JPH0238918B2 - - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the arrangement of blocks constituting a quartz watch.

Currently, the requirements for analog crystal watches are:
They are thinner and smaller. In particular, there is a strong demand for miniaturization of ladies' crystal watches. Women's watches are
Due to its role in fashion, various sizes are required in terms of plane, and in order to meet this demand, a small movement size is a prerequisite.

The present invention makes it possible to provide an ultra-compact crystal watch to meet such demands.

Conventionally, crystal watches have had movement parts and batteries laid out in a two-dimensional layout. Therefore, the major axis of the flat size has to be more than twice the diameter of the battery.

In addition, the movement size in the direction in which the external operating member is attached operates together with the external operating member,
It is restricted by the configuration and layout of the switching means that engages and disengages from the wheel train.

A conventional example will be explained using figures.

FIG. 1 is a typical plan view of a conventional small crystal watch. A well-known step motor consisting of a circuit block 4 including a crystal 5 and a MOSIC 6, a coil 7, a stator, and a rotor, a gear train block 10 that transmits the movement of the rotor to the pointer, and a switching means (not shown) that engages the winding stem 18. The batteries 2 are distributed in a planar manner. According to this, the major axis L of the movement size is the diameter l ₂ of the battery 2, and the minute wheel 11.
If the diameter of is l ₁₁ , then L≒2l ₂ +l ₁₁ . According to this example, L = 15.5 mm, l ₂ = 6.8 mm, and l ₁₁ = 2.2 mm. As described above, according to the conventional layout, the major axis of the movement is approximately twice the diameter of the battery, and further miniaturization is extremely difficult.

An object of the present invention is to solve these problems and to provide an ultra-compact crystal watch that eliminates the restrictions on reducing the planar size.

The crystal watch according to the present invention includes a winding stem 18 attached to a main plate 29, a correction wheel 26 that slidably engages with the winding stem and meshes with and disengages from the wheel train, and a main plate near the tip of the winding stem. a first engaging portion 19b that is disposed in and comes into elastic contact with the tip of the winding stem by a spring force;
and a second engaging portion 19c provided in the vicinity of the engaging portion, the mandarin duck 19 rotates, and an engaging portion provided on the base plate and elastically contacting the second engaging portion. 21b and a lever portion 21c that comes into contact with the correction wheel.
The invention is characterized in that the cannula 21 has a rotatable cannula 21, and the cannulae cooperates with a mandarin duck that rotates following the operation of the winding stem to regulate the position of the correction wheel.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below based on the drawings.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the basic concept of the present invention.

A battery 2 is placed on top of a movement block 1. In this example, the outer diameter of the movement block 1 and the outer diameter of the battery 2 are approximately equal. When a battery 2 smaller than the outer diameter of the movement block 1 is installed, its centers should be placed at approximately the same position. In this way, by completely separating the battery 2 from the movement block 1 in terms of layout, the space efficiency of the movement block 1 is greatly improved. That is, in FIG. 1, the crescent shape formed by the outer shape of the main plate and the outer shape of the battery was a wasted space with a very low utilization rate.

3 to 13 are drawings of an embodiment that most effectively implements the present invention.

In this example, an ultra-compact movement is realized in which the outer diameter of the battery is Φ6.8 mm and the outer diameter of the main plate is Φ6.8 mm. Traditionally, the smallest plane size is Φ10.
It is around mm, and this number tells us how small this embodiment is, or conversely, how effective the present invention is.

First, the configuration of this embodiment that realizes such an ultra-compact movement will be explained with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 3 is a plan view of the movement block 1 with the battery removed.

4-A and 4-B are cross-sectional views around the battery.

A battery lead plate 12 is arranged on the general support 3, and a battery insulating plate 13 is stacked thereon. Total receiver 3
The battery lead plate 12 is inserted into the deformed hole 3a provided in the
One spring portion 12a is located there.

The battery insulating plate 13 has a tongue portion 13a having a shape that includes the entire spring portion 12a. A pattern 13b for a battery negative lead is formed on this tongue portion 13a. This pattern 13b
is formed within the range of the negative electrode 2a of the battery in plan view, inside the range indicated by the two-dot chain line in FIG. Due to this, there is no danger of shorting the negative lead pattern with the positive one.

