JPH01500371A - structure detection method - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.

Description

[Detailed description of the invention] structure detection method This invention relates to geological structure detection methods, and involves obtaining three-dimensional topography from aerial photographs and satellite photographs. Regarding. In particular, the method of the present invention provides a stereoscopic effect, i.e. By obtaining the D effect and increasing the effect of making it easier to detect structures, Concerning detecting quality structure.

The advent of aerial photography, particularly photo interpretation, occurred in the 1960s. Vertical aerial photography is allowed. Infrared, radar and microwave bands of the electromagnetic spectrum along with visible light Including visualization. Both regular aerial photography and infrared photography are particularly useful for geology. Applied. Aerial photography is limited to allowing detailed study of localized areas. It will be done. For broader research, a wider coverage of photography is needed. example For example, the study of sedimentary basins from regional to continental or national scales is Needs true wider coverage. Such regional and national scale research Because research is necessary, geologists have a 1:1 ratio. Ooo, ooo to 1:100,000 Now using Landsat or other satellite images at scale.

Stereoscopic or three-dimensional images can now be obtained from Landsat data. It is believed that it cannot be done. The current practice of geologists was handled as standard. Observe linear geological structures by looking at Landsat photos with the naked eye It is to be. Lines are structures that can be detected only by measurements in two dimensions. I don't care if The structure has been studied and confirmed using geophysical, topographical and geological data. Detecting lines from photographs is of limited value in interpretation unless stomach.

The information thus obtained due to this limited two-dimensional observation of the photograph is of limited value. It's fleeting.

Vertical aerial photography is a well-established tool for geological mapping. vertical aerial photography True not only facilitates regional mapping, but also represents information not easily available in other ways. can be shown. Electromagnetic radiation includes ultraviolet radiation, visible light and infrared radiation (IR). infrared aerial Photographs can help increase the contrast of the terrain, and water areas are non-contrastive with respect to land. There will always be contrasts, and vegetation types can also contrast with each other. various rock types Thermal images are important from a geological point of view because they can also distinguish differences in geological and other aspects.

faults, fractures, joints, deformations, fracture sounds Geological structures such as bands can be detected by the relationship between topography and rock types.

Infrared aerial photography uses a yellow filter on top of the camera to remove blue light. But everything The blue light is not removed.

Satellite photography uses sensors without any kind of filter, capturing the entire spectrum. Can be recorded. This method combines the sensitivity and spectral bands of the sensor with the recorded electromagnetic Radiation is limited by the range of natural color bands that can be displayed.

Landsat satellite takes photos called Landsat Master and this master can be obtained in black or white color. The photo shows four spectral bands (band 4: visible green, band 5: visible red, band 6: invisible infrared, band 7: visible It is obtained from multispectral scanning data (MSS) consisting of radiation (not in the infrared). mosquito The color master is an invisible infrared, infrared and is a composite of three spectral bands printed through a green filter. . These masters are called "first creation masters" and are used by the user's second creation master. Used to print digits or transvalencies. this master It is usually at a scale of 1:1,000,000 and covers an area of 185 km square. - to do. A pixel (or vixel) covers an area of approximately 80 square square meters.

The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for detecting geological structures from aerial photographs and satellite photographs. That is.

Another object of this invention is to provide a method for viewing two photographs in three dimensions.

One aspect of this invention is a method for detecting geological structures from aerial photographs and satellite photographs. Obtaining aerial or satellite images and from these images images of the same area or adjacent areas. Create photos of adjacent areas of land where there is substantial overlap between photos of the areas This photograph is made on infrared film in the case of aerial photography, and Print the film to create a photo with the required color balance and use it for satellite photography. If true, enhance the photo so that red and infrared radiation stands out and achieve the desired color balance. Create a series of photos with two adjacent images on land with the desired color balance. The purpose is to superimpose the photographs of At this time, take the photo in this way. The stereoscopic or three-dimensional effect obtained by viewing the truth is a photographic including geological structures and/or other archaeological effects, forestry effects, human effects and atmospheric enhanced to allow rapid detection and/or rapid measurement of condition characteristics. Ru.

In another aspect of the invention, stereo images are obtained from two photographs of the same or overlapping area. Provides a method to generate an image of the scope. The photo was taken from an aerial photo taken from an airplane. The method is to capture two images of the same or overlapping areas taken along the plane's route. placing photos next to each other, viewing the photos with a stereoscope, horizontal Positioning the stereoscope with its axis parallel to the channel and the stereoscope with the largest section Rotate the stereoscope left and right along the horizontal axis until the osscope image is obtained. Including fine rotation by moving each other.

