JPH03204918A - Anisotropic solution-form polaring material and electric parts to be manufactured thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To ensure high permeability and capacitance while facilitating production by providing an electric transmission means connected with an anisotropic compound selected from a group of nonion, cation, anion and amphoteric surfactive agent. CONSTITUTION: An electric device comprises an amphiphilic compound, a polarization material of anisotropic solution having liquid crystal microstructure, preferably, lamella structure. Alternatively, the anisotropic solution is a polymorph solid micell solution. The amphiphilic compound is a fatty acid salt selected preferably from a group of alkaline metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, ammonium salts and alkanol-ammonium salts. A preferable liquid is water or heavy water which can be added with an electrolyte, e.g. a soluble ion salt including NaCl. The amphiphilic compound forms various phase neat soap and has various liquid crystal microstructure. Then these compound are cooled, a polymorph solid micell solution is produced. Consequently, advantageous electrical characteristics, e.g. high permeability, are attained.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention generally relates to polarizable materials useful in electrical devices that include anisotropic solutions of one or more amphiphilic compounds. This solution has a liquid crystalline microstructure or is a polymorphic solid micellar solution. More particularly, the present invention relates to anisotropic solutions with ordered structures, so that they can be used in electrical devices, e.g.
Battery condenser, super condenser, pressure!
Transducers, memory elements, insulators, semiconductors, rectifiers, detectors.

It is useful in the manufacture of thermal sensitive devices, electrostatographic devices, and devices that generate and reflect electromagnetic waves. One form of the invention is a chargeable and dischargeable parallel plate supercapacitor or electrochemical-secondary cell consisting of a single neat sorb or solid bar phase sorb dielectric disposed between conductive electrodes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Various electrical properties of organic compounds such as waxes and resins have been demonstrated in the prior art. U.S. Patent No. 1,95
No. 2,158 (to Clark et al.), -20
A colloidal gel consisting of mineral oil as a dielectric and a small amount of metal soap has been shown to be plastic and stable from temperatures as low as 110°C to as high as 110°C. Clark et al. suggested that 2 to 12% by weight of metallic soap be added to approximately 90% by weight of mineral oil.
We show that a colloidal gel is produced that functions as a dielectric.

U.S. Patent No. 1.57.3. [No. 196 (to D.V.) discloses the use of purified glycerides, essentially anhydrous unsaturated fatty acids, or various fatty acid soaps in combination with cellulose paper as dielectrics in capacitors. There is. Devy attributes the enhancement of the dielectric behavior of cellulose paper to the addition of purified glycerides. Divvy showed that essentially anhydrous unsaturated fatty acids or various fatty acid soaps trap residual water molecules on the surface of cellulose paper so that the water does not contribute to the electrical conductivity of the paper.

Methods of making electrets from molten wax and wax-like materials that are solidified in an electric field are well known in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 1.804,364; 1.
886,235; 2.024,705; 2,986,5
24; 2,284,039 and 2,460,109. Electrets are microphones and earphones.

A semi-permanently charged dielectric material useful as a transducer in record player cartridges, etc.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,301,786 (to the class) discloses synthetic ferroelectric articles comprising dispersions of solid silica compounds in organic vehicles such as polyoxyalkylenes, paraffin waxes, microcrystalline waxes, or polypropylenes. It is shown. Krauss induces permanent electret properties on the opposing surfaces of the dispersion by placing the molten slab under direct current during cooling.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,458,713 (to Perlman et al.) shows electrets consisting of permanently electrostatically polarized mono-high molecular weight polycyclic bisphenol polycarbonates. Perlman et al. show that these compounds retain their charge for long periods of time, such as 10 years.

U.S. Patent No. 2,916.792 (Kuru, Rira)
discloses an apparatus and method for controlling the extrusion speed of a soap bar by conducting between the electrodes of a soap bar heat detection capacitor having a dielectric constant higher than that of air and measuring the change in capacitance.

The electronics industry strives to develop electrical devices that perform very complex functions but occupy very little space. A new family of devices has been developed with a new series of devices. These devices are known as electric double layer capacitors, or supercapacitors, and are detailed in the following miscellaneous texts: Juodikis (A, J.),
``Supercapacitors useful as backup power supplies'', Electronic Design, September 30, 1982, P, 159-164; Sanada (K, 5anada) and Hosokawa (M,
) bsokawa), electric double layer capacitors suit capacitors °”NT'rCRe5earch &
Development, A35 (October 1979)
May) p, 21-27; and Inada (K, Inada), “Super capacitor fabricated product as a pull-up for micro parts” J
Our own of Electronic Engineering
nering.

November 1982, pj2-37゜These references include, for example, a first phase containing activated carbon;
A double layer capacitor is shown comprising two phases in contact: and a second phase comprising, for example, a sulfuric acid solution or a liquid organic electrolyte.

As can be seen from the above prior art documents, efforts have been made to meet the need for materials that have desirable electrical properties, particularly high dielectric constant and good capacitance, and that can be easily and economically manufactured.

SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to provide a polarizable material consisting of an anisotropic solution of an amphiphilic compound and a liquid.

Another object of the invention is to provide anisotropic solutions that exhibit desirable dielectric properties, particularly high capacitance.

Another object of the invention is to provide an anisotropic solution which exhibits electret and/or piezoelectric properties when placed in an electric field.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a storage element or a volatile storage device, a storage device, an insulator, or a semiconductor.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an anisotropic solution that can function as a rectifier or similar device useful in electronic equipment.

Another object of the invention is to provide an anisotropic solution that generates and/or reflects electromagnetic waves.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an anisotropic solution which can be repeatedly and sequentially charged and discharged by application of an electric field and which can be utilized in devices storing intense electrical energy. It is.

Another object of the present invention is to form a polarized liquid crystalline microstructure consisting of a mixture of fatty acid salt molecules, water, with or without electrolytes, and having a composition: a neat soap microstructure. The aim is to provide an anisotropic solution with

Another object of the present invention is to provide a polarized material having a lamellar structure, a liquid crystal microstructure, and useful as a power storage device.

Another object of the invention is to provide an anisotropic solution that gradually discharges in response to a load and recharges itself due to high dielectric absorption.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a primary battery containing an anisotropic solution as an electrolyte.

Another object of the invention is to provide a supercapacitor containing an anisotropic solution as electrolyte.

Another object of the invention is to provide a supercapacitor with a very high capacitance scale.

