JPH02305914A - Furnace pressure control method in converter waste gas treatment - Google Patents
Furnace pressure control method in converter waste gas treatmentInfo
- Publication number
- JPH02305914A JPH02305914A JP12836089A JP12836089A JPH02305914A JP H02305914 A JPH02305914 A JP H02305914A JP 12836089 A JP12836089 A JP 12836089A JP 12836089 A JP12836089 A JP 12836089A JP H02305914 A JPH02305914 A JP H02305914A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- furnace pressure
- furnace
- set value
- waste gas
- time
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004043 responsiveness Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012850 discrimination method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- YOBAEOGBNPPUQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Fe].[Fe] YOBAEOGBNPPUQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012716 precipitator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Waste-Gas Treatment And Other Accessory Devices For Furnaces (AREA)
- Carbon Steel Or Casting Steel Manufacturing (AREA)
Abstract
Description
この発明は、転炉廃ガス処理における炉内圧制御方法に
関する。TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to a method for controlling furnace internal pressure in converter waste gas treatment.
従来の転炉廃ガス処理装置(OG)においては、炉口部
の上部に位置するスカートを炉口部に密着させず、適当
な間隔を開けて操業を行なっている。
廃ガスの回収は炉口部の圧力POを検出し、このPOが
大気圧Paに等しくなるようにフィードバック制御にて
ダンパを操作することにより行なわれる。操業中に副原
料の投入量または酸素量を変更すると、廃ガス発生量が
急激に増加または減少して炉圧が変動し、多量の廃ガス
の流出、空気の流入を招き回収率が低下する。そのため
、操業者が常に炉口ある7いは炉圧の指示計を監視し、
前記のタイミング(副原料の投入時または酸素量の変更
時)で急激な炉圧の変動があった場合に、手動により調
節計における炉圧の設定値を一定時間変更し、炉圧の安
定化を図るようにしている。In conventional converter waste gas treatment equipment (OG), the skirt located above the furnace mouth is not brought into close contact with the furnace mouth, but is operated with an appropriate gap between the skirts. The waste gas is recovered by detecting the pressure PO at the furnace mouth and operating a damper under feedback control so that this PO becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure Pa. If the input amount of auxiliary materials or the amount of oxygen is changed during operation, the amount of waste gas generated will rapidly increase or decrease, the furnace pressure will fluctuate, and a large amount of waste gas will flow out and air will flow in, resulting in a decrease in the recovery rate. . Therefore, operators should always monitor the furnace opening or furnace pressure indicator.
If there is a sudden change in furnace pressure at the timing mentioned above (when adding auxiliary materials or changing the amount of oxygen), the furnace pressure setting value on the controller is manually changed for a certain period of time to stabilize the furnace pressure. I am trying to achieve this.
これに対し、密閉操業では回収量を最大とするべく、ス
カートと炉口部の間隔を極限まで狭めることが行なわれ
る。この状態では、プロセスゲインが大きくなるために
、副原料投入、酸素量の変更による炉圧の変動は、スカ
ートと炉口部に適当な間隔を開けて操業する場合の数十
倍にも達するため操業の継続が困難となり、まく転炉廃
ガス処理装置本体の保護の点からも好ましくない状態と
なる。このときに、炉圧設定値を副原料投入、酸素量変
更のタイミングで変更する場合でも、プロセスゲインは
炉口部における地金の付着の度合等により操業の都度大
きく異なるものであるため、変更する設定値が定まらな
いという欠点があった。
したがって、この発明は急激な炉圧の変動があったとき
の炉圧設定値の変更量を容易に求められるようにし、炉
圧制御の応答性を高めることを目的とする。On the other hand, in closed operation, the distance between the skirt and the furnace mouth is narrowed to the utmost in order to maximize the amount recovered. In this state, the process gain becomes large, and the fluctuations in furnace pressure due to input of auxiliary materials and changes in oxygen amount are several tens of times greater than when operating with an appropriate distance between the skirt and the furnace mouth. It becomes difficult to continue operation, and the situation becomes unfavorable from the point of view of protecting the main body of the converter waste gas treatment equipment. At this time, even if the furnace pressure setting value is changed at the timing of adding auxiliary materials or changing the oxygen amount, the process gain will vary greatly each time the operation is performed depending on the degree of metal adhesion at the furnace mouth, etc. There was a drawback that the setting values for this were not determined. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to make it possible to easily determine the amount of change in the furnace pressure set value when there is a sudden change in the furnace pressure, and to improve the responsiveness of furnace pressure control.
