JPH03168155A - Tube for catheter - Google Patents
Tube for catheterInfo
- Publication number
- JPH03168155A JPH03168155A JP1309714A JP30971489A JPH03168155A JP H03168155 A JPH03168155 A JP H03168155A JP 1309714 A JP1309714 A JP 1309714A JP 30971489 A JP30971489 A JP 30971489A JP H03168155 A JPH03168155 A JP H03168155A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- tube
- catheter
- resin
- cylindrical shape
- predetermined length
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- KHYBPSFKEHXSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iminotitanium Chemical compound [Ti]=N KHYBPSFKEHXSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910001000 nickel titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000004204 blood vessel Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001325 element alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は人体の血管を通して患部に薬物を送り込むため
のノJテーテル用チューブに関するもので、特にチュー
ブに超弾ヤ1.特外を{’I”7シて使用時の座屈を防
Iトシたものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a catheter tube for delivering a drug to an affected area through a blood vessel in the human body, and particularly relates to a tube for delivering a drug to an affected area through the blood vessels of the human body. It has a special extra layer of {'I''7 to prevent buckling during use.
〔従来の技術と発明が解決しようとする課題〕従来カテ
ーテル用チューブは、人体の血管内に挿入し、チューブ
内を通して液体の薬物を患部に送り込むために川いられ
、通常樹脂で造られている。しかしながらカテーテル用
チューブを人体の血管内に押入する際、強度−1−腰が
弱いため、座屈を起し易く、操作しにくいという問題が
あった。そのためカテーテル用チューブの血管内への押
入には、ガイドワイヤを用いて患部に到達させている。[Prior Art and Problems to be Solved by the Invention] Conventional catheter tubes are inserted into blood vessels of the human body and are drained to deliver liquid drugs to the affected area through the tube, and are usually made of resin. . However, when the catheter tube is pushed into a blood vessel in the human body, there is a problem in that it is easily buckled and difficult to manipulate because of its weak strength. Therefore, a guide wire is used to push the catheter tube into the blood vessel to reach the affected area.
カテーテル用チューブは、上記の如く樹脂製であるため
、強度上腰が弱いため、人体の血管内に挿入する際に座
屈を起し易い欠点がある。Since catheter tubes are made of resin as described above, they are weak in strength and stiffness, and therefore have the disadvantage of being prone to buckling when inserted into blood vessels of the human body.
そこでチューブに適度の強度を持たせるため、チューブ
の外径を人きくしているが、血管を傷める恐れがある。Therefore, in order to give the tube a suitable amount of strength, the outer diameter of the tube is increased, but there is a risk of damaging blood vessels.
また面管内への押入にはガイドワイヤを必要とするため
、コスト高となるばかりか、操作が複雑となる欠点があ
った。Furthermore, since a guide wire is required to push the guide wire into the surface canal, there are disadvantages in that not only is the cost high, but the operation is complicated.
〔課題をPIfl決するための丁段1
本介明はこれに鑑み種々検討の結果、人体の+fu管内
に揮人するための適度な強度を有し、ガイドワイヤを用
いることなく患部まで到達させることができるカテーテ
ル用チューブを開発したものである。[Step 1 to resolve the problem] In view of this, after various studies, we have developed a structure that has the appropriate strength to be delivered into the +fu tube of the human body, and that it can be delivered to the affected area without using a guide wire. We have developed a catheter tube that allows for
即ち本発明チューブの一つは、超弾性特性を有するJ−
Tえ系合金線杓を円簡状に112べ、これを樹脂で円筒
状に被覆したことを特徴とするもので、チューブ先端部
の所定長さをテーパー状とするか、又は/及びチューブ
先端部の所定長さを樹脂のみとすることが望ましい。That is, one of the tubes of the present invention is J-
It is characterized by a T-based alloy wire ladle 112 shaped into a circular shape and covered with resin in a cylindrical shape, and the tip of the tube is tapered to a predetermined length or/and It is desirable that a predetermined length of the portion be made of resin only.