Another object of the invention is to provide a supercapacitor that has a small area and volume compared to prior art devices and operates at high temperatures.

In accordance with the above objectives, the present invention provides a composition consisting of an amphipathic compound alone or an amphipathic compound and an anisotropic solution containing a liquid. The polarizable materials of the present invention exhibit useful electret, ferroelectric, pyroelectric, semiconducting, insulating and capacitive properties and especially high capacitance' when placed in an electric field. As used herein, the term "onisotropic" generally refers to phases of selected amphipathic compounds outside the isotropic solution region, such as the isotropic solution of sodium valmitate in Figure 2. Everything on the left side of the line is missing. It should be noted that the materials described herein exhibit advantageous properties even below the 50 DEG C. line in FIG. 2. Therefore, FIG. 2 is shown for illustrative purposes only.

The present invention also provides an electrical device characterized by a polarizable material consisting of an anisotropic solution with a liquid crystal microstructure, preferably a lamellar structure, consisting of an amphiphilic compound and a liquid, and an electrical transmission means connected thereto. Alternatively, the anisotropic solution consists of a polymorphic solid micellar solution. As used herein, the term electrical transmission means refers to any means by which the polarizable material of the present invention is coupled to an electrical circuit.

Preferred amphiphilic compounds are salts of fatty acids, preferably selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, ammonium salts and alkanol-ammonium salts of fatty acids. Preferred liquids are water or heavy water, as well as electrolytes, such as soluble ionic salts, such as N
May include aC/IY.

The above amphiphilic compounds form neat sorbs of various phases at relatively high temperatures and have various liquid crystal microstructures. When these compounds are cooled, polymorphic solid micelle solutions are obtained. It has been found that amphiphilic compounds have a liquid crystal microstructure or are in the form of polymorphic micellar solutions and have the desired electrical properties.

The term anisotropic solution includes amphiphilic compounds in both of these states. Moreover, solid micellar solutions, even when not formed by cooling amphiphilic compounds with a liquid crystalline microstructure, such as neat soap, have advantageous electrical properties, such as high dielectric constants.

The polarizable material of the invention with the required microstructure may be a simple binary mixture with an amphiphilic compound and an appropriate amount of liquid.

It has been found that the anisotropic solutions of the present invention may be used as dielectrics in parallel plate capacitor devices. The device is capable of charging with direct current, and this charged current discharges in response to a load, first rapidly in the manner expected of a capacitor, then more slowly, as expected of a storage battery. Interestingly, the potential of this device is not immediately discharged by a short circuit due to the high dielectric absorption of the material (it self-charges when the load is removed).

Furthermore, when the anisotropic solution of the present invention is used as an electrolyte disposed between two different electrodes, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery, that is, a battery that does not require initial charging. Heading n.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The composition and electrical behavior of the materials of the invention are described in more detail below.

The amphiphilic compounds used in the practice of this invention have polar or hydrophilic ends and non-polar or hydrophobic ends, each of which has its own solubility in the liquid described below. Contains molecules that are large enough to demonstrate behavior. Amphiphilic compounds have their non-polar ends (such as the hydrocarbon part of soap) dissolved into each other in polar liquids;
On the other hand, is there a controlled preference in orientation to orient with their polar ends (e.g. -〇〇〇- groups) protruding into the outer polar solvent, thus producing liquid crystals? known to show. This orientation is reversed in nonpolar solvents. Morrison and Boy
d), Organic Chemistry, Ch.
pt, Ro 3 (6d Ed, 1976); Kirkuos? -(Kirk-Othmer)-Encyclope
Dia of Chemical Technology
"Vo1.14.p, 395 or less) (3dEd.

1980). Preferred amphiphilic compounds for use in the present invention include salts of fatty acids, such as alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, ammonium salts and alkanol-ammonium salts, more particularly sodium salts, lithium salts, potassium salts, rubidium salts. and cesium salts. These preferred fatty acid salts contain about 6 to 18 carbon atoms.
Saturated or unsaturated aliphatic moieties such as oleic acid, stearic acid, and sodium balmitate are included. Examples of other salts include cesium myristate.

Ammonium laurate, triethanolamine stearate, triethanolamine laurate.

and alkyl polyglucoside APC Burc
o) NPS-225 (obtained from Burlington Chemicals, Burlington, NC, USA).

Other amphipathic compounds useful in the practice of this invention include: Alkanesulfonates, preferably those containing C2-CI5 alkyl groups; α-olefin sulfonates, preferably those containing 9 to 15 methylene units; fatty alcohol sulfates, preferably C1
□ to C17 alkyl groups; oxo alcohol ether sulfates, preferably those containing 02 to C11 alkyl groups and 1 to 4 ethoxy groups; and cationic surfactants, such as quaternary ammonium salts, preferably 4 01-CI8 alkyl groups; amine oxides, preferably those containing C1□-C18 alkyl groups; and amphoteric surfactants, such as betaines (optionally sulfonated), preferably C1-
C], those containing 8 alkyl groups, and nonionic surfactants, such as 08-C1° alkyl groups and 5-1
Alkylphenol ethoxylates containing 0 ethoxy groups; fatty- or oquine-bolyetelene glycol ethers containing C6 to C16 alkyl groups and 5 to 10 ethoxy groups; ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers, preferably 2 to 60 ethoxy groups; Propoxy groups and 15 to 80 ethoxy groups; fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, preferably 08 to C18 alkyl groups, 6 to 6 ethoxy groups and 3 to 6+7)
Contains a propoxy group. Preferred nonionic surfactants include polyethylene oxide (PEO) represented by the following formula:
Polymers may include: R-(CH2-CH2-0)n-R1 where n is 2 or more; R and R1 are hydrogen atoms or C1° to C16 alkyl. For example, this type of polyethylene oxide is available from Shell Oil Company (Dobrey, New Chassis, USA) under the trademark N23-
5, N25-3, N46-3 and N4513.

Currently, the most preferred fatty acid salts are commercially available soaps, which are generally sodium salts of even-numbered fatty acids having about 12 to 18 carbon atoms.

Commercially available soaps are prepared in a well-known manner, such as saponifiable fats, greases and oils, such as tallow and other animal fats; cottonseed oil and other vegetable oils and fats; fish oils, rosins and other resinous substances; and coconut oil, palm kernel. oils, babassu oil, palm oil, olive oil, tar oil, castor oil, peanut oil, linseed oil.

and by hydrolysis of hydrogenated versions of these fats and oils. List the fatty acid contents of useful fatty acid raw materials in the table below. The usual method for making soap is U.S. Patent No. 2,037.006; 2,190,592; 2.33S
, 893; 3,793,215; 3,296,829
; 4,201,743 and 4,490.280. However, as described below, it was found that a simple soap system is also effective.