In this embodiment, the battery lead plate 12 has a spring portion 12b for positive conduction in addition to 12a. This spring portion 12b for positive conduction is arranged on the outer periphery of the movement, outside the two-dot chain line 2a in FIG. 3 described above. Further, this lead plate 12 is fixed by caulking so as to hold the general receiver 3 at the 12C portion.

Negative conduction is ensured by the spring force of the spring portion 12a of the battery lead plate 12 having spring properties in the cross-sectional direction pressing the pattern 13b portion formed on the battery insulating plate against the negative pole 2a of the battery.

The battery lead plate 12 may be fixed to the general support 3 by caulking or driving with a pin.
Electrical conduction to the circuit board 30 disposed on the opposite side of the battery insulating plate 13 with respect to the general receiver 3 is performed through a hole 3b provided in the general receiver 3. The copper foil 13C as an overhang pattern is fixed by welding to the pattern of the circuit board 30, which is also formed by an overhang. Also, the spring part 12a of this battery lead plate is located in the deformation hole 3a provided in the mounting part of the crystal 5 of the general support 3 in cross section (when the battery 2 is installed), and the total thickness of the movement is The thickness of this battery lead plate is not added to (battery part).

Furthermore, since the battery insulating plate 13 is disposed between the battery 2 and the general receiver 3, there is no need to worry about shorting between the negative electrode 2a of the battery and the general receiver 3.

Regarding battery positive conduction, in this embodiment, the battery lead plate 12 also has a spring portion 12b, and the spring portion 12b disposed on the outer periphery also has spring properties in cross section, and is pressed against the positive electrode 2a of the battery. It is achieved by touching with pressure. This makes it possible to make the outer diameter of the movement exactly the same as the outer diameter of the battery, or even to make it smaller. In other words, it has become possible to realize the smallest movement diameter. Another example of positive conduction is shown in FIG. 4-B. A positive lead plate 39 fixed to the back side of the main plate 29 comes into contact with the side surface of the battery with a spring force.

As shown in this embodiment as shown in Figure 4-A, by having separate means for generating pressure for negative conduction and lead means for conduction, the fixation of the spring member that generates pressure is removed from the insulating means. It can be directly fixed to the receiver or base plate without rubbing, increasing the degree of structural freedom, and there are no restrictions on the material, etc., making it extremely easy to achieve stable conduction. This battery lead plate can also be used as a spring for the positive lead plate, as shown in Figure 4-A.

Another method of using the battery insulating plate 13 will be described.

According to this embodiment, as shown in FIG.
By devising the shape of the copper foil pattern, this pattern shape can be used as a mark. Insert the manufacturer's name ABCD within the negative terminal of the battery, that is, inside the two-dot chain line 2a in Figure 3.
The name of the caliber, country of manufacture, number of stones, etc. are displayed outside the two-dot chain line. By completely separating the marks formed in this way into those within and outside the range of the negative terminal of the battery, the conductive pattern can be used as a mark, and there is no fear of shortening even if it is placed directly under the battery. be. To fix the battery insulating plate 13, overhang the copper foil at 13d and
It is fixed by direct welding.

This fixing method is not limited to this example, and may include fixing with pins, positioning only with pins,
A structure in which the insulating plate 13 is substantially positioned by incorporating the battery 2 is also conceivable.

FIG. 5 is a plan view of the movement block 1 with the battery insulating plate 13 removed. However, the switching section is excluded since it is shown in FIG. 5 is crystal and 6 is MOSIC
It is. The crystal 5 is a deformed hole 3 provided in the general receiver 3.
It is placed at a position that almost includes a. 7
is a coil, 8 is a stator, and 9 is a rotor. The coil 7, stator 8, and rotor 9 constitute a well-known step motor as an electrical/mechanical converter for a quartz watch.

14 is an intermediate wheel that transmits the movement of the rotor 9 to the minute hand wheel 15, and 16 is an intermediate wheel that transmits the movement of the minute hand wheel 15 to the hour wheel 17, forming a wheel train.
18 is a winding stem as an external operating member. The wheel trains 14, 15, 16 are arranged substantially perpendicular to the winding stem 18. The stator 8 and the crystal 5 are also arranged substantially at right angles to the winding stem 18. Furthermore, the gear trains 14, 15, and 16 substantially overlap the crystal 5 and the stator 8 in a plane. Further, a stator 8 and a crystal 5 are arranged so as to be sandwiched between the MOSIC 6 and the coil 7.