【課題を解決するための手段】
転炉廃ガス処理における吹錬中の副原料投入時または熔
銑内に吹き込むべき酸素量の変更時に、炉圧設定値の変
更量を炉圧制御系の不安定状態を判別する所定の判別式
により求められる制御ゲイン対応のパラメータを基準設
定値に乗算して求め、請求められた炉圧設定値の変更量
を現在の炉圧設定値に加算または減算して炉圧制御を行
なう。[Means for solving the problem] When adding auxiliary materials during blowing in converter waste gas treatment or changing the amount of oxygen to be blown into molten pig iron, the amount of change in the furnace pressure set value is controlled by an error in the furnace pressure control system. Multiply the reference set value by the parameter corresponding to the control gain determined by a predetermined discriminant to determine the stable state, and add or subtract the requested change in the furnace pressure set value to the current furnace pressure set value. to control the furnace pressure.
吹錬中の副材料投入時または酸素量の変更時に炉圧設定
値を所定量、所定時間だけ変更することにより、炉圧制
御の応答性を高め、安全操業を継続できるようにする。By changing the furnace pressure setting value by a predetermined amount and for a predetermined time when adding auxiliary materials during blowing or changing the amount of oxygen, the responsiveness of furnace pressure control is improved and safe operation can be continued.
第1図はこの発明の詳細な説明するための説明図、第2
図はこの発明が適用される転炉廃ガス処理装置を示す概
要図である。
まず、第2図から説明する。同図において、1は転炉、
2は溶銑およびスクラップ、3は上吹ランス、4はスカ
ート、5は外側シール、6は炉内圧発信器、7はフード
部、8は上部安全弁、9−1は1次集塵器、9−2は2
次集塵器、10はダンパ、11は電油操縦機、12は誘
引送風機(I D F)、13は炉内圧制御装置である
。
転炉1の中に主原料としてスクラップ、溶銑2を装入し
、転炉上部からランス3を用いて高圧酸素を吹込み、溶
銑を精錬して溶鋼にする。この事を吹錬という。吹錬中
に、酸素は溶銑中の炭素と化合し、COガスを主成分と
する廃ガスを発生する。この廃ガスは約1200°Cの
高温であり、約150g/Nm’という多量の酸化鉄系
ダストを含んでいる。
この廃ガスは高温であるから、装置本体を保護するため
フード部7は水冷管にて水冷されている。
一方、この廃ガス中のダストを除去するために1次集塵
器(IDC)9−1.2次集塵器(2DC)9−2が設
けられている。これらの集塵器は集塵水を用いた方式で
あるため、廃ガスは急冷されて温度は約70°Cまで下
がる。廃ガスから除塵をするためには、先に述べた2つ
の集塵器のところでガスを高速で通過させる必要があり
、各集塵器9−1.9−2にはダンパ10を備え、絞り
機構となっている。また、ガス吸引は誘引送風器(ID
F)12によって行なわれる。炉口部のガス圧力は炉内
