or the like. The kneading temperature at this time is preferably in the range of 250 to 350°C.

The highly heat-resistant resin composition of the present invention thus obtained can be processed by known methods generally used for shaping thermoplastic resins, such as injection molding, extrusion molding, blow molding, vacuum molding, etc. It can be molded into various shapes by the following methods.

Effects of the Invention The highly heat-resistant resin composition of the present invention has a highly heat-resistant resin and a polyamideimide elastomer as its basic resin components, and has sustained antistatic performance and excellent heat resistance. It has characteristics such as being resistant to thermal deterioration when being displayed or used as a shaped product, and is suitable for use as a material for, for example, electrical/electronic parts, home appliance parts, automobile parts, mechanical parts, etc.

EXAMPLES Next, the present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples in any way.

In addition, each characteristic value was calculated|required as follows.

(1) Surface resistivity A flat plate of 90 x 50 x 3 mm was formed using an injection molding machine, and the molded product was conditioned for 24 hours at 23°C and 150% RH. Using SM-10E type, the surface resistivity was measured and set as an initial value.

On the other hand, 100%
After being left for a day, the surface resistivity was measured in the same manner as above, and the value after 100 days was taken as the value.

(2) Relative viscosity of elastomer Measured in metacresol at a temperature of 30°C and a concentration of 0.5% by weight/volume.

(3) Thermal decomposition temperature of elastomer The weight loss temperature was measured using a differential thermal balance at a heating rate of 10° C./min.

Production example l Production of polyamide-imide elastomer (B-1) 500 m equipped with a stirrer, nitrogen inlet and distillation pipe
a. In a separable flask, add polyoxyethylene sol (number average molecular weight 1980) 1349, trimellitic anhydride 13.09, cabrolactam 85.49, and pentaerythrityltetrakis [3-(3,5-di-t-
1:1 blend of tris(2,4-di-1-butylphenyl) phosphite (trade name: Irganox B22)
5 antioxidant) 0.49 and heated at 100℃.
Reduce the pressure to Torr and stir for 1 hour to remove moisture from the raw materials. Then, while introducing nitrogen and maintaining the pressure at 300 Torr, the temperature was raised to 260°C and polymerized for 4 hours.
Unreacted cabrolactam was distilled off by gradually reducing the pressure at the same temperature.

Next, nitrogen was introduced again to maintain the pressure at 200 Torr, and a solution of 0.2 g of tetrabutyl orthotitanate dissolved in 5 g of caprolactam was added.
The pressure was reduced to rr, and polymerization was carried out at the same temperature for 7 hours to obtain a light brown transparent elastomer.

This elastomer has a polyoxyethylene glycol content of 67% by weight, a relative viscosity of 2.18, and a tensile strength and elongation of 310 g/cm" and 850 g/cm", respectively.
%Met.

In addition, the thermal decomposition start temperature, lO% weight loss temperature, and 30% weight loss temperature of this elastomer are 353°C and 353°C, respectively.
The temperatures were 377°C and 394°C.

Production example 2 Boryamideimide elastomer (B-2)
40 g of cabrolactam, polyoxyethylene glycol (number average molecular weight 2040) 9
1 g, trimethic anhydride 11.2 g, hexamethylene diamine 1.59 (molar ratio to polyoxyethylene glycol 0.3), phosphoric acid 0.159 and poly(
2.2.4- }Limethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) (trade name Ninocrac 224 antioxidant) 0.29
was charged and heated at 260°C while flowing nitrogen at 70-/min.
The reaction was allowed to proceed for 4 hours. Next, unreacted caprolactam was distilled off under reduced pressure, and then 0.39% of tetraisoglobilorne titanate was added and reacted at 1 Torr for 5 hours to obtain a yellow transparent elastomer.

This elastomer contains 72% by weight polyoxyethylene glycol, has a relative viscosity of 1.90, and a tensile strength of 29%.
5bg/cm'', tensile elongation 1020%, thermal decomposition start temperature, 1O% weight loss temperature, 30% weight loss temperature are:
The temperatures were 350°C, 403°C, and 438°C, respectively.

Production Example 3 Production of polyamideimide elastomer (B-3) Polyoxyethylene glycol (number average molecular weight 1980) 1509, adipic acid 1
4g of caprolactam 929 and 0.59g of Irganox 822 used in Production Example 1, and heated at 100°C.
The pressure was reduced to Torr, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour to remove water in the raw materials. Thereafter, while nitrogen was introduced and the pressure was maintained at 300 Torr, the temperature was raised to 260°C and polymerized for 4 hours, the pressure was gradually reduced at the same temperature, unreacted cabrolactam was distilled out of the system, and under reduced pressure The mixture was polymerized at the same temperature for 3 hours to obtain a pale yellow transparent elastomer.

This elastomer has a polyoxyethylene glycol content of 70% by weight, a relative viscosity of 1.72, and a tensile strength and elongation of 180 #g/am'' and 870%, respectively.
Met.

Well, the thermal decomposition onset temperature of this elastomer is 10%
The weight loss temperature and 30% weight loss temperature are each 312
℃, 328℃, and 343℃.

The highly heat-resistant resin and low molecular electrolyte used in the Examples and Comparative Examples are as follows.

・Nylon 6.6 (PA66): Leona 1300s (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Industries) ・Polyethylene terephthalate resin (PET): Sunpet 3150G (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Industries, GF content 15wt)
%) - Poly7enylene ether resin (PPE): Pure PPE with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.50 in chloroform at 30°C - Polysulfone resin (PSF): U D E L P - 1700 (manufactured by Amoco) - Bolyarylate Resin (PAR): U-100 (manufactured by Unitika) ・Polyether sulfone resin (PES): VICTRE
X 4100G (1 (made by l), poly7 enylene 7
Idoki g (pps) Ryton R-4 (7 Illips Oil Co., Ltd., GF content 40wt%) - Low molecular electrolyte (sodium alkyl sulfonate): H
-1 (manufactured by Hoechst) Examples 1 to 9, Comparative Examples 1 to 2 The first elastomer was added to 100 parts by weight of a highly heat-resistant resin.
The mixture was blended in the proportions shown in the table, and melt-kneaded using a twin-screw extruder (AS-30 model manufactured by Nakatani Kikai) with a screw diameter of 30 mm at a screw rotation speed of 50 rpm and each cylinder temperature shown in Table 1. , pellets of the composition were obtained at a discharge rate of 5 kg/hr.

Next, after drying this pellet at 100°C for 5 hours,
Injection molding was performed at the cylinder temperature and mold temperature shown in Table 1 to prepare test pieces for measuring surface resistivity.

The deterioration state of the composition during extrusion and injection molding can be determined by the foaming state of the strand during extrusion, the injection molded test piece, and the composition at the third cut after the composition was allowed to stay in the cylinder for 10 minutes. The foaming state of the injection molded piece and the occurrence of silver streaks were visually observed and judged according to the following criteria.

・Strand condition ○: No foaming, Δ: Slight foaming, ×: Foaming ・Bottom piece state ○: Silver streaks, no foaming △: With silver streaks ×: Foaming occurred and no round pieces were obtained. These results are shown in Table 1.

Examples 10-12, Comparative Examples 3 to 5 Examples were carried out in the same manner as in Example 2, except that PET was used as the highly heat-resistant resin and the formulations shown in Table 2 were used. The results are shown in Table 2.

In addition, both the strand condition and the condition of the precept piece were good.

Claims (1)

[Scope of Claims] 1 (A) a highly heat-resistant resin having a glass transition temperature of 150°C or higher or a crystalline melting point of 200°C or higher; (B) (a) caprolactam; (b) forming at least one imide ring The content of component (c) is 40 to 80, obtained from a trivalent or tetravalent aromatic polycarboxylic acid that can and a polyamideimide elastomer having a relative viscosity of 1.5 or more at a temperature of 30° C. in a weight ratio of 80:20 to 97:3. High heat resistant resin composition. 2. (A) A highly heat-resistant resin with a glass transition temperature of 150°C or higher or a crystalline melting point of 200°C or higher, and (B) (a) caprolactam, (b) a trivalent or tetravalent resin capable of forming at least one imide ring. aromatic polycarboxylic acid, (c) polyoxyethylene glycol or a polyoxyalkylene glycol mixture mainly composed of polyoxyethylene glycol, and (d) diamine having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, (c) ) and a polyamideimide elastomer having a content of 40 to 80% by weight and a relative viscosity of 1.5 or more at a temperature of 30°C in a weight ratio of 80:20 to 97:3. A highly heat-resistant resin composition. 3. The highly heat-resistant resin composition according to claim 1 or 2, which contains one or more selected from organic electrolytes and inorganic electrolytes.