-9; The kettle method for producing neat soap is described in U.S. Patent No. 3.
．． No. 928,829, the text of which is incorporated herein by reference. In summary, the manufacturing process for neatsorb is as follows.

1) a "killing or saponification step" in which an aqueous solution of a fatty acid raw material, such as a 75725 mixture of tallow and coconut oil, is heated with caustic soda, such as sodium hydroxide, to convert a substantial proportion of the fatty acids to their salts;
) "conversion step", in which the fatty acid salts are precipitated from solution; and 3) "fitting step", in which the neat soap (-f, i.e. the part of the lamellar liquid crystalline microstructure of the mixture) is separated from the nido phase. Neat soaps may also be made by other soap making methods well known to those skilled in the art.

Commercially available bar soaps have also been found useful in the present invention, as detailed in the Examples below.

The polarizable material of the present invention can be used in an amount sufficient to organize the amphiphilic compound into the desired liquid crystalline microstructure.Preferably, the liquid component is a polar liquid, especially water. The liquid component should also solubilize the electrolyte contained in the polarizable material.

Preferred neat soaps of the present invention include about 50-100% by weight of fatty acid salts derived from fatty acid salt raw materials; about 10-6% water;
0% by weight, and about 0-4% by weight sodium chloride, more preferably about 0.3-1.2% by weight sodium chloride. However, all electrolytes may be excluded. Useful fatty acid salt raw materials are listed first, and the general fatty acid distribution of these raw materials is summarized in the table above. Fatty acid raw material alone,
or used in various combinations to modify the component fatty acid salts in soaps, such as 25% tallow and 75% coconut oil; 60% tallow and 40% coconut oil; or 85% tallow and 15% coconut oil. Can be adjusted to coconut oil.

The liquid crystal microstructure, e.g. the orientation state of the molecules in neat soaps, is extremely sensitive to external perturbations, and changes in temperature, pressure and electric and magnetic fields can lead to significant changes in the long-range order of the molecules. As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, solid barsorbs are usually dried from neat soap; reducing the size of the dried material by chipping, pying, chopping, etc.;
Preferably up to about 2% by weight of additives such as fragrances, colorants, emollients, antimicrobials, preservatives, etc. are mixed; and the mixture is shaped into bars or other desired shapes, usually by extrusion. Manufactured by. The smectic lamellar microstructure that characterizes neat soaps is primarily solid (-varies with mechanical forces, temperature and humidity during the manufacture of the sorb).

The solid Versorb microstructure is characterized by an intertwined network of fiber bundles of varying diameters and different degrees of tortuosity, but with a general tendency to possess both cruciform and parallel structures. Solid) (-Sorb's microstructure is referred to here as bar phase microstructure.

As mentioned above, neat soaps can also be cooled to prepare polymorphic micellar surface solutions. Individual solid solutions are shown in Example 1.
4-24.

The electrolyte used in the invention may be a simple ionic salt, e.g. The amount of electrolyte should not exceed an amount such that the electrical resistivity of the material is below the level that destroys the neat phase microstructure. The neat phase is destroyed. Generally the salt content is at least about 0.1% by weight.

The amphiphilic compound and liquid are mixed in the compositional amounts necessary to form the desired microstructure in the anisotropic region. For example, for commercially available soaps, the required composition amount is determined by determining the position of the neat phase region on the McBain phase diagram. A discussion of the McBain phase diagrams for binary and ternary systems of soap-mono-water and soap-mono-salt-monowater can be found in Kirkoosmer (Ki
rk-Othmer) Encyclopedia of
Chemical Technology.

Vol, 21. pp, 166-170 (3d Ed
;1980) K shown. The phase behavior of polar liquids and amphiphilic components of neat phase soaps appears to enhance the electrical properties of polarizable materials.

Figure 1 shows a ternary system of sodium stearate, sodium chloride and water at 90°C.

Figure 2 shows a binary system of sodium palmitate and water. As can be seen from Figure 2, the anisotropic solutions are neat, subneat, and super waxy.

A variety of microstructures are possible, including waxy, subwaxy, and middle soap. Anisotropic solutions can also be polymorphic micellar solid solutions designated as supercards, dry and wet cards.

Comparing Figures 1 and 2, it is found that there is approximately 70% soap and 60% water, and only a small amount of salt (e.g. 0.5%).
5% by weight or less) are included within the neat phase structure range or region.

A notable characteristic of neat phase soaps is the solid-like consistency of this system, ie, it is easily processed into bars, flakes or beads.

A previously unrecognized property of such neat-phase solid-like systems is their unexpectedly high dielectric constant. Furthermore, it has been discovered that other anisotropic solutions also have unexpectedly advantageous electrical properties. Another unexpected property of systems of this type is that they can generate electrical current when used with two different electrodes.

It was observed that the dielectric constant of the anisotropic materials of the present invention varied significantly with temperature, and their dielectric properties showed sensitivity to fatty acid salt and water concentrations. Although not fully understood, the high dielectric constants of these liquid crystal materials are believed to be associated with certain structural phase transitions of the ferroelectric type. Ferroelectric compositions exhibit phases exhibiting a twin or domain structure, where the lateral domain states are reoriented by an applied electric field, and they also respond to magnetic and elastic stress fields and various combinations thereof.

Advantageous electrical properties of neat soaps may also result from structural phase transformations that affect, for example, the liquid crystal lamellar or micellar microstructure (as shown in FIG. 6) or the bar phase microstructure of solid burnup.

The microstructure of the composition of the present invention is referred to as liquid crystal microstructure. The term “liquid crystal” is used to describe the physical properties of the materials of the present invention.

The word mesomorphic can be used.

This is because these materials exhibit dual physical states, ie both solid and liquid behavior. The liquid crystalline behavior of amphiphilic compounds is based on Kirk-Othmer (Kirk-Othmer).
)”Encyclopedia of Chemica
lTechnology, Vol, 14. pp,
395-427 (3dEd, 1980), which is hereby incorporated by reference. These properties are dictated by, and are believed to derive from, the orientational ordering of the material's component molecules in response to the liquid, which gives the material solid-like properties, although these attractive and ordering forces are It is not enough to completely eliminate sex. The liquid crystal of the present invention is a multicomponent system, and the ordering/alignment by the component molecules (amphiphilic compound) K, such as the formation of lamellae, bar phases, micelles, and other microstructures, is caused by the action of the liquid (water). It is lyotropic in that sense.