圧力(炉内圧または炉圧)と呼ばれ、炉内圧検出器6で
検出されるとともに、炉内圧制御装置13を用いて2次
集塵器9−2内のダンパ10を動かすことにより制御さ
れる。なお、このダンパの駆動装置には通常、電油操縦
機11が使用されている。この炉内圧は通常大気圧近く
に制御され、炉口部とスカート4とのすき間からガスが
吹出したり、大気を吸引したりする量をできるかぎり少
なくなる様にしている。通常、スカート4と炉口のすき
間が200mm位であれば、炉内圧はプラス、マイナス
数mmHzoの間で制御される。しかしスカート4を下
げ、更に外側シール5と呼ばれるスカートを炉体に密着
させる装置を動作させると、炉口部のすき間はほとんど
無くなる。このような密閉状態で操業すると、2炉圧の
振れ幅は大きくなり、異常時にはプラス、マイナス数百
mmHzoになり得る。
このため、制御性を向上させるべく炉内圧制御装置13
には種々の工夫がされているのが普通である。
また、吹錬中において副原料を投入したり、ランス3か
ら吹きつける酸素の量を変えても廃ガスの発生量は変動
する。このような廃ガス発生量の変動により、炉内圧は
急激に増加または減少する。
また、外乱がなくても、急激な密閉度の変化がある場合
も炉内圧は急激に増加または減少し、制御系を不安定に
する。
したがって、この発明では廃ガス発生量の急激な変動に
よる炉圧の変動時のダンパの応答遅れからなる炉圧の異
常正圧、異常負圧を防止するため、制御ゲインに対応し
た炉圧設定値を変更し、ダンパの開度を現状の開度に対
し予め定めた時間だけ少し開または閉とすることにより
、炉内圧制御の応答性を向上させるようにする。
ここで、この発明による制御方法について、酸素量変更
の場合を例に第1図を参照して説明する。
いま、第1図(イ)に示す如く、吹錬酸素量設定値を変
化させるとする。まず、吹錬酸素量設定値が増方向に変
化すると、廃ガスの発生量は第1図(ロ)に示す通り、
溶銑中の炭素と酸素が化合するため一定時間をおいて急
激に増加する。このとき、炉圧設定値を変更せずに制御
を継続すると、廃ガス発生量の増加する時間に比べてダ
ンパの応答時間の方が遅いため炉圧は異常正圧となり、
操業継続が困難となる。そこで、吹錬酸素量設定値が増
加したと同時に、第1図(ハ)に示す如くタイマT1を
駆動する。そして、タイマT1がタイマアップ後にタイ
マT2を駆動し、タイマT2が駆動している間に炉圧設
定値を現在の炉圧設定値から、この場合は△POIだけ
減算する。ここで、タイマT1の設定は、吹錬酸素量設
定値を増加させてから廃ガス発生量が増加を開始するま
での時間と、吹錬酸素量設定値を増加させてから炉圧設
定値を変更してダンパが動き始めるまでの時間が等しく
なるように設定し、タイマT2の設定は、ダンパ開度が
廃ガス発生量の増加分に応じた開度となるまでの時間を
それぞれ設定する。また、変更する炉圧の設定値ΔPO
は、操業の都度プロセスゲインが大きく異なるため、炉
圧制御系の不安定状態を判別する判別方式により求めら
れる制御ゲイン対応のパラメータを基準設定値に乗算し
て、次式の如(求める。
ΔPO4=KXΔP O−−−−−−(1)ここで、Δ
POiは変更する炉圧設定値(炉圧設定値の変更量)、
Kは制御ゲインに対応したパラメータ、ΔPOは変更す
る炉圧設定値の基準値(基準設定値)である。
なお、制御系の不安定状態を判別する判別方式について
は、出願人が先に提案した特開昭58−168106号
公報等に記載されている公知の技術を利用することとす
る。
吹錬酸素量設定値を減少させる場合も上記と同様に、炉
圧設定値を第1図(ハ)に示す如くΔPO2だけ加算す
ることにより、操業中の炉内圧は第1図(ホ)に示す通
りとなり、安定した操業を行なうことができる。
上記では、吹錬酸素量を変更する場合について説明した
が、副原料投入の場合も上記と同じ原理で制御が可能で
ある。FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the invention in detail, and FIG.