本発明チューブの他のーっは、超弾性特性を有するNヵ
−]゛l系合金線伺を円筒状に並べ、その内周又は外周
に金属線材又は超弾外特性を有するNi−’rL系合金
線材を螺旋状に設け、これを樹脂で円筒状に被覆したこ
とを特徴とするもので、チューブ先端部の所定長さをテ
ーパー状とするか、又は/及びチューブ先端部の所定長
さを樹脂のみとすることが望ましい。Another aspect of the tube of the present invention is that N-type alloy wires having superelastic properties are arranged in a cylindrical shape, and on the inner or outer periphery thereof, metal wires or Ni-'rL having superelastic properties are arranged. It is characterized by having a helical alloy wire rod and covering it with resin in a cylindrical shape, and the tip of the tube is tapered to a predetermined length, or/and the tip of the tube is tapered to a predetermined length. It is desirable to use only resin.
また本允明チューブの更に他の一つは、超弾性特性を有
するNi−Tf系合金線伺を中窄撚線状とし、これを樹
脂で円筒状に被覆したことを特徴とするもので、チュー
ブ先端部の所定長さをテーパー状とするか、又は/及び
チューブ先端部の所定長さを樹脂のみとすることか望ま
しい。Yet another version of this Masaaki tube is characterized by a medium-narrow strand of Ni-Tf alloy wire having superelastic properties, which is coated with resin in a cylindrical shape. It is desirable that a predetermined length of the tube tip be tapered and/or that a predetermined length of the tube tip be made only of resin.
本発明は、上記の如くカテーテル用チューブにおいて、
超弾性特外をf1するNえーTl系合金(超弾性特性を
有するN,l−T)−二元合金のみならず、これにA/
.Cr,Fe,Nbの内少なくとも1押1η{−.を添
加した超弾fノ1特什を脊する多元素系合金も含む)線
材を円筒状に並べ、これを樹脂てI”JMj状に彼覆し
てチューブとすることにより、カデーテル川チューブと
してO〕必要な強度と剛↑/l (人体の而青内に仲人
するのに塵屈しない強度)を付ラ.シたものである。The present invention provides a tube for a catheter as described above.
A/
.. Press at least one of Cr, Fe, Nb 1η{-. By arranging wire rods (including multi-element alloys with added super bullet f-no-1 characteristics) in a cylindrical shape and turning them over in a resin shape to make a tube, it is possible to create an O ] It has the necessary strength and rigidity ↑/l (strength that does not give in to the human body).
また本発明は、超弾外特性を有するN,ITt系合金線
材を111尚伏に並べ、その内周又は外周に金属線材、
好ましくは超弾性特性を有するJ−T,z系合金線材の
密着螺旋状又は間隔をも)た螺旋状にをきf・1けたら
のを、樹1旧で円筒状に被覆してチューブとすることに
より、カテーテル用チューブとして、中空室内部に強圧
力の液体を送り込むことを可能にしたものである。In addition, the present invention arranges N, ITt-based alloy wires having super-elastic characteristics in a 111-sided arrangement, and metal wires on the inner or outer periphery.
Preferably, a J-T, z-based alloy wire having superelastic properties is formed into a close helical shape or a f-1 digit spiral with a spacing, and is coated in a cylindrical shape with a piece of wood to form a tube. This makes it possible to send liquid under strong pressure into the hollow chamber as a catheter tube.
また本発明は、超弾性特性を有するNj.Tl系合金線
材にし、これを樹脂で円筒状に被覆してチューブとする
もので、上記と同様中空室内部に強厘力の液体の送り込
みを可能にしたものである。The present invention also provides Nj. A Tl-based alloy wire is coated in a cylindrical shape with a resin to form a tube, and as in the above case, it is possible to send a strong liquid into the hollow chamber.
更に本発明は、ヂューブ先端部の所’t’ll長さをテ
ーパー状としたり、又は/及びチューブ先端部の所定長
さを樹脂のみとすることにより、先端部に柔軟tノ+を
持たせて血管内へのII人を容易にし,たちのである。Furthermore, the present invention provides a flexible tip at the tip by tapering the length at the tube tip and/or by making a predetermined length of the tube tip only resin. It facilitates intravascular access.
即ち本発明は、第1図に示すように超弾性特?/1゛を
右するN,,−T,I系合金線利(1)を円簡状にil
I;べ、これをカテーテルに使用する樹脂(2)により
円筒状に被覆してチューブとすることにより、従来のカ
テーテル用チューブにない腰の強さと、人体の而管内に
仲人する際の14< k+IをIVj +L L.、1
,1fに挿入する血管を傷める恐れが少なく、カテーテ
ル用チューブのコンパクト化を可能にすると共に、超弾
性特性を有するところからガイドワイヤと同等の操作性
を付ラ.することができる。That is, the present invention has superelastic properties as shown in FIG. /1゛ right N,, -T, I series alloy wire yield (1) in a circular shape il
I; By coating this tube in a cylindrical shape with the resin (2) used for catheters, it has the strength that conventional catheter tubes do not have, and the 14< k+I as IVj +L L. ,1
, 1f, there is less risk of damaging the blood vessel inserted into the tube, making it possible to make the catheter tube more compact, and because it has superelastic properties, it has the same operability as a guide wire. can do.