By adopting such a configuration, there are fewer restrictions on the size of the gears in the gear train compared to the movement size, and a large gear train can be used. This makes it possible to develop a small movement into a large model without worrying about needle runout, and the product variety becomes extremely large.
In this embodiment, the ratio of the intermediate gear 14a, minute hand gear 15a, and date back gear 16a included in the movement reaches approximately 33%.

In addition, the stator 8 and crystal 5 are arranged parallel to each other and approximately in the center, and MOSIC 6 is placed on both sides.
By arranging the coil 7 and the thickness of the movement, it is possible to realize a coil having a thickness approximately equal to the thickness of the movement.Moreover, it is possible to completely separate the switching part which requires a lot of plane space. contributes to improving overall space efficiency.
That is, the switching parts can be arranged on both sides of the winding stem 18 without any difficulty.

FIG. 6 is a sectional view of the motor and the wheel train.

7 is a coil, and 7a is a magnetic core. 8 is a stator, and 5 is a crystal. Stator 8 and magnetic core 7a
is fixed to the general support 3 by a pin 31 with the stator 8 facing the general support 3 side. One end 31a of this pin 31 engages with a hole 29a provided in the base plate,
The position of the general receiver 3 with respect to the main plate 29 is determined. 9
is a rotor having a magnet piece 9a, and the rotation of this rotor 9 is caused by the minute wheel 15 via an intermediate wheel 14.
The movement of the minute hand wheel 15 is also transmitted to the hour hand wheel 17 via the dial 16. One end of the general support 3 is fixed with a screw 32 at 29b, which is directly threaded into the base plate 29.

The wheel trains 9, 14, and 15 are supported by bearings on both the upper and lower wheels. That is, the upper part of the minute wheel 15 is also supported by a bearing made of hard stone.

The rotation center of the day wheel 16 is the minute hand gear 15.
a, and has a hino back gear 16a and a hino back kana 16
b and are fixed so as to sandwich the base plate 29.

As shown in FIGS. 3 to 6, according to the present invention, the battery 2 is arranged on one side of the general receiver 3,
On the other side, a motor consisting of a stator 8, a coil 7, and a rotor 9, and a circuit block 4 including a crystal 5 and a MOSIC 6 are arranged. or,
According to this embodiment, the train gears 14a and 15 are sandwiched between the main plate 29, the stator 8, and the crystal 5.
a, 16a are arranged. Moreover, the stator 8 and the crystal 5 are located on almost the same cross section. This layout makes it possible to easily reduce the diameter of the movement block 1, and its thickness also contributes to thinning due to the extremely efficient overlapping method. be.

FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the circuit section.

First, I will explain how to establish conduction in the crystal.

In this embodiment, the crystal 5 is a flat package type crystal resonator having both gate and drain electrodes on the upper and lower surfaces 5a and 5b.

The crystal 5 is fixed to the main support 3 by adhesive. One electrode 5a side is brought into contact with a tongue portion 30a provided on the circuit board 30. In this embodiment, the main contact pressure is due to the springiness of the circuit board tongue portion 30a, but the secondary pressure is the pressure generated by the battery lead plate 12 pressing the tip of the tongue portion 30a. On the other electrode 5b side, a portion 30b formed by overhanging a pattern made of copper foil from the circuit board 30 is soldered to the crystal electrode 5b.
The fixing and conduction of the crystal 5 are as described above.

Next, we will discuss the implementation of MOSIC6.

The MOSIC 6 employs a so-called face-down method in which a MOSIC part is directly fixed to a pattern provided on the circuit board 30 with a conductive adhesive. The surrounding area is reinforced with mold material 35. In this way, by adopting the face-down method for MOSIC mounting, the circuit board 30
Although it is extremely small, it has no weaknesses in strength.
In other words, cut out the hole for MOSIC6 on the circuit board 30.
There is no need to provide one.

The black portion in FIG. 8 is a pattern made of copper foil provided on the circuit board 30.

Portions 30a and 30b are conductive portions with the crystal 5.