The figure is a schematic diagram showing a converter waste gas treatment apparatus to which the present invention is applied. First, explanation will be given starting from FIG. In the figure, 1 is a converter;
2 is hot metal and scrap, 3 is a top blowing lance, 4 is a skirt, 5 is an outer seal, 6 is a furnace pressure transmitter, 7 is a hood part, 8 is an upper safety valve, 9-1 is a primary dust collector, 9- 2 is 2
10 is a damper, 11 is an electrohydraulic control device, 12 is an induced fan (IDF), and 13 is a furnace internal pressure control device. Scrap and hot metal 2 are charged as main raw materials into a converter 1, and high pressure oxygen is blown into the converter using a lance 3 from the upper part of the converter to refine the hot metal into molten steel. This is called blowing. During blowing, oxygen combines with carbon in the hot metal to generate waste gas mainly composed of CO gas. This waste gas has a high temperature of about 1200°C and contains a large amount of iron oxide dust of about 150 g/Nm'. Since this waste gas has a high temperature, the hood part 7 is water-cooled with a water-cooled pipe to protect the main body of the apparatus. On the other hand, a primary dust collector (IDC) 9-1 and a secondary dust collector (2DC) 9-2 are provided to remove dust from the waste gas. Since these dust collectors use dust collecting water, the waste gas is rapidly cooled down to a temperature of about 70°C. In order to remove dust from the waste gas, it is necessary to pass the gas at high speed through the two dust collectors mentioned above, and each dust collector 9-1 and 9-2 is equipped with a damper 10, It is a mechanism. In addition, gas suction is performed using an induced air blower (ID
F) carried out by 12. The gas pressure at the furnace mouth is called the furnace pressure (furnace pressure or furnace pressure), and is detected by the furnace pressure detector 6, and the furnace pressure control device 13 is used to control the pressure inside the secondary precipitator 9-2. It is controlled by moving the damper 10. Note that an electro-hydraulic control device 11 is normally used as a drive device for this damper. The pressure inside the furnace is usually controlled to be close to atmospheric pressure, so that the amount of gas blown out from the gap between the furnace mouth and the skirt 4 and the amount of air sucked in are minimized. Normally, if the gap between the skirt 4 and the furnace mouth is about 200 mm, the furnace internal pressure is controlled between plus and minus several mmHz. However, if the skirt 4 is lowered and a device called an outer seal 5 that brings the skirt into close contact with the furnace body is operated, the gap at the furnace mouth will almost disappear. When operated in such a closed state, the fluctuations in the pressures of the two furnaces become large, and in the event of an abnormality, it can reach plus or minus several hundred mmHz. Therefore, in order to improve controllability, the furnace internal pressure control device 13
It is common for various measures to be taken. Furthermore, even if auxiliary raw materials are added during blowing or the amount of oxygen blown from the lance 3 is changed, the amount of waste gas generated varies. Due to such fluctuations in the amount of waste gas generated, the pressure inside the furnace increases or decreases rapidly. Furthermore, even if there is no disturbance, if there is a sudden change in the degree of sealing, the pressure inside the furnace will suddenly increase or decrease, making the control system unstable. Therefore, in this invention, in order to prevent abnormal positive pressure and abnormal negative pressure of the furnace pressure caused by a delay in the response of the damper when the furnace pressure fluctuates due to sudden fluctuations in the amount of waste gas generated, the furnace pressure setting value corresponding to the control gain is set. The responsiveness of furnace pressure control is improved by changing the opening degree of the damper for a predetermined time period to slightly open or close the damper compared to the current opening degree. Here, the control method according to the present invention will be explained with reference to FIG. 1, taking as an example the case of changing the amount of oxygen. Now, suppose that the blowing oxygen amount set value is changed as shown in FIG. 1(a). First, when the blowing oxygen amount set value changes in the increasing direction, the amount of waste gas generated increases as shown in Figure 1 (b).
As the carbon and oxygen in the hot metal combine, the amount increases rapidly after a certain period of time. At this time, if control is continued without changing the furnace pressure set value, the furnace pressure will become abnormally positive because the response time of the damper is slower than the time during which the amount of waste gas generation increases.
Continuing operations becomes difficult. Therefore, at the same time as the blowing oxygen amount set value increases, the timer T1 is driven as shown in FIG. 1(c). Then, after the timer T1 has timed up, the timer T2 is driven, and while the timer T2 is driving, the furnace pressure set value is subtracted by ΔPOI from the current furnace pressure set value in this case. Here, the setting of timer T1 is the time from when the set value of blowing oxygen amount is increased until the amount of waste gas generation starts to increase, and the time from when the set value of blowing oxygen amount is increased to when the furnace pressure set value is changed. The timer T2 is set so that the time required for the damper to start moving is equal, and the timer T2 is set for the time required for the damper opening to reach an opening corresponding to the increase in the amount of waste gas generated. In addition, the set value ΔPO of the furnace pressure to be changed
Since the process gain differs greatly depending on the operation, the reference setting value is multiplied by the parameter corresponding to the control gain obtained by the discrimination method for determining the unstable state of the furnace pressure control system, and the value is calculated as shown in the following formula. ΔPO4 =KXΔP O−−−−−−(1) Here, Δ
POi is the furnace pressure set value to be changed (change amount of the furnace pressure set value),
K is a parameter corresponding to the control gain, and ΔPO is a reference value (reference set value) of the furnace pressure set value to be changed. As for the determination method for determining the unstable state of the control system, a known technique described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 168106/1983, which was previously proposed by the applicant, will be used. When reducing the blowing oxygen amount set value, in the same way as above, by adding ΔPO2 to the furnace pressure set value as shown in Figure 1 (c), the furnace internal pressure during operation will be reduced to the value shown in Figure 1 (e). As shown, stable operation can be performed. In the above, the case where the blowing oxygen amount is changed has been described, but the case where the auxiliary material is added can also be controlled using the same principle as above.