また本発明は、第2口に示すように超弾性特性を有する
Ni−Ti系合金線材(1)をFIn状に並べ、その外
周又は内周に金属線材、望ましくは超弾性特性を何する
Ni−Ti系合金線伺(3)からなる螺旋状を設け、こ
れを樹脂(2)によって円簡状に彼覆してカテーテル用
チューブとするか、又は図に示してないが、超弾性特性
を有するJ−”r7.系合金線材を中9′F撚線状とし
、これを樹脂によって円筒状に被覆してカテーテル用チ
ューブとすることにより、チューブ内に強IF力の液体
を送り込むことができるため、史にコンパクト化が可能
となり、従来ノjイ1・ワイヤを必要とし、複雑だった
操作が弔純化し、血管の損傷を小さくすることができる
。Further, as shown in the second opening, Ni-Ti alloy wires (1) having superelastic properties are arranged in a FIn shape, and a metal wire, preferably a Ni-Ti alloy wire having superelastic properties, is arranged on the outer or inner periphery thereof. - A spiral made of Ti-based alloy wire (3) is provided, and this is covered in a conical shape with resin (2) to make a catheter tube, or although it is not shown in the figure, it has superelastic properties. J-"r7. series alloy wire is made into a medium 9'F stranded wire, and this is coated in a cylindrical shape with resin to make a catheter tube, because it is possible to send a liquid with a strong IF force into the tube. It has become possible to make it more compact, conventionally required only one wire, and complicated operations can be simplified, and damage to blood vessels can be reduced.
本発明は上記構成からなり、更に第3因に示すように先
端部に所定長さのテーパー(4)を設けるか、又は/及
び第4図に示すように先端部の所定長さの部分(5)を
樹脂(2)のみで形成することにより、先端部に末軟外
を持たせることができ、操作性を一層向上することがで
きる。The present invention has the above-mentioned configuration, and furthermore, as shown in the third factor, a taper (4) of a predetermined length is provided at the tip, or/and a portion (4) of a predetermined length of the tip is provided as shown in FIG. By forming 5) only from the resin (2), the distal end portion can have a soft outer surface, and the operability can be further improved.
7 〔実施例〕 以下本発明を実施例にー〕いて説明する。7 〔Example〕 The present invention will be explained below with reference to Examples.
実胤例(1)
第1図にiJ<すように超弾性特性をffする111径
0.05mmのNi−Ti系合金(Ni51at%、1
゛l残部)線IJ(IIを田筒状に並べ、これをポノウ
レタン製樹脂(2)で円筒状に被覆して外径Q.5+t
+n+,内径0.35mm,長さ1.5mの本発明カテ
ーテル用チューブを作1戊した。Practical example (1) Figure 1 shows a Ni-Ti alloy (Ni51 at%, 1
゛l remainder) Lines IJ (II) are lined up in a cylinder shape, covered with ponourethane resin (2) in a cylindrical shape, and the outer diameter is Q.5 + t.
A tube for a catheter of the present invention having a diameter of 0.35 mm and a length of 1.5 m was prepared.
このカテーテル用チューブを人体の血管1ノ号に仲人し
て治療を行ったところ、非常に操作性か良く、液体の薬
物を患部に送り込むことができた。尚上記チューブに第
3図に示すように先端部の所定長さのテーパー(4)を
設けることにより、血管内への押人性が著しく向上した
。When this catheter tube was inserted into blood vessel No. 1 of the human body for treatment, it was very easy to operate, and liquid drugs could be delivered to the affected area. By providing the tube with a taper (4) of a predetermined length at the distal end as shown in FIG. 3, the ability to push the tube into the blood vessel was significantly improved.