36a is a conductive part with the MOSIC6 pad.
36b is a positive terminal, 36C is a negative terminal, and 36d is a drive output terminal. The negative portion 36C has an overhanging pattern. 36e is a terminal for logical adjustment, and logical adjustment is performed depending on whether or not the section 36e is disconnected. Similarly to the positive pin 37, the pin 36f is electrically connected to the positive side.

Return to Figure 7 again. The positive portion 36b is driven into the general receiver 3 by a pin 37. The negative conducting portion 36C is fixed to the overhang portion 13C of the negative lead pattern of the battery insulating plate 13 by means such as welding.

The end of the coil 7 is connected to the driving output terminal 36d by means such as soldering, crimping, welding, or the like. This drive output terminal portion 36d is arranged between the stator 8 and the coil 7 in a plan view.

Figure 9 shows movement blocks 1 to 3.
FIG. 2 is a plan view with the parts removed, and the configuration of the switching section of this embodiment will be mainly described using this diagram.

This figure shows the state in which the winding stem 18 is pushed in, that is, the state in the first stage of the winding stem. Mandarin duck 1
9 is arranged around a dowel pin 20 as a center of rotation, a cannula 21 is arranged around a screw pin 22 as a center of rotation, and a screw lever 23 is arranged around a fixed pin 24 as a center of rotation. The mandarin duck 19 has a spring part 19a, and this spring part 19a
By engaging with a, the mandarin duck 19 has an arrow 25
In this direction, a rotational force is generated in the cannula 21 in the direction of the arrow 26. Also, one end of the mandarin duck 19
b engages with the winding stem tip 18a, and the other end 19C engages with the cannula 21b. The Tsuzumi wheel 26, which is a correction wheel when setting the needle, is the bending portion 2 of the Tsuzumi lever.
3a and the lever part 21C of the cannula.

The position of the Tsuzumi lever 23 in one direction is regulated by the engagement of the Kansuki pin 27 driven into the end of the Kansuki lever portion 21C with the Tsuzumi lever portion 23b. click spring 28
has spring properties, and the click part 1 provided on the winding stem
8b, and produces a click feeling when positioning the winding stem 18, pulling out the winding stem 18, and pushing the winding stem 18 in. This click spring is fixed to the base plate 29 by a screw pin 22 and a fixing pin 24. The main plate 29 and the general receiver 3 are provided with a notch for entering the coil. Tsuzumi lever bending part 2
3a has a spring property and presses the suspension wheel 26 toward the lever portion 21C of the cannula. This ensures that the gap δ ₁ between the minute wheel 15 and the dial wheel 26 is ensured.

FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the switching, particularly the winding stem portion. A click portion 18b of the winding stem 18 and a click spring 28 are engaged to determine the position of the winding stem 18. The winding stem 18 has a corner 18C, and a tension wheel 26 is engaged with this corner 18C. This Tsuzumi car 26
The operation of this Tsuzumi wheel 26 will be explained in detail later.
3, and the plane position is determined by these two levers.

One end 19 of the mandarin duck 19 is attached to the winding stem tip 18a.
b is engaged. The mandarin pin 20, which is the center of rotation of the mandarin pin 19, is the gear 1 of the intermediate wheel 14.
It is located within the trajectory of 4a. MOSIC6 is placed on top of the Tsuzumi car. 5 is a crystal as mentioned above, and most of the switching and crystal 5 and
It overlaps with MOSIC6. Displacement of the click spring 28 in the plane direction is prevented by the wall of the base plate 29.

FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the switching section, particularly the portions related to fixation and engagement of the levers.

The cannula 21 is attached to the main plate 29 around a screw pin 22. click spring 28
is also fixed to the screw pin 22 by a ring 33.

The general support 3 is fixed to the base plate 29 by a screw pin 34 via the screw pin 22. The other side of the click spring 28 is fixed to the base plate 2 by one end of the fixing pin 24 which also serves as the center of rotation of the Tsuzumi lever 23.
It is fixed by caulking to 9. Tsuzumi lever 23
The one end 23b is engaged with the cannula pin 27 fixed to the lever part 21C of the cannula. The bent portion 23a at the other end is bent at a substantially right angle and engages with the wheel 26 to regulate the position of the wheel.