この発明によれば、副原料投入、酸素量の変更のときの
廃ガス発生量の変動による炉圧の変動時のダンパの応答
遅れによる異常正圧、異常負圧をプロセスの状態に対応
する炉圧の設定値を1時的に変更して応答性を高めるよ
うにしたので、通常操業から密閉操業までの安定な制御
が可能となり、その結果、廃ガス回収率が向上するばか
りでなく操業の安定化を図り得る利点がもたらされるも
のである。According to this invention, the abnormal positive pressure and abnormal negative pressure caused by the response delay of the damper when the furnace pressure fluctuates due to the fluctuating amount of waste gas generated when adding auxiliary raw materials or changing the amount of oxygen can be corrected in the furnace corresponding to the process state. By temporarily changing the pressure setting value to increase responsiveness, stable control is possible from normal operation to closed operation.As a result, not only the waste gas recovery rate is improved but also the operation speed is improved. This provides the advantage of stabilization.
第1図はこの発明の詳細な説明するための説明図、
第2図はこの発明が適用される転炉廃ガス処理装置を示
す概要図である。
符号説明FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the present invention in detail, and FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a converter waste gas treatment apparatus to which the present invention is applied. Code explanation
Claims (1)
炉圧設定値と比較しその偏差に応じた制御信号を出力す
る炉圧調節手段と、該炉圧調節手段からの制御信号にも
とづき炉内から発生する廃ガスの流量を制御する流量制
御手段とを備え、前記炉圧を所定値となるように制御す
る転炉廃ガス処理において、 吹錬中の副原料投入時または熔銑内に吹き込む酸素量の
変更時に、炉圧設定値の変更量を炉圧制御系の不安定状
態を判別する所定の判別式により確認し求められる制御
ゲイン対応のパラメータを基準設定値に乗算して求め、
該求められた炉圧設定値の変更量を現在の炉圧設定値に
加算または減算して炉圧制御を行なうことを特徴とする
転炉廃ガス処理における炉内圧制御方法。[Scope of Claims] Furnace internal pressure (furnace pressure) detection means, furnace pressure adjustment means that compares the detected furnace pressure with a predetermined furnace pressure setting value and outputs a control signal according to the deviation, and the furnace and a flow rate control means for controlling the flow rate of waste gas generated from inside the furnace based on a control signal from the pressure adjustment means, in converter waste gas treatment that controls the furnace pressure to a predetermined value, during blowing. Parameters corresponding to the control gain are determined by checking the amount of change in the furnace pressure setting value using a predetermined discriminant to determine the unstable state of the furnace pressure control system when adding auxiliary materials or changing the amount of oxygen blown into the hot metal. Multiply the reference setting value to find,
A furnace pressure control method in converter waste gas treatment, characterized in that furnace pressure control is performed by adding or subtracting the determined change amount of the furnace pressure setting value to the current furnace pressure setting value.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP12836089A JPH0674449B2 (en) | 1989-05-22 | 1989-05-22 | Reactor pressure control method in converter waste gas treatment |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP12836089A JPH0674449B2 (en) | 1989-05-22 | 1989-05-22 | Reactor pressure control method in converter waste gas treatment |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH02305914A true JPH02305914A (en) | 1990-12-19 |
JPH0674449B2 JPH0674449B2 (en) | 1994-09-21 |
Family
ID=14982896
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP12836089A Expired - Fee Related JPH0674449B2 (en) | 1989-05-22 | 1989-05-22 | Reactor pressure control method in converter waste gas treatment |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH0674449B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2019183224A (en) * | 2018-04-10 | 2019-10-24 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | Furnace throat pressure setting system, furnace throat pressure setting method and program |
-
1989
- 1989-05-22 JP JP12836089A patent/JPH0674449B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2019183224A (en) * | 2018-04-10 | 2019-10-24 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | Furnace throat pressure setting system, furnace throat pressure setting method and program |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH0674449B2 (en) | 1994-09-21 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |