JPH01274807A - Coagulant containing animal bone, and its production and using the coagulant - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain high reactivity of a coagulant contg. animal bones for a small amt. of the coagulant used thereby even in an alkaline region by prepg. the coagulant from a soln. obtd. by mixing uniformly a bone soln. of animal bone powder in H2SO4, etc., with a soln. of a metal such as iron and copper in sulfuric acid, etc. CONSTITUTION:Domestic waste water is in a first stage introduced into a measuring tank 3 where an amt. of a coagulant or a reagent is adjusted. When the waste water flows into a stirring tank 4, a coagulant is fed at the same time from a tank 1 for a coagulant contg. animal bone, and a reagent such as slaked lime is fed from a reagent tank 2, and the mixture is stirred. Then, the mixture is forced to a pressurized floating tank 5 with a compressor, and treated water passed through a skimmer at the top of the tank 5 is discharged or reutilized through a filtration tank 6. In this stage, the animal bone powder in the coagulant to the stirring tank 4 makes the atmosphere caustic with Ca ions, etc., in the composition and coagulates org. matters. Further, metals in the compsn. coagulate the org. matters more firmly, and facilitate settling of coagulated products by increasing the weight of the coagulated products.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (Industrial Application Field) The present invention relates to a flocculant, and more particularly to an animal bone-containing flocculant that is particularly effective for flocculating organic matter in treated liquids such as wastewater, and methods for producing and using the same.

(Prior Art) Conventionally, sulfate-1 aluminum chloride polymer, ferric chloride, and the like have been used as flocculants for flocculating organic substances and the like in wastewater.

On the other hand, the conventional method for treating wastewater containing organic matter has mainly been an activated sludge method. The activated sludge method allows microorganisms such as bacteria to grow, thereby adsorbing organic matter in the sludge and separating impurities by sedimentation, and has a high purification ability. Water treated by the activated sludge method was discharged directly into rivers, etc., as long as it met certain water quality standards.

(Problems to be Solved by the Invention) However, since all of the above conventional flocculants react on the acidic side, there remains the problem that the treated water becomes acidic and environmental pollution due to discharge. Ta. Moreover,
The above-mentioned flocculants did not react with general public tap water or water with a low degree of contamination, but functioned with considerably contaminated wastewater.

In view of the above, the present invention prevents the risk of environmental pollution due to discharge of treated water by reacting in a neutral or alkaline range, and has high reactivity that reacts with ordinary public tap water or water of the same level. It is an object of the present invention to provide a flocculant that has the same properties as conventional flocculants and exhibits sufficient functionality with an extremely small amount used compared to conventional ones.

On the other hand, in the conventional activated sludge method, when wastewater containing putrefactive organic matter such as animal matter is treated with this activated sludge method, the quality of the treated water obtained by this method satisfies the standard value that allows it to be discharged. However, PH is acidic, B OD -C
The OD was about 30 to 60 ppm in both cases, and the odor was not completely removed, so the water quality could not necessarily be said to be sufficient in terms of being harmless to natural water bodies.

Furthermore, the above-mentioned treated water was not suitable for reuse as factory water, washing water, or the like. Furthermore, it is necessary to maintain conditions such as keeping the activated sludge tank at a temperature of 20 to 30 degrees Celsius where microorganisms can reproduce, as well as constant aeration to supply oxygen and the presence of an appropriate amount of organic matter. , the processing time was quite long. Moreover, complicated and large-scale equipment is required, and the equipment cost is large, and maintenance costs and labor are also excessive.

Therefore, unlike the conventional activated sludge method that uses microorganisms such as bacteria to separate impurities in wastewater, the present invention can be used as a simple means of setting conditions, and the equipment and maintenance are simple and small-scale. By means of
In a short time, it deodorizes, sterilizes, and purifies wastewater, especially wastewater containing putrefactive organic matter such as animal matter, producing recycled water with a quality equal to or better than that of tap water, and there is no risk of pollution even when it is released into natural water bodies. The purpose of this invention is to provide an animal bone-containing flocculant that is particularly suitable for wastewater treatment, yielding reclaimed water suitable for wide-scale reuse, and to enable efficient wastewater treatment. be.

Means for Solving the Problems) To achieve the above object, the present invention has been made by focusing on animal bones that have adsorption properties and are ionized into alkali. an animal bone-containing flocculant consisting of an osteolytic solution prepared by dissolving animal bone powder in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid;
and an animal bone-containing flocculant, which is obtained by uniformly mixing a bone dissolving solution obtained by dissolving calcined powdered animal bone powder in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, and a metal dissolving solution obtained by dissolving iron or copper in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. It is in. Alternatively, a bone solution can be obtained by mixing calcined powdered animal bone powder with sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, and a metal solution can be obtained by mixing iron or copper with sulfuric or hydrochloric acid. A method for producing an animal bone-containing flocculant characterized by mixing and integrating liquids, and also comprising an osteolytic solution obtained by dissolving calcined and powdered animal bone powder in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. A method for using an animal bone-containing flocculant, which is characterized in that the animal bone-containing flocculant is used after adding an alkaline reactive material to a treatment solution, and bone obtained by dissolving calcined and powdered animal bone powder in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. An animal bone-containing flocculant, which is a uniform mixture of a solution and a metal solution prepared by dissolving iron or copper in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, is used after adding an alkaline reactant to the treatment solution. The feature lies in the method of using the animal bone-containing U-collection agent.

In the above manufacturing method, calcined and powdered animal bone meal and sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid are mixed at about 1 to 1 kg per 1 kg of the former.
Bone powder is dissolved by mixing at a ratio of 5p, and then diluted with water and filtered to obtain a bone dissolving solution.Meanwhile, iron or copper and sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid are mixed at a ratio of 1 to 1.5p of the latter to about 100g of the former. Mix in proportions, dissolve iron to copper, then dilute with water j7,
A metal solution is obtained by filtration, and then the bone solution and the metal solution are mixed and homogenized at a volume ratio of 0.3 to 0.7 for the former to 1 for the latter. Preferably.

(Function) Animal bone meal has the effect of alkalizing the atmosphere with its components, such as calcium ions, and coagulating organic matter. Dissolved metals such as copper are easily compatible with organic substances and have reactivity, and have the effect of coagulating the organic substances more firmly and adding weight to cause the aggregates to settle.

(Example) (1) About the animal bone-containing flocculant The animal bones used as raw materials for the flocculant of the present invention are mainly bones that were conventionally discarded at livestock farms, especially hard bones of cows, horses, sheep, etc. Animal bones are used. The bones of pigs, boars, etc. have a lot of cartilage, and most of it melts during the boiling process during production.
It is not suitable for use as a raw material.

The above-mentioned raw bones are cut into appropriate sizes and into sizes that are easy to burn, and then put into a pressure cooker (compression cooker) and boiled at about 200 to 400°C for about 90 minutes. Next, the bones are placed in a firing furnace and fired at a temperature of about 900 to 1100°C for about 60 to 180 minutes, and then allowed to naturally cool in the oven for about 60 minutes to return to room temperature or a state close to this temperature.

If organic substances other than the blue component, such as gelatin, fat, white matter, and glue, remain in the bones, they will cause oxidative decay, so it is important to ensure that they are removed. By the boiling process described above, organic substances adhering not only to the outside but also to the inside of the pores can be separated and removed from the bones. At this time, if the boiling is performed at a low temperature or for a short period of time, it is clear from the paragraph "-" that the organic matter cannot be sufficiently removed, causing problems in the subsequent firing step.

There is no advantage to using boiling conditions at a higher temperature or for a longer time than the above.

In this way, by removing the organic matter from the long sword in the boiling process and then passing it through the firing process, it is possible to completely remove the remaining organic matter, and at the same time reduce the humidity (moisture) in the bone.
can be reduced to several percent or less, preferably to almost 0%. Firing without a boiling process is undesirable because it causes significant combustion of the materials and the generation of smoke, which causes environmental pollution, discomfort during work, and damage to equipment.

If the firing conditions are clearly lower than the above, the bones will become carbonized, and if the firing conditions are too high, the bones will turn to ash.
In either case, the product will not function as intended by the present invention. Under the above conditions, the bone becomes white and maintains its original state with numerous pores.

After the above firing and cooling, the bones are crushed and put into a powder machine for 2
The bone powder should be around 0 to 200 meshes.

In the case of bovine bones, the above-mentioned bone powder yield was 40% by weight compared to raw raw bones. The particles are mainly composed of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, barium, sodium, sulfur, potassium, aluminum, iron, zinc, copper, nickel, etc., and there are countless microscopic pores communicating inside and outside the particles. ing. Ionization is alkaline due to calcium etc.

Therefore, the amount of the bone powder and sulfuric acid is 1 to 1.5 I for the latter for about 1 kg of the former! The bone powder is mixed at a ratio of 8 to 12 times (l
) and then filtered to obtain an osteolysis solution.

Although hydrochloric acid may be used in place of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid is preferable in view of