実施例(2)
第2図に示すように超弾性特性を有する0i{径0.0
3mmのNi−Ti系合金線I71’ (Nf 51a
l%、Ti残部)線材(1)を円簡状に並べ、その8
外周に超弾性特性を有する直径0.02mmのNi]゛
エ系合金線+A’ (N i 5181%、T t 残
部)線材(3)を間隔をもった螺旋状に巻きイ・1け、
これをポリT′7レタン製の樹脂(2)てl’l r.
”ti状に被覆し、外径0.4mm,内径0.3mm,
長さ1.5mmの本発明カテーテル用チューブを作製し
た。Example (2) As shown in FIG.
3mm Ni-Ti alloy wire I71' (Nf 51a
1%, remainder of Ti) wire rods (1) are arranged in a circular shape, and the outer periphery has superelastic properties with a diameter of 0.02 mm Ni]゛-based alloy wire + A' (Ni 5181%, remainder of T t ) Wrap the wire (3) in a spiral shape with intervals,
This is made of poly T'7 urethane resin (2).
"Ti-shaped coating, outer diameter 0.4 mm, inner diameter 0.3 mm,
A tube for a catheter of the present invention having a length of 1.5 mm was produced.
このカテーテル用チューブを人体の血管内に挿入して治
療を行った。その結果操作性が長く、品)LU力+K4
+桑物金!11部に返り込むことができた。尚上記チュ
ーブに第4図に示すように先端部の所定長さの部分(5
)を樹脂のみで形威したところ、血管内への神大性が著
しく向上した。Treatment was performed by inserting this catheter tube into a blood vessel in the human body. As a result, the operability is long and the quality is good) LU power + K4
+Kuwamokin! I was able to return to the 11th division. In addition, as shown in Figure 4, the tube has a predetermined length section (5
) was molded with resin alone, and its ability to enter blood vessels was significantly improved.
このように本発明カテーテル川チューブによれば、コン
パクト化が可能で、ガイドワイヤを必要とせず、ガイド
ワイヤ並みの操作性を有し、かつ外径を細くすることが
できるところから人体組織の損傷も少ない等治療上顕著
な効果を奏するものである。As described above, according to the catheter tube of the present invention, it can be made compact, does not require a guide wire, has operability comparable to that of a guide wire, and has a thin outer diameter, which prevents damage to human tissue. It has a remarkable therapeutic effect, with little to no pain.
第1図は本発四カテーテル用チューブの一例を示す説明
図、第2図は本発明カテーテル用ヂューブの他の−・例
を;』クす説明図、第3図は本発明カテーテル用チュー
ブの先端部にテーパーを設けた例を示す説明図、第4図
は本発明カテーテル用チューブの先端部を樹脂のみで形
威した例を示す説明図である。
1.超弾性rJ↑生をイjり”るN 7I−1’エ系合
今線月2、ポリウレタン製の樹11r1
3.金属線材
4,先端部の所定長さのテーパ一部
5,先端部の所定長さ部分Fig. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing one example of the catheter tube of the present invention, Fig. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing another example of the catheter tube of the present invention, and Fig. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing another example of the catheter tube of the present invention. FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing an example in which the distal end portion is tapered, and FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing an example in which the distal end portion of the catheter tube of the present invention is made of only resin. 1. Superelastic rJ predetermined length section
Claims (9)
に並べ、これを樹脂で円筒状に被覆したことを特徴とす
るカテーテル用チューブ。(1) A catheter tube characterized in that Ni-Ti alloy wires having superelastic properties are arranged in a cylindrical shape and covered with a resin in a cylindrical shape.
求項(1)記載のカテーテル用チューブ。(2) The tube for a catheter according to claim (1), wherein the tip of the tube has a predetermined length tapered.
項(1)又は(2)記載のカテーテル用チューブ。(3) The catheter tube according to claim (1) or (2), wherein the predetermined length of the tube tip portion is made of only resin.
に並べ、その内周又は外周に金属線材又は超弾性特性を
有するNi−Ti合金線材を螺旋状に設け、これを樹脂
で円筒状に被覆したことを特徴とするカテーテル用チュ
ーブ。(4) Ni-Ti alloy wires with superelastic properties are arranged in a cylindrical shape, metal wires or Ni-Ti alloy wires with superelastic properties are arranged in a spiral shape on the inner or outer periphery, and this is made into a cylindrical shape with resin. A catheter tube characterized by being coated with.
求項(4)記載のカテーテル用チューブ。(5) The tube for a catheter according to claim (4), wherein the distal end portion of the tube has a predetermined length tapered.