Mixtures of amphiphilic compounds that provide the liquid crystalline microstructures described herein are to be considered within the scope of this invention.

Detailed embodiments of the invention are described in the examples below.

Example 1 Bulk samples of various commercially available solid bar soaps were tested for changes in their dielectric constant as a function of temperature.

These samples are indicated by their trademarks on each side below. Palmolive, Irish Spring,
and Kiya, Cashmere B
ouquet) is a registered trademark of Colgate-Palmolip Company. Balmolib, Irish Spring (Superfa, T, Do, 5uperfaL
Dielectric constant 1 of commercial solid bar soap (hereinafter referred to as Soap A) of Kichu, Schmear Bouquet and Standard Trademark:
Measurements were made over a temperature range of 21-160°C at a frequency of 1 kHz. At temperatures of 10 to 130 DEG C., depending on the composition of the solid bar soap, there is a very strong temperature change in the active component of the complex dielectric constant E'. It has been observed that this change is partly dependent on the water content of the solid bar soap; for example, Airi/Yu Spring (Super Fatted) In Burno Soap containing 10% water by weight was heated to 1,48°C at 118°C.
Irish Spring with a peak value of 8.000 and a moisture content of 15% by weight (super fat, do)
Solid bar soap has an E' of 5,861.000 at 107°C.
The peak value is shown. From these findings, it was concluded that the dielectric constant is highly sensitive to solid bar soap composition and moisture. As mentioned above, the significant increase in dielectric constant with temperature suggests that the ferroelectric type undergoes a structural phase transition. EJ values are measured for various bar soaps as shown below.

Thickness 0.951 (a) x Width 5.08 pieces (2") x Length 7
．． A 6 cm (6") bar soap sample was cut by pulverization and placed between two flat and parallel gold plated electrodes. The sample was placed between these two gold plated and one capacitor electrodes. The scissors were held in place by electrically insulating bolts so that the surface of the soap was in good contact with the electrode but did not produce plastic R9. The upper electrode had a diameter of 4.50<1-
g") and a 10.2 cm (4") diameter guard ring electrically insulated from this center electrode. The bottom electrodes were disks with a diameter of 10.2 crrL (4"). These electrodes were then connected to General Rayday No. 1615-A capacitances by three coaxial cables.
connected to the bridge.

A 1 kHz General Rayday 1311A oscillator was used to drive the bridge. A phase sensitive Prinst/Nari Applied Research HR-8 amplifier was used as a zero indicator to balance the bridge.

The fixed sample was placed in a stainless steel thermos bottle and heated with a resistance heater directly connected to the electrode. Temperature was measured by a chrome-aluminum thermoelectric lamp attached to an electrode. The heating rate was approximately 2°C/min. The samples were tested for water loss by weighing before and after heating and showed negligible weight loss (less than 0.1% by weight).

This is mostly due to the central 4 points used for measurements in the 6-electrode method.
．． 5αct-3-g") along the green side of the sample outside the electrode. Capacitance values were measured using the in-phase and out-of-phase components of the dielectric response. 80'C
At temperatures exceeding 1000 ft, the capacitance generally exceeds the upper limit of 1 microfarad (1 microfarad), so an external capacitor was added to the circuit. Since the transconductance cannot be balanced using an external capacitor, it was not possible to measure the imaginary part of the dielectric constant. From the -order capacitance measurements, the sample thickness 2 (0,95L: rfL
, ~ inches) and the area of the center electrode to calculate the effective component of the dielectric constant E'. No attempt was made to correct for expected electrode fringe effects. Subsequent interelectrode DC measurements showed a resistance of several hundred megohms at room temperature. The high DC voltage causes permanent polarization of the soap and it becomes an electret.
child. The electret exhibited piezoelectric behavior and possibly (permanent structural changes) that made subsequent dielectric measurements impossible.
Dielectric constant E/ as a function of temperature for Irish Spring (Superfa, Tid) solid bar soap in weight %
Changes in the active ingredients of The appearance of a very narrow and very strong peak at 118°C in the 10 wt % water sample strongly suggests a structural phase transition of the type seen at these critical temperatures in ferroelectric materials. .

As shown in Figures 4 and 5, the effect of adding water to bar soap is to reduce the dielectric constant to E' = 52K at 27°C.

The objective is to increase E'=5,861.000 at 107°C as much as possible. Figure 5 shows that even at 40°C, there is an almost 10-fold difference between the value of the active ingredient's dielectric constant E' for C and the solid soap bar sample with 15 wt% water. shows.

Example 2 Changes in the dielectric constant E' of active ingredients of Palmolive solid bar soap with temperature were measured by the method of Example 1. Figure 6 shows Balmolyb soap with 15% water and 10% water by weight.
The change in dielectric constant of active ingredients with temperature for Balmolyte bar soap is shown. An enlarged view of the change in E' with temperature for a low moisture (10% by weight water) Palmolive bar soap is shown in FIG. In Figure 7, 118°C and 150°C
C. beading occurred, and the measured values were higher than those observed during testing of the Iso-Sh-Spring solid barsorb described in Example 1. By comparing FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, it can be seen that the change in burnup moisture caused a shift in the temperature distribution of the E' peak.

FIG. 8 shows an enlarged comparison of the dielectric constant of 10 wt % water and 15 wt % water Valmolib solid barsorb with temperature.

Example 3 Changes in the dielectric constant of the effective components of solid Barsorb A with temperature were measured by the method described in Example 1.

The value of the effective component of the dielectric constant measured in this experiment is
As shown in the figure.

Example 4 Changes in the dielectric constant of effective components of Kya Schmear φ Bouquet solid bar soap with temperature were measured by the method described in Example 1. FIG. 10 shows the values of the effective component of the dielectric constant measured in this experiment.

Figures 11 and 12 are based on the experiments described in Examples 1 to 4 (Effective dielectric constant of Irish Spring bar soap and Valmolyb bar soap with 10 wt% water and 15 wt% water with temperature). Shows relative changes in components.

Example 5 Balmolib Gold Solid Bar Soap Single-sided Copper Circuit Board (
6,35 crrL Connect 5 of these devices in parallel, charge 9 volts, and discharge them 'Y2.3
Measurements were made through seven 5 megohm resistors. The data obtained are summarized in Figure 15.

Example 6 The solid bar soap of Soap A was replaced as the dielectric material of the electricity storage device of Example 5. The device was charged for 8 minutes using a 9 volt power source and the discharge was measured through a 2.65 megohm resistor. The discharge voltage was recorded as a function of time and is shown in FIG.

Example 7 The electricity storage device of Example 6 was heated to 9°C for 15 minutes at a temperature of 19°C.
Charged to volts and then discharged through a 2.65 megohm resistor. The discharge voltage as a function of time was recorded and is shown in FIG.

Example 8 The energy storage device described in Example 6 was charged to 9 volts for 31 minutes and then discharged through a 2,65 megohm resistor. Record the discharge voltage as a function of time and
As shown in the figure.

Example? The electricity storage device of Example B was charged to 9 volts for 26 minutes. Soap A'& was used as a dielectric.

It was then discharged through a 6.2 megohm resistor.

The discharge voltage is shown in FIG. 19 as a function of time.

Example 10 Irish Spring solid bar soap was replaced as the dielectric material in the electricity storage device of Example 5.

The device was charged to 9 volts for 15 minutes at 22°C and discharged through a 2.65 megohm resistor. The discharge voltage was recorded as a function of time and is shown in FIG.

Example 11 The electricity storage device described in Example 5 was heated at 26° C. for 60 minutes, 9
It charges to volts and then discharges through a 2.35 megohm resistor. Using an eyeridge spring solid bar soap as the dielectric, the discharge voltage was recorded as a function of time and is shown in FIG.

Example 12 As shown in FIG. 13, individual capacitors were made from a commercially available metal foil 2, such as aluminum foil, and a sterile gauze fabric 6 impregnated with neatsorb. The gauze used provided structural support for the neat soap.
, and one piece that helps maintain the spacing between the metal foil electrodes 20. The Tanito soap used in these condensers is manufactured from a blend of edible tallow and coconut oil by conventional batch processes.

A tallow/coconut oil ratio of 75/25 (by weight) was used. Each capacitor contained a total of ten 3 n 7C thin film electrodes separated by nine layers of gauze impregnated with 21 CrI. Each aluminum foil electrode had a surface area of approximately 161 CrI (25 in.
)y< had. Table 1 shows the fine carbon distribution of the neat soap used in the capacitor of Koori et al. The moisture content of the neat soap was determined to be 25%.

Four electrical devices of the type shown in FIG. 16 were created. Each capacitor was then wrapped in a moisture-proof polymer film and heat sealed to reduce moisture loss. Small holes were drilled in the polymer film to facilitate the necessary electrical connections to the capacitor. In view of the above-mentioned moisture dependence of the chemical properties, means should be provided to prevent liquid loss or gain from the material during storage and use.

These capacitors were then assembled into a circuit according to the schematic diagram shown in FIG. 14, and charged by a 9 volt DC power supply by closing switch 15. Next, switch 15 was opened, switch 20 was closed, and the discharge voltage of the electricity storage device was measured through resistor 25 using a CLAN 360 digital voltmeter. Discharge voltage was measured as a function of time.

Table 1 Carbon fine distribution of neat soap (75/25) used as a dielectric in the capacitor device of Example M Example 12.

Carbon chain length distribution % 82.0 io i, s12
13.4 14 Z2 14'/1 * 0.6 15 0.5 15/1 0.1 16 12.5 15/1 2.7 17 1.0 17/1 0.6 18 15.3 18/1 31.7 19 1.1 18/2 2.6 20 0.3 18/3 0.7 * Indicates the unsaturated bond part of the aliphatic part.

Table 2 Capacitor composition Details of the structure of the capacitor of Example 12.

Foil 7.5 7.3 7.7
7.4 Gauze 6.9 6.7 6
．． 8 6.8 Nobu 96.7 88,9
89.3 79.4 total IN, 1 112.9
1[]3,8 93.6 Example 13 The electricity storage device described in Example 12 was charged to 9 volts for 46 minutes. The device was then connected to a hot DC motor and operated for a total of 8 minutes. Upon discharging this device, the motor initially ran rapidly for 2-6 minutes with no apparent speed reduction, then slowed down significantly.

After approximately 58 minutes, reconnect the device to a 9 volt power source and recharge for 7 minutes. This electricity storage device was then connected to a DC motor and discharged. The DC motor was connected to the paper windmill and operated for approximately 7 minutes and 55 seconds. The storage device was again recharged to 9 volts for 9 minutes and reconnected to the motor. The storage device powered the motor for 16 minutes. This operation was repeated for a charging period of 11 minutes. The storage device powered the motor for approximately 5 minutes.

8.6 for 10 minutes on the electricity storage device described in Example 12.
0 then connect this device to resistor 20 to charge up to 8 volts
．． It was discharged through an 8 ohm motor.

After discharging, the device was left in a zero input state, whereupon it exhibited a hysteresis effect, recharging from 0.2V to about 1.2V in a few minutes. This hysteresis effect indicates that the electricity storage device of the present invention exhibits the rechargeability of the battery. FIG. 22 shows the discharge and hysteresis effects as a function of time.

Anisotropic Solutions To determine whether anisotropic solutions can be used as dielectrics in capacitors or as electrolytes in supercapacitors, test devices are assembled and the capacitance, leakage current, and self-discharge rate are measured. The included DC parameters were measured.

W H capacitance measurement at 1 volt, 23rd
This was done using the circuit shown in the figure. This circuit includes 100 supercapacitors placed within oven 102 for temperature control. This super capacitor is first charged from the battery 104 by 5 PPT switch and chi. Discharging occurs by setting the switch 106 to the discharge potential.

The load of the super capacitor is the load selection switch 108
Selected by

To measure the self-discharge rate of the supercapacitor, the sixth switch 110 is opened (the voltage across the supercapacitor is measured at test point 112. This voltage is measured through another instrument, such as the preamplifier 116). It can also be monitored using a storage scope (storage 5cope).

The test supercapacitor 100 is of a parallel plate type, and uses circular stainless steel disks with a diameter of 25 cTL as electrodes. Sample spacing was controlled using thin cellulose acetate spacers between the electrodes. Samples were prepared by applying a thin film of bar soap to an electrode, loading the electrode into a hydraulic press, and using a heat gun to soften the soap. Then pressure was applied to the electrode.

Evaporation of water? To prevent this, heat shrink tubing was placed around the edge of the electrode.

The sample was then transferred to oven 102 for DC capacitance measurement. The high temperature measurement was completed first. The samples were allowed to equilibrate to the lamellar liquid crystal phase for approximately 2 hours before measurements were taken. The following experimental method was adopted.

Apply a potential of 1 volt to the sample for 1 hour. Leakage current was measured 1.2.3, 5, 10.30 and 600th times. After this one hour charging cycle, the sample was discharged through a 10 kilohm resistor. Capacitance was calculated from the time required for the potential across the resistor to reach 66.8% of the charging potential, ie by measuring the time constant of the circuit.

The sample was then recharged until the leakage current was equal to the 60 minute leakage current obtained during the first charging cycle. The capacitor was then discharged through two 100 kilohm resistors. The 6th charging cycle was started and stopped when the leakage current was equal to the 60 minute leakage current obtained during the 1st charging cycle, and the self-discharge rate was determined. Then, the sample was loaded with a resistive load of 710 kilohms. The mixture was gradually cooled down to room temperature and the above procedure was repeated.

The sample used in this test was a commercially available Colgate Normolip consisting of 75/25% tallow and coconut oil.

Included were neat soap, and high-purity anhydrous soap. Anhydrous soap was mixed with 30% heavy water by weight. For each soap, the temperature was increased to isotropic solution temperature. The sample was then formed into a lamellar liquid crystal neat soap region of the phase diagram and rapidly cooled to room temperature.

The minimum lamellar phase temperature for each soap tested is shown below.

Soap Sodium stearate Potassium stearate Potassium laurate Sodium laurate Sodium palmitate Sodium myristate Temperature ('C) 5-87 0 Ambient temperature 9-72 0-85 7-80 Obtained for the anisotropic solution tested at rt The measured DC capacitance value 7 is given in the example below. In all of these examples the current is given in microamperes.

Example 14 Soap: Potassium stearate Temperature: 265°C Applied voltage: 1 volt Sample thickness: 0.01 cm Electrode surface area:
4.453 ffl Leakage current Time (minutes) DC capacitance - 10 kOhm discharge DC capacitance - 10 kOhm discharge 1.450 microfarad 65190 microfarad Example 15 Soap potassium stearate Temperature: 25°C Applied voltage = 1 volt Sample thickness: Surface area of 0.01m electrode: 4.
45rod Leakage i''L current time (min) Example 16 Applied voltage: 1 volt Sample thickness: 0.01 Surface area of my electrode = 50 mouths 6d Leakage current time (min) DC capacitance DC capacitance 10 kilohms Discharge 100 kilohms Discharge 566 microfarad 762 microfarad Self-discharge: , 9953 467 127 878 669 489 330 188 059 941 834 066 584 42 18.8 61 13.8 11.8 10.2 2 DC capacitance - 10 kilohm discharge 3050 microfurad DC capacitance 1 ■Klohm discharge 2004 microfarad self-discharge: Voltage time (min) DC capacitance - 10 kilohm discharge 620 microfarad, 908 .699 .612 46 92 45 02 64 30 01 76 29 71 DC capacitance - 100 kilohm discharge 1r830 microfarad self Discharge: Time (min), 988 .845 .786 .745 Example 1 Soap potassium stearate temperature: 25°C Example 1 Applied voltage: 1 volt Sample thickness: 0.005 crn Electrode surface area: 5.07 ffl Applied voltage : 1 volt Sample thickness: 0.01 cmIrL Leakage current time (min) Electrode surface area: 5.06 ctl DC capacitance - 10 kOhm discharge 530 microfarads DC capacitance - 100 kohm discharge 701 microfarads Self-discharge: Voltage time (min) ) , 999 .962 .938 .919 .902 .888 75 63 52 42 36 64 17 81 Example 19 Soap: Potassium laurate Temperature: 40°C Applied voltage: 1 volt Sample thickness: 0.005 Surface area of CIn electrode 25゜07crl DC capacitance - 10 kilo ohm discharge 554 microfarads DC capacitance - 1 ■ kilo ohm discharge 8
70 microfarad self-discharge: Voltage Time (min), 999 0, 958 1. 931 2. 910 3. 892 4. 877 5. 863 6. 851 7. 840 8, 829 9. 820 10. 753 20. 711 30. 680 40. 656 50 Example 20 Soap: Sodium laurate Temperature: 25°C Applied voltage: 1 volt Sample thickness: 0.0125 Crr
Surface area of L electrode: 4.453c+yt Leakage current Time (minutes) N, 2 1 6.92 5.13 6.45 2.0 10 0.8 30 0.5 6Q DC capacitance - 10 kilohm release! 566 microfarad DC cavantance - 10:1 kilohm discharge 846 microfarad self-discharge: Voltage Time (min), 9712 1. 9530 2. 9380 3. 9250 4. 9134 5. 9031 6. 8936 7 8849 8 8768 9 8693 10 8132 20 7758 30 7475 40 7248 50 Example 21 Soap: Sodium laurate Temperature 281°C Applied voltage = 1 volt Sample thickness 3: 0.0125 cm Electrode surface area: 4.453i Leakage current Time (minutes) 33.1 1 26.0 2 22.0 3 18.0 5 12.4 10 6.6 60 4.4 60 DC capacitance - 10 kilohms discharge 1.762 microfarads DC capacitance - 1 [D kilohms Discharge 2520 microfalad self -discharge: Voltage time (minutes) 9620 0 8587 1 7636 2 7 3 7056 4 6832 66656 7 6656 7 6656 7 6298 8 6154 9 5165 10 Examples 25 ° C effect Voltage = 1 volt Sample thickness: 0.01 cm Electrode surface area: 4.453 Cfl Leakage n current Time (min) DC capacitance DC capacitance 10 kOhm discharge 222 microfarads 1 [11 kohm discharge 402 microfarads Self-discharge: Voltage 754 596 651 253 165 086 012 944 881 401 073 Time (min) Example 23 Sodium stearate Temperature: 95°C Applied voltage = 1 volt Sample thickness: 0.01 Surface area of CTL electrode: 4.453Cnt @Reflection current Time (min) 25.8 1 188 2 + 4.8 3 10.2 5 5.9 1 [1 3,430 2,860 DC capacitance - 10 kilohm discharge 2DB8 microfaradsDC capacitance - 100 kilohm discharge 3,014 microfarad self-discharge: Voltage Time (minutes) 9782 D 9079 1 8622 2 8248 3 7923 4 7637 5 7372 6 7130 7 6906 8 6698 9 6504 10 5169 20 4305 30 Example 24 Soap Sodium Dimyristate Temperature = 25 ℃ Applied voltage: 1 volt Sample Thickness: 0.0125 cm Electrode surface area: 5.067 CITl Leakage current Time (min) DC capacitance - 10 kOhm discharge 298 microfarads DC capacitance - 1111 kohm discharge 475 microfarad self-discharge: Voltage Time (min) 980 1 966 2 955 3 945 4 066 5 929 6 921 7 915 8 909 9 903 10 852 20 Example 25 Sodium Dimyristate Temperature = 90°C Applied voltage: 1 volt Sample thickness': E: 0.0125
cm Electrode surface area = 5.067 cra Leakage n Leakage current Time (min) 961 24.0 2 21.0 5 160 5 11.8 10 43 30 3.0 60 DC capacitance - 10 kilohm discharge 1.092 microfarads DC capacitance - 1 kilohm discharge 1,491 microfarads Self-discharge: Electricity 76 81 82 Ro77 39 07 79 55 34 16 6[]0 97 40 01 Voltage Example 26 Stone (sun: Sodium panobetinate Temperature 25℃ Applied voltage = 1 volt Sample temperature: 0.0075 cfrL Electrode surface area: 5.06i Leakage current 6 4 4 2.6 1.6 1.0 0.8 DC capacitance - 10 kilohms tf 354 microfarad DC capacitor 7 tank - 111) Kilohm discharge 809 Microfarad self-discharge: Voltage Time (min) , 9974 0 9213 1 8846 2 8574 3 8354 4 8168 5 8007 6 7864 7 7735 8 7617 9 7509 10 . 2388 16 hours Example 27 Stone 1/-r: Valmitic acid) IJum Temperature:
88℃ Applied voltage: 1 volt Sample thickness 3: 0.00
75 cm Electrode Surface Area: 5.067ffl Leakage Current (Amps) Time (Minutes) 21.7 1 160 2 16.2 610.2
5 72 10 39 60 2.5 60 DC capacitance - 10 kilohm release! 3116 microfarad DC capacitance - 1c [ll kiloohm emission i 4892 microfarad self-emission N: Voltage Time (minutes), 917 1 886 2 856 3 866 4 816 5 795 6 779 7 765 8 751 9 739 10 643 20 578 30 Additional experiments were performed using Corday-Balmolib, neat soap as a function of temperature and applied voltage. 3.3 cm diameter electrode and sample thickness 0.0+25CX
25 after 60 minutes using the following leakage current
0.5 0.2-0.625
1.0 3.0-5.640
0.5 1.350 0.5
2.260 0.5
3.260 1.0
Capacitance was measured using a discharge DC time constant using a 10.21 kilohm resistor. Capacitance increases with increasing temperature. Figure 25 summarizes the data. 0.3% NaCe? In the case of corrugated balmolyb containing neat soap, the capacitance appears to vary only according to the surface area of the electrode and not as a function of sample thickness. This behavior is consistent with that of a superconductor. This data shows that compared to the parallel plate structure, the varnish-perconductor described in the literature is significantly improved.
f, - indicates.

Surprisingly, Colgate e-Palmolib, neat soap and 0.3% Na (J & N separated by an electrolyte containing gold)
7j Two different metal electrodes, such as aluminum and stainless steel, functioned as electrochemically secondary cells. A battery of this type is shown in FIG. The battery 200 is made of glass fiber.

Two plates 202 separated by a screen 206
, 204 are included. This mesh is 0.025cI
An electrolytic solution 208 having a thickness of rL and made of neat soap
is impregnated. One electrode is made of ≠316 stainless steel foil and the other electrode is made of aluminum foil. 6. This type of battery with 25 ffl electrodes 6
connected in parallel. These six batteries in parallel produced 1 volt without external charging.

Discharging for 10 minutes through a 10 kiloohm resistor 1 In this case, the following current from the 6 batteries is 7't: Current (microamperes) Time (seconds) 0 00 25 00 When disconnected from the resistive load, the batteries becomes potential 1 within 3 minutes
．． Self-recovered to 1 volt.

≠9.6 for 316 stainless steel foil and aluminum foil
A second battery was fabricated using crA electrodes, impregnated with an electrolyte of Corrugate Palmolive, neat soap containing 0.3% Na (J!), and a spacer made of glass fiber.The voltage of this battery was was 163 volts.The current one-to-one time discharge characteristics under a 10 kilohm load were as follows:Electron IN (microamperes) Time (seconds) Starting potential 1.335 volts 01
28.5 1 110.5 10 94 100 83.5 1000 75 3000 72 4[]0[) 68.5 8000 Next, 2 plates of n9.6cyd each were connected in parallel.
created batteries. The output voltage of these batteries is approximately 2D
After a minute, the voltage was 1.2 volts. These cells were connected to a 100 ohm resistor to measure the current during discharge. The following data were obtained.

Current (microampere) Time (seconds) Starting potential 1
．． 2 bolts 0280[)
10500 100 450 800 At this point the battery was disconnected from the resistor and the voltage on the battery measured as a function of time was: Voltage Time (sec) 0.040 00.240
11.060
10[]01.18[13140] The cells were allowed to sit for approximately 15 hours and then discharged again through the 100 ohm resistor. The following current one-to-one time characteristics were obtained for 7''.

Current (microamperes) Time (seconds) Starting potential 1.16 volts 500 100 050 50 0 00 00 Two identical cells connected in parallel were first recovered and then discharged again through 10 ohms. The results are shown below.

Current (microampere) Time (seconds) Starting potential 1
．． 08 volt 01200
100 750 200 500 500 400 700 350 10DD 400 3600 400 10800 During 6 hours, these two cells in parallel delivered a constant 0.400 m'/amp current under a 100 ohm resistive load.

Example 28 Capacitors of various other amphiphilic compounds shown in the following table were measured substantially according to the method described in Examples 13-14jC.

The results of these measurements are summarized in Table K below. Charging cycle between stainless steel parallel plate electrodes 30-60 minutes, discharge resistance 1
0.1 kiloohm and ambient temperature (25°C ± 1°C) were used for all measurements. - The passivities of floating dielectrics, such as air and mineral oil, were measured for comparison.

Capacitance (microfarads) Weight % deionized water 0 10 20 3040 50
60 70 Air 0.4-0.5 Mineral Oil 0.4 Myriste 4 Cesium 75/+5 Neatoso Ammonium Laurate 1-000 45D *All test samples exhibiting a beating height capantance that may contain approximately 6-8% It had a clear liquid crystalline microstructure under the test conditions and showed the highest capacitance value in the smectic lamellar phase. Although water-free PLO is isotropic when a current is applied, the molecules near the electrodes are organized into a lamellar liquid crystal microstructure. The above data demonstrate that various amphiphilic compounds exhibit high capacitance even when diluted to 80% by weight.

Although the present invention has been particularly described in its detailed form, it is understood that many forms of the present invention are possible to those skilled in the art in view of the description of the invention, and these forms are still within the scope of the invention. will be understood.

Accordingly, the invention is to be construed and limited only by the scope and spirit of the claims.

[Brief explanation of drawings]

Figure 1 is a phase diagram of the ternary system of sodium stearate-sodium chloride (1) rum-water at 90°CK, and this is a kirkoos? -(Kirk-Othmer)11
Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Vol, 21 (3d Ild, 1979),
Reprinted with permission from the publisher (John Wiley & Sons). Figure 2 is a binary phase diagram for sodium valmitate-water, which is Kirk-Ot
hmer) + Encyclopedia of Che
micalTechnology, Vol. 21 (
3Ed, 1979), (John Wiley &amp;
Reprinted with permission from the publisher (Sands Publishing). Figure 3 shows the microstructural arrangement of liquid crystal molecules or amphiphilic molecules having a spherical or lamellar structure. “Liqui
dCrystals and Biological
Reproduced with permission from the author and publisher from 1979 (Academi, Koubles). Figure 4 shows the structure described in Example 1, with a water content of 10% by weight and 15% by weight.
Figure 2 shows the change in di-N constant E' of the active ingredient with temperature for a solid bar soap sample in weight percent. Figure 5 shows the water content of 10% by weight and 15% as described in Example 1.
Change in dielectric constant E' of active components with temperature for solid Versoab sample in wt%? Shown enlarged. Figure 6 shows the dielectric constant E as a function of temperature for the solid barsorb samples with moisture content of 10% and 15% by weight as described in Example 2.
It shows changes in the active ingredients of J. Figure 7 shows the solid sled with a moisture content of 10% by weight as described in Example 2.
The change in the effective component of the dielectric constant E/ with respect to temperature is shown in an enlarged manner for the dovernub sample. FIG. 8 shows, in an enlarged manner, the change in dielectric constant E' of the active ingredients with temperature change for the solid bar soap with water content of 10% by weight and 15% by weight as described in Example 2. FIG. 9 shows the change in the effective component of the dielectric constant E' with temperature for the solid bar soap A described in Example 3. FIG. 10 shows the change in the effective component of the dielectric constant E' with temperature for the solid burner described in Example 4. FIG. 11 shows the relative change in dielectric constant Ill of the active components with temperature for the 10 wt % moisture solid burnup described in Examples 1 and 2. FIG. 12 shows the relative change in dielectric constant E' of the active ingredients with temperature for the solid Persorb with a water content of 15% by weight as described in Examples 1 and 2. FIG. 16 shows a power storage device manufactured according to the present invention. FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a circuit used to measure temporal changes in discharge voltage of the electricity storage device of the present invention. FIG. 15 shows the change in discharge voltage of the electricity storage device described in Example 5, which is used as a solid porcelain dielectric. Figures 16 to 19 show Example 6 using solid Barsorb AY.
9 shows the change in voltage of the power storage device No. 9. 20 and 21 show changes in voltage of the electricity storage devices of Examples 10 and 11 at various levels of charging and various degrees of discharging loads. FIG. 22 shows the change in voltage of the electricity storage device of FIG. 13 described in the twelfth embodiment. FIG. 23 shows an electrical circuit used to measure the electrical properties of the various anisotropic solutions described in Examples 19-28. FIG. 24 shows the temperature dependence of the capacitance of a supercapacitor constructed in accordance with the present invention. Figure 25 shows how the EAK is constructed according to the present invention. 'l12 is shown. Cleaning of the drawing (no change in content) 1st concave 3rd concave 1 non-lipid layer hydrophobicity (7) #P-electronic theory (, d) (1) Chi1jiji sodium! -1,＜ Voltage ('su'pult) Denmu (Hole 1) Binh (J: 1inch) Electric catty (1r Ruto) Electrical square (Holt) Electricity (ke J Ruto) Den F (・(J)Toto) Procedural amendment (method) 2 Name of the invention Anisotropic solution-based polarizable material and electrical parts manufactured therefrom 3゜Relationship address to the case of the person making the amendment Name Colgate

Claims (16)

[Claims] 1. An electrical device consisting of an electrical transmission means connected to an anisotropic compound selected from the group consisting of nonionic, cationic, anionic and amphoteric surfactants. 2. The surfactant is ammonium triethanolamine,
The device of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of cesium soaps and alkyl polyglucosides. 3. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide polymers and copolymers. 4. Polyethylene oxide polymer is C_5~C_2_
4. The device of claim 3, comprising 0 alkyl groups and at least two ethylene oxide groups. 5. the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of cesium myristate, ammonium laurate, triethanolamine stearate, triethanolamine laurate,
A device according to claim 1. 6. Claims 1 and 2, wherein the anisotropic compound further contains a liquid.
, 3, 4 or 5. 7. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the anisotropic compound is selected from the group consisting of solutions with liquid crystalline microstructures and polymorphic solid micellar solutions. 8. the anisotropic compound has a lamellar liquid crystal microstructure;
A device according to claim 1. 9. Claim 8, wherein the anisotropic compound further comprises a polar liquid.
Devices listed in. 10. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the polar liquid is water. 11. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the anisotropic compound comprises about 6 to about 80% water by weight. 12. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the polar liquid further comprises an electrolyte. 13. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the polar liquid further comprises an electrolyte selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, ammonium salts, and alkanol ammonium salts. 14. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the polar liquid further comprises an electrolyte selected from the group consisting of sodium salts, lithium salts, potassium salts, rubidium salts, and cesium salts. 15. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the anisotropic compound has a microstructure selected from the group consisting of neat, subneat, superwaxy, waxy, subwaxy, and middle soap. 16. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is a capacitor.