In another aspect of the invention, the scanning of the satellite between two linearly moved positions is provided. Stereoscope from two satellite photos of the same area or overlapping areas obtained by A method is provided for obtaining an image of. This method involves placing two photos next to each other, Viewing the photo with a stereoscope, connecting the moved positions with the two straight lines alignment of the horizontal axis of the stereoscope parallel to the line and the stereoscope of the largest section Move the stereoscope alternately from side to side along its horizontal axis until you obtain a copy image. This includes rotating the machine finely.

When aerial photography rather than satellite photography is used, the method of the invention Obtaining multiple prints of land areas or adjacent land areas with significant overlap May contain. Non-critical when photographs of adjacent areas are used However, this overlap may be 60%. The photo is from a certain area or adjacent area. It may also be made from prints made from regional color negatives. Print from negative Preferably print from a positive or color transparency instead of a print. You can also create one.

The multiple prints are created by printing from negatives (or positives), and Gradation occurs when the color cast or color balance of prints is different from each other. guaranteed to produce prints with a high degree of variation. For example, the first photo slight magenta cast or other subtractive color cast or slight additive With color cast, each successive print is a slightly larger cast of the same color. It may consist of a series or ring-shaped print with a cast.

Its subtractive colors are magenta, cyan and yellow, and its additive colors are red, green and It is blue and blue. Although changes in cast between successive prints may be irregular, Preferably, the change in cast is a regular step change. If necessary, color ki Each subset of prints is created between two consecutive prints that have different casts. So that the cast changes slightly within the cast range of two consecutive prints, A further subset of prints may be obtained between said series of consecutive prints. can.

Typically, a series of prints consists of eight prints. set of prints or any subset is within two consecutive prints of a series of prints. It may consist of a single print with a cast in between, or it may consist of a series of There are gradations in the cast between the casts of two consecutive prints in the print. There may be a subset of one or more prints for each print in the subset.

When printing from a negative, a cast print with gradations is produced using color printing technology. color compensation filter, color print filter, or color head using It can be created using Preferably a color compensation filter is used. normal color When printing, a single filter (or color head adjustment) is used to take the photo. selected to obtain a print with proper color balance that closely resembles the balance of the image. Ru.

In the method of this invention, a color cast is applied to the print.

Subtractive color filters typically filter magenta with a density between 0.1 and 0.6. , cyan and yellow acetate filters, or 0.1.0°2.0.3. Includes filter combinations with densities of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.02 and 0.05.

Magenta, cyan and yellow filters, plus red, green with similar density values Additional color filters of blue and blue can also be used. Preference for color cast print Continuously change the filter combinations of the stretcher to obtain fine step changes. , and the color cast is 0. Ensure that the density increases by 0.2 from l. Ru. Red, blue and green are complementary colors to cyan, yellow and magenta, respectively. Kara -Cast uses these 6 colors (if they are not complementary colors) in the filter combination. ) and then cast for the next print. This can be achieved by changing the composition of the combination to increase Create a series of prints Each combination used to However, clearly the two chosen are different in order to obtain a continuous print. You may The table below shows the combinations of filters that can create color prints. A classic example of color cast, the prints are arranged in order of increasing color cast. There is.

Table 1 Print number filter combination 1 0.35B 2　0.10G+0.35B 3 0.10M+0.35B 4 0.25M+0.35B 5 0.30M+0.35B 15 0.35M+0.30B 7 0.50M+0.20B 8 0.60M+0.58 Table 2 1 0.30G+0.65B 2　0.20G+0.65B 3 0.10G+0.65B 4 0.65B 50.10M+0.55B 6 0.10M+0.65B 7 0.20M+0.45B 8 0.30M+0.35B In these tables, the numbers indicate the density of the filter and B, G and M indicate the density of the filter. color (i.e., blue, green, and magenta, respectively). Printed from color infrared negative Once obtained, the method involves comparing each print of each series in turn. like this In Table 1, the print is compared visually with print 2.3.4.5.6.7.8. , print 2 is compared visually with print 3.4.5.6.7.8 and the combination The comparison continues until there is no more problem.

Visual comparison is done in the viewer. Preferably a stereoscope is used be done. The best comparison is if the photo is stereoscoped in the direction of flight used while taking the photo. This is possible when aligned parallel to the horizontal axis of In this state, the stereo scope Accurate measurements can be made using a parallax bar or stereometer.

Vararax (viewing angle) is the position of an object with respect to a certain reference caused by a change in the observation point. This is a change in the appearance of the position. Absolute vararax is the maximum value of observed natural features. This is the best viewing point when in a compartment. This largest section is located at the viewer's position. Depending on which side of the "horizontal" line or line of flight it is, it becomes an upright or inverted image.

The stereoscope can be rotated minutely by moving it alternately left and right along the horizontal axis. You can see the largest section.

Are the prints alternating as explained above? This comparison was made in the area where the photo was taken. A series of interference fringes caused by geological or other structures are optimally increased. The two prints are viewed through a stereoscope until two photos are selected from the list. It will be done. This increasing effect is due to the stereoscope and the color contrast between the two prints. This is achieved by the stereoscopic visual effect caused by the difference between the images.

The principles of parallax measurement and high-precision measurement (well-known techniques) are shown in the following two photographs. used to map structures that Preferably, the mapping is done directly on top of the photo. Although possible, the structure, along with its measurements, is drawn on a transparent photo overlay. It will be done.

The methods described so far have been related to aerial photography. Stereo when viewing satellite images Scope observation is possible.

The development of Landsat MSS stereoscopic observations has resulted in improved details of the satellite's flight direction. By detailed understanding and scanning Bixel MSS method.

The satellite is Uniper Le Transverse Markator (IJuniversalT). From the true north to the true south by transverse Mercator plan Move.

This MSS runs one bar of 6 pixel lines widthwise from true west to true east during flight. scan continuously, then zigzag back and scan again without recording.

This bank has a travel direction extension of 185 km and a travel direction of 495 m on Landsat 5. (82.5m = 6 pixels) represents the widthwise spread.

Each full Landsat MSS screen covers 185km square. The side of the photo is south The line of regression rotates about 9 degrees to the right from the true north. This is a flight height of 700kn+ above the earth. Due to a near polar orbit in degrees. - Fly to fly through the scene During the 25 seconds required by the aircraft, the entire screen tilts to the west as the Earth rotates to the east. Bikku As a result, the bank of cells is tilted approximately 9° from true east, and the MSS scan direction is It is located at 90'' with respect to the direction of flight.

Landsat MSS standard master is an area determined by route number and frame number. Draw the screen. Creating a non-standard master that is a substitute area for the standard master screen You can also do it. These sub-regions are defined by equally spaced east-west grid lines along the bottom of the screen. It will be done. The rDJ grid is in the center of the screen, with "A", rBJ and rcJ to the north. Yes, and rEJ, rFJ and rGJ are in the south. This invention is Although it is not qualitative, it is possible to work with standard and non-standard frames to create a full-screen image. Use the surface. By experimenting with substitute regions of the screen, optimal observation of stereopairs can be achieved. An effective method has been discovered.

The sub-region rFJ screen is used as a base and red band/ The spectrum is enhanced in the infrared band. This is similarly spaced as previously explained. Overlaid by DJ Master. Overlay image on a north-south strip of UTM width of 0,5 degrees corresponding to degree grid lines It turns out that it is convenient to cut the faces. This is the correct way to stack Guarantees accurate fit for orientation and stereoscope.

The horizontal axis of the stereoscope is aligned across the overlay strip. Absolutely For parallax, the horizontal axis of the stereoscope is in the west/east scan direction of the MSS. This occurs when they are lined up at an angle of 099 degrees 15'. A minute rotation of only the number I11 is included. Viewing from south to north yields a normal upright image, but two screens are visible. Reversing the viewing direction produces an inverted image, depending on whether it is to the person's right or left.

Azimuth 099 degrees 15-UTM is the MSS scan line direction (over a particular study area). Ru. The method of the invention differs from the standard photographic interpretation method in this respect - stereo The scope's horizontal axis is not parallel to the satellite's flight line. Instead, the horizontal axis is MS The medium of electromagnetic radiation recorded by S, i.e. the vixel scan parallel to the line direction.

Other relationships include standard overlay polishing of non-standard bases and Landthat MSS screens. This will become clear through research. rDJ standard masters overlap when viewed from south to north is used as a base for the rFJ subregion used as will be accomplished. Base 7 superimposition (overlay) of paired photos in viewing direction and 3D ray) image effect and its relationship to vararax in the Landsat MSS Standard Master. A similar expansion is possible when using another sub-region screen. i.e. the same rBJJDJ and rPJ used from Landsat MSS standard master, and On the contrary, rAJ, rCJ, rEJ and “G” sub-region screens can be observed using this technique. This results in optimal field of view, absolute balarax and good stereoscopic effect.

Standard masters (i.e. color positives) can be used to obtain color negatives, This negative is then given a color gradation as described earlier for aerial photography. Multiple pre-shaped "ring-shaped J" ("rtngaround") with balance can be used to create

The scale of the photograph used is a matter of choice in the application. This study is 1:2 50,000, which provides sufficient structural detail for regional studies. is the maximum value that can be obtained.

Preferably 1:100,000 for studies involving areas of 100 ka+ sq. use For detailed structural geological studies of a local area (25 km square), After the investigation of the Dosat MSS optical interpretation was carried out, the infrared optical interpretation was 1:2 s, o. It can be done on a scale of 00.

In studies of Landsat photography, research shows that better results are obtained in the middle of winter. Obtained from the flight screen. The 30 degree minimum angle of the winter sun (the 50 degree high angle of the summer sun) This selection is due to the lack of vegetation and surface water, as well as the absence of haze and clouds. Just a few things to consider when choosing. The method of this invention was published in July 1984. Use a flight screen that covers everything from beginning to end. Here, the angle of elevation of the sun is 27 It changes from 46 degrees to 32 degrees 41-, and the azimuth of the sun changes from 42 degrees 04 degrees to 46 degrees. 16- UTM, and both increase at a distance of about 300m from south to north. Add. This is for the southern hemisphere.

This factor is important in the method of this invention. The lowest angle of the sun is the spectral band This results in maximum reflection of the give. This generally affects natural features, especially geological formations, through interference fringing phenomena. Define the academic structure.

The method of the invention is suitable for aerial photography or aerial photography, whether the photograph is black and white or color. It is possible to make three-dimensional observations of regions of the Earth from star photographs. Using color photographs Geological and other features are highlighted and more easily detected. Three-dimensional observation possible The highlighted structure can be measured from the photograph. Faults, fractures, and less deformation of joints within 2 degrees of the true slope determined from field measurements at Structures like this can be measured. These structures are constructed so that a coherent beam of light is approximately When you focus your eyes on a flat surface so that the angles are 1/1000, This appears as interference fringes, which are parallel bright and dark lines.

The true thickness of a section or other image can be accurately determined. This thickness is the interference fringe Obtained by observation and stereometry.

Rocks and terrain are distant boundaries of inconstsfency that create tectonic planes. becomes symmetrical. These structural planes or faults are highlighted in the form of a group of lines. , crushing, and jointing. This group of lines or interference fringes is observed The color is darker on the up-dip side of the plane, and the color is darker on the down-dip side. It exhibits a unique property of being bright. The interference fringe itself is responsible for much of the fault generation. If the stereoscope is high from the Earth's surface (through parallax) Produces the effect of protruding into the air. effect (in fact, the observed topographical The larger the displacement (appears to be 15 times the displacement), the more accurate the measurement.

Preferred aspects of the invention are described with reference to the following figures.

Figure 1 shows how a stereoscope can be used to view photographs. FIG.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing details of the electromagnetic spectrum.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a normal fault.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a structure mapped by the method of the present invention.

FIG. 1 shows a stereoscope I with two lenses 11.12 for high magnification. It is O. from surface 14 to direct two low power lenses (not shown). The hinge plate 13 is attached to be opened by the hinge 15, These lenses are attached. The stereoscope has a horizontal axis 16, It can be rotated or moved in the direction indicated by arrow A. The stereoscope is It is on four radial legs 17. The four radial legs 17 are located at photos 18 and 19. Stand on a supporting surface. Photos 18 and 19 are photos of land or sea areas. child These photos represent overlapping land or sea areas and the aircraft used to take the photos. along an axis 20 that coincides with the path of the satellite or the scanning direction of the satellite. Ru. The spacing S between these photographs is shown along axis 20 at low magnification (parallel with respect to axis 20). A stereo image effect can be obtained by moving the photo (which can be viewed). Become. The photo can then be viewed at high magnification, and the stereoscope can be It can be moved along the direction to the right or left hand to get the best stereo image effect. Ru. The structures visible through the stereoscope are then measured.

Figure 2 is self-explanatory and shows the wavelengths of light used in aerial photography. Ru.

To clarify the interference fringes and explain their values, by stereometer Reference is made to representative faults that are observed and measured. Figure 3 shows the UTM run of 008 degrees. FIG. This particular fault has a strike of about 25 km-Torr (derived from topographical map surveys). 40 meters above the ground (1 level) It represents the rock structure over half of the above length. The balance of the fault is at ground level. Cutting through low-lying terrain.

Stereometric measurements are taken at three points on the photograph to represent cross-sectional comparisons.

The basics of aerial photography is that 256 dragons are 64 kilotorres at a scale of 1:250,000. shows. At each point, parallax measurements are made in both the horizontal and vertical planes. It is done in Point 1 is at ground level, serves as a reference for the rock structure, and is the center of interference fringes. Located at the white end. Point 2 is located at the white end of the interference fringe and is It is located at the top of the structure. Point 3 is the interference fringe (projected) in the air. line, located at the black end of the interference fringe. All measurements are relative to strike or along the 098 degree UTM. .

Bararax formula P = H / 4 X P (here, H / f is the reciprocal of the topographic scale, p is the vararax (top and bottom poles) to calculate the vertical movement distance P. It is used for The horizontal movement distance is the direct distance formed by the scale 1.250.000. Calculated from the reference parallax poles. The horizontal to vertical angle is It is the true slope from point 2 to point 1 in the hand direction. horizontal to vertical The angle is the apparent slope from point 3 to point 2 in the left-hand direction.

The following formula is used to calculate the apparent thickness of the fault.

Tapp=HD-(cosin d X HD) (Here, HD is point l horizontal distance from to point 3, d is the difference between the apparent slope and the true slope (4 degrees 3 6 minutes), the apparent thickness is 1.05 meters. ) and the truth of the fault The following formula is used to calculate the thickness of .

'l'=Tapp X 5ine (true slope) dip=0.94 meter At a scale of 1:250,000, the true thickness of faults less than 1 meter and Indeed, true slopes within 2 degrees demonstrate the value of the invention as applied to geology.

In areas of high topographical relief, a normal stereo image (upright image) is useful. death However, in areas of low topographic relief, the use of an inverted stereo image can reduce interference fringes. can be better defined and accurate measurements can be made. inverted stereo image The use of cainozoics for observation of topographic structures Great value in the spread of the bar.

Detailed detection of structures and their precise measurements using the method of the invention and are analyzed to determine the mechanisms causing the measurements. Expanding the structure It is tectonics. The use of Landsat MSS data in conjunction with the present invention With limited field geological confirmation, the tectonic regime of the study area is resolved. Decide.

The present invention utilizes conventional photographic judgment to observe and locate topographical structures. Uses the basic ideas of texture, organization, pattern, shape and size. The present invention Bedding planes, curved surfaces and axial planes, faults and joints t), lithological succession, igneous structure and other characteristics. Signs can be located.

Figure 4 shows the Australian national central map mapped using the method of the present invention. ・Northern part of Denison Trough, Queensland is a schematic diagram of the structure of the structure, overlaid on one of the photographs observed with a stereoscope - superimpose the rays and draw and measure the structures highlighted by the method of the invention This is what was obtained. Only a small portion of the structure seen here makes it clear This is examined in detail in FIG. Measurements are excluded for similar purposes.

This investigation was aimed at identifying topographical structures that were not normally observed in conventional photographic judgments. Positioning is done. These natural features include tectonic height, volcanic flow covered by Quaternary strata, fault location (one point cross-sections of all faults in the There is.

The present invention produces its results because of direct electromagnetic radiation effects on Earth.

Infrared and Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner Photography Illustrating this direct effect through the critical contrast of ultraviolet light with spectral tones can. Stereo vision with the technique outlined produces an enhanced image. this The stereo image obtained by the stereo measurement method is Quantity can be determined.

The resulting vararax angle is influenced by the Earth's force fields, namely the magnetic and gravitational fields. receive. The presence of volcanic activity beneath the Quaternary strata is due to one or both of these. Due to the influence of the field. The earth's effects on electromagnetic radiation are explained in this document. revealed by interference fringes. Radiation and ionization are eliminated by the method of the present invention. It is assumed that the effect that can be observed is as follows.

The present invention has the potential to be applied to other fields of topographic mapping, and Applied to paleology, forestry, human effect research and measurement, atmospheric conditions, and geology/mining. good.

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Claims (1)

[Claims] The claims defining this invention are as follows. (1) In the method of detecting geological structures from aerial photographs and satellite photographs, Obtaining a satellite image; To a large extent between these statues and photographs of the same or adjacent areas on land including creating pictures of adjacent areas where there is overlap; This photo is created on infrared film in the case of aerial photography and has the required color balance. In the case of satellite photography, red radiation and red radiation are printed. The photos are made to stand out by emphasizing the external radiation and each with the required color balance. A series of photographs are created, each showing two adjacent areas of land with the desired color balance. Two photographs of the same area were observed using a stereoscope, and the photographs were combined in this way. The stereoscopic or three-dimensional effect obtained by viewing the geological structure and/or or in photographs of other archaeological effects, forestry effects, human effects or features of atmospheric conditions. geological structure detection methods emphasized to allow rapid detection and/or measurement of (2) In the method of claim 1, the overlap of photographs in adjacent areas is between 40% and 80%. A geological structure detection method. (3) In the method of claim 1 or claim 2, the photograph is negative, positive or transcribed. Geological structure detection method obtained by printing from Spallency. (4) In any of the methods set forth in claims 1 to 3, the photograph is magenta. Geological structure detection methods with casts, other subtractive color casts or additional color casts . (5) In any of the methods set forth in claims 1 to 4, between a series of photographs. A geological structure detection method in which the cast changes regularly in a stepwise manner. (6) In any of the methods set forth in claims 1 to 4, between a series of photographs, A geological structure detection method in which the cast changes irregularly in a stepped manner. (7) In the method of claim 5, the change in cast between the series of photographs is from 0.1 to A geological structure detection method that uses stepwise density changes of 0.2. (8) In the method of claim 5, claim 6, or claim 7, the series of photographs is 8 A geological structure detection method that consists of photos. (9) In the method of claim 5, claim 6 or claim 7, in the series of photographs. at least one photograph with a cast intermediate between the casts of two adjacent photographs of A geological structure detection method whose sequence of photographs contains a true subset. (10) In the method according to any one of claims 5 to 9, a series of photographs thereof are compared and observed with each other photo in that series or subset. Then, two photographs of the series or subset are taken and selected as described below. are selected to optimally increase the interference fringes in the region represented by the photograph. Geological structure detection method. (11) In any of the methods set forth in claims 1 to 10, the photograph is an aerial photograph. When obtained from the true photograph, the above observing step takes the horizontal axis of the stereoscope Geological structure detection performed with a stereoscope parallel to the flight line direction while taking pictures of Law. (12) In any of the methods set forth in claims 1 to 10, the photograph is a satellite image. When the observing step above aligns the horizontal axis of the stereoscope with the satellite A geological structure detection method performed with a stereoscope aligned in the scanning direction. (13) In the direction of claim 12, the two photographs correspond to the north direction corresponding to the longitude grid line. / cut to the south strip and the two selected strips are of the two photos. Geological structure detection method observed from each. (14) In the direction of claim 13, the strip has a half degree UTM width. A geological structure detection method. (15) In any of the methods of claims 1 to 14, the geological structure and / or parallelize the characteristics of archaeological effects, forestry effects, human effects or atmospheric conditions. Geological structure detection, including measurements with either Kuspar or stereometers Law. (16) In any of the methods of claims 1 to 15, the photograph is of an upright position. Or a geological structure detection method that is observed to create an inverted stereoscopic image. (17) Stereoscopic observation from two photos of the same area or overlapping areas In the method of obtaining The picture is obtained from an aerial photograph taken from an airplane and is made along the flight path of the airplane. placing two photos of the same area or overlapping areas side by side; Observing the truth with a stereoscope, the horizontal axis of the stereoscope is the airplane path and horizontally until maximum stereoscopic field of view is obtained. Stereo, which involves minutely rotating the stereoscope by moving the axis alternately left and right. Osscope observation method. (18) The same obtained by satellite scanning between two linearly moved positions How to obtain stereoscopic observations from two satellite images of a region or overlapping regions In, placing two photos side by side, Observing the photo with a stereoscope, the horizontal axis of the stereoscope is Line up the stereoscope parallel to the line connecting the two linearly moved positions, and Alternately move the horizontal axis of the stereoscope to the left until a stereoscopic field of view is obtained. Stereoscopic viewing, which involves slightly rotating the stereoscope by moving it to the right. Inspection law.