FIG. 12 is a sectional view showing the spring portion of the click spring 28. The click spring 28 has a hole 2 that engages with the spring portion 28a and the click portion 18b of the winding stem.
8b, and a head 28C that can be operated from the backside with the battery removed. The fixation to the base plate 29 is as described above, and there is a substantially right-angled bent portion 28d between this fixing portion and the spring portion 28a.

When attaching and detaching the winding stem, when the head 28C of the click spring is pressed, the spring portion 28a is deflected so that the center of the hole 28b almost coincides with the center of the winding stem. At this time, the spring portion 28a
By touching the base plate 29, excessive pushing is prevented. Of course, the diameter of the hole 28b of the click spring is set to be slightly larger than the diameter of the click portion 18b of the winding stem. Next, the operation of the switching section will be explained with reference to FIGS. 9 and 13.

FIG. 9 is a plan view of the first stage of the winding stem, that is, the switching section in the normal carrying state, and FIG.
It is a top view of the state pulled out to the step, ie, the needle alignment state.

Pull out the winding stem 18 from the state shown in FIG. The click spring rides up the slope of the click portion 18b of the winding stem, passes over one peak and falls into the next valley, causing a click feeling and transitioning to the state shown in FIG. 13. When the winding stem tip 18a retreats toward the outer circumference, the mandarin duck 19 rotates in the direction of arrow 25 by the amount of retreat of the winding stem tip 18a due to the rotational force of the spring portion 19a. Due to this rotation of the mandarin duck 19, the other end 19c of the mandarin duck, which was acting as a stopper for the mandarin duck, also moves, and the mandarin duck whose stopper part has been removed is also moved by the force of the spring part 19a of the mandarin duck at the arrow 2
Rotate in the direction.

The stopper of the cannula in FIG. 13 is achieved by the engagement of the cannula pin 27 and the base plate. In FIG. 11, the main plate wall 29C and the cannula pin 27 engage with each other.

As the cannula 21 rotates, the screw lever 23 engaged with the cannula pin 27 also moves to the position shown in FIG. 13. Tsuzumi wheel 2 sandwiched between this Kannuki 21C and Tsuzumi lever 23a
6 is also in the position shown in FIG. The knob wheel 26 is directly engaged with the minute hand gear 15a, and when the winding stem 18 is rotated in this state, the knob wheel 26 rotates, and the rotation of the knob wheel 26 is transmitted to the minute hand wheel, making it possible to set the hands. It is.

One position of the Tsuzumi lever 23 is determined by the cannula pin 27 as described above, and the other position is determined by the wall 29d of the main plate shown in FIG.

Next, the operation when pushing the winding stem from the second stage to the first stage will be explained.

When the winding stem 18 is pushed in from the state shown in FIG.
d and drives the cannula 21. This movement of the cannula 21 is transmitted to the tsuzumi lever 23 by the cannuki pin 27, and this tsuzumi lever 23
The minute hand gear 15 of the dial wheel 26 is connected by one end 23a.
This will cause the mesh with a to become disengaged. Through this series of movements, the positional relationship of the switching parts changes from the state shown in FIG. 13 to the state shown in FIG. 9.

This switching is characterized by the following points.

One point is that the parts involved in moving the Tsuzumi wheel 26 and the parts that determine the click are independent. That is, the click is determined by the click spring 28 and the click portion 18b of the winding stem, and the screw wheel 26 is driven by the mandarin duck 19, the cannula 21, and the screw lever 23.

The second point is that the positioning and driving of the knob wheel 26 is accomplished by levers of two switching parts.

As a result, the length of the knob wheel 26 can be made extremely short without providing an engagement groove for the switching component on the knob wheel, and the length of the switching mechanism to be included directly above the winding can be shortened.

By developing a switching structure having the above two features, this embodiment further achieves its feature of miniaturization.

The third point is that the dial wheel 26 is the minute hand gear 15a.
It is to be directly engaged with. This not only makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of parts, but also greatly contributes to the miniaturization of the movement, which is the primary objective of the present invention. In other words, if a small iron train or the like is used as in the past, the length of the switching mechanism included right above the winding becomes correspondingly longer, resulting in an increase in the movement size.

Although this embodiment employs a mechanical switching mechanism, it is of course possible to use an electrical needle alignment mechanism. There are two main types of electrical needle alignment methods depending on the operating method.

1. Reuse type 2. Push-button type For reuse type, needle alignment is generally performed by rotating the reuse with the winding stem pulled out one step, similar to the winding stem operation in a mechanical switching mechanism. It is something to do. At this time, one click of reuse rotation may advance or delay a certain amount of time.

It is also conceivable to change the time that is corrected with one click depending on the speed of rotation. This circuit as an example is based on the patent application filed in 1983, proposed by the present applicant.
11729 and Japanese Patent Application No. 11730 (Sho 54-11730), and structurally there are Japanese Patent Application No. 11748 (Sho 54-29748).

If you think about the push button type,
It is conceivable that one push of a button advances the speed for a certain period of time, and that the button is pressed continuously for quick correction by self-propulsion.Another method is to have two buttons and use them as advance correction buttons.
Further, this button may be in the form of a hidden button or in the form of a normal reuse button.

In this manner, according to the present invention, the cannula that is disposed near the tip of the winding stem and engages with the mandarin duck that comes into elastic contact with the tip of the winding stem cooperates with the mandarin duck that rotates following the operation of the winding stem. By regulating the position of the correction wheel that slides by engaging with the correction wheel, meshing and disengagement between the correction wheel and the wheel train can be reliably performed with fewer parts. In addition, since the cannula and mandarin duck can be dispersed and placed closer to the center of the watch without overlapping on a plane, the watch can be made smaller and thinner. This makes it possible to provide a movement with approximately half the area of conventional movements. In addition, it becomes extremely easy to deal with modified models of ultra-small crystal watches, and by realizing ultra-small crystal watches, it is possible to provide an extremely rich variety of small crystal watches for women. .

[Brief explanation of drawings]

Fig. 1: A plan view of a conventional small crystal clock. Second
Figure: Conceptual diagram of the present invention. FIG. 3: A plan view of an embodiment according to the present invention. Fig. 4-A: A sectional view around a battery according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4-B...
...A sectional view around a battery of another embodiment according to the present invention. FIG. 5: A plan view of an embodiment according to the present invention.
FIG. 6: A sectional view of a motor and a wheel train according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7...A sectional view of a circuit section of an embodiment according to the present invention. FIG. 8: A pattern diagram of an embodiment according to the present invention. FIG. 9: A plan view of an embodiment according to the present invention. FIG. 10: A sectional view of the switching section, particularly the winding stem, of an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 11...
...A cross-sectional view of a switching section according to an embodiment of the present invention, particularly a section related to fixing and engaging levers. FIG. 12: A sectional view of a click spring portion according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13: A plan view of the second stage of the winding stem of an embodiment according to the present invention. 1...Movement block, 2...Battery, 3
...General receiver, 4...Circuit block, 5...Crystal, 6
...MOSIC, 7...Coil, 8...Stator,
9... Rotor, 10... Gear train block, 12...
...Battery lead plate, 13...Battery insulation board, 14...
Intermediate wheel, 11, 15... Minute wheel, 16... Hi-no-ura wheel, 17... Hour hand wheel, 18... Winding stem, 19... Mandarin duck, 20... Mandarin pin, 21... Kannuki, 22... Screw pin, 23... Tsuzumi lever,
26... Tsuzumi wheel, 28... Click spring, 29
...Main plate, 30...Circuit board, 40...Step motor.

Claims (1)

[Scope of Claims] 1. A winding stem 18 attached to a main plate 29, a correction wheel 26 that slidably engages with the winding stem and meshes with and disengages from the wheel train, and the main plate near the tip of the winding stem. A mandarin duck that rotates and has a first engaging part 19b which is disposed on the winding stem and comes into elastic contact with the tip of the winding stem by a spring force, and a second engaging part 19c which is provided in the vicinity of this engaging part. 19
and a rotating cannula 21 having an engaging part 21b disposed on the base plate and elastically abutting on the second engaging part and a lever part 21c abutting on the correction wheel, and the cannula 21 is rotatable. A crystal clock characterized in that the position of the correction wheel is regulated in cooperation with a mandarin duck that rotates following the operation of a winding stem.