項(4)又は(5)記載のカテーテル用チューブ。(6) The catheter tube according to claim (4) or (5), wherein the predetermined length of the tube tip portion is made of only resin.
線状とし、これを樹脂で円筒状に被覆したことを特徴と
するカテーテル用チューブ。(7) A tube for a catheter, characterized in that a hollow stranded Ni-Ti alloy wire having superelastic properties is coated with resin in a cylindrical shape.
求項(7)記載のカテーテル用チューブ。(8) The catheter tube according to claim (7), wherein the tip of the tube has a predetermined length tapered.
項(7)又は(8)記載のカテーテル用チューブ。(9) The catheter tube according to claim (7) or (8), wherein the predetermined length of the tube tip portion is made of only resin.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1309714A JP2889294B2 (en) | 1989-11-29 | 1989-11-29 | Catheter tube |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1309714A JP2889294B2 (en) | 1989-11-29 | 1989-11-29 | Catheter tube |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH03168155A true JPH03168155A (en) | 1991-07-19 |
JP2889294B2 JP2889294B2 (en) | 1999-05-10 |
Family
ID=17996410
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP1309714A Expired - Lifetime JP2889294B2 (en) | 1989-11-29 | 1989-11-29 | Catheter tube |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP2889294B2 (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5437282A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1995-08-01 | Boston Scientific Corporation | Drive shaft for acoustic imaging catheters and flexible catheters |
JP2006192310A (en) * | 2000-05-10 | 2006-07-27 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd | Component of respiration circuit |
WO2006085498A1 (en) * | 2005-02-10 | 2006-08-17 | Kaneka Corporation | Medical catheter tube and method of producing the same |
US10252017B2 (en) | 2000-06-21 | 2019-04-09 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Conduit with heating element |
US10357625B2 (en) | 2003-09-17 | 2019-07-23 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Breathable respiratory mask |
US10603460B2 (en) | 2009-12-22 | 2020-03-31 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Components for medical circuits |
US11110245B2 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2021-09-07 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Breathing assistance apparatus |
US11219733B2 (en) | 2002-09-09 | 2022-01-11 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Limb for breathing circuit |
-
1989
- 1989-11-29 JP JP1309714A patent/JP2889294B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5932035A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1999-08-03 | Boston Scientific Corporation | Drive shaft for acoustic imaging catheters and flexible catheters |
US5437282A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1995-08-01 | Boston Scientific Corporation | Drive shaft for acoustic imaging catheters and flexible catheters |
US10159814B2 (en) | 2000-05-10 | 2018-12-25 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Components for breathing circuits |
JP2006192310A (en) * | 2000-05-10 | 2006-07-27 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd | Component of respiration circuit |
US10286174B2 (en) | 2000-05-10 | 2019-05-14 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Components for breathing circuits |
JP4699268B2 (en) * | 2000-05-10 | 2011-06-08 | フィッシャー アンド ペイケル ヘルスケア リミテッド | Components of the breathing circuit |
US9802020B2 (en) | 2000-05-10 | 2017-10-31 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Expiratory limb for a breathing circuit |
US10252017B2 (en) | 2000-06-21 | 2019-04-09 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Conduit with heating element |
US10953184B2 (en) | 2000-06-21 | 2021-03-23 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Conduit with heating element |
US11219733B2 (en) | 2002-09-09 | 2022-01-11 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Limb for breathing circuit |
US11110245B2 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2021-09-07 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Breathing assistance apparatus |
US11400249B2 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2022-08-02 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Breathing assistance apparatus |
US10357625B2 (en) | 2003-09-17 | 2019-07-23 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Breathable respiratory mask |
US11213646B2 (en) | 2003-09-17 | 2022-01-04 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Breathable respiratory mask |
JP4924418B2 (en) * | 2005-02-10 | 2012-04-25 | 株式会社カネカ | Medical catheter tube and manufacturing method thereof |
WO2006085498A1 (en) * | 2005-02-10 | 2006-08-17 | Kaneka Corporation | Medical catheter tube and method of producing the same |
US10603460B2 (en) | 2009-12-22 | 2020-03-31 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Components for medical circuits |
US10814093B2 (en) | 2009-12-22 | 2020-10-27 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Components for medical circuits |
US11819622B2 (en) | 2009-12-22 | 2023-11-21 | Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited | Components for medical circuits |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2889294B2 (en) | 1999-05-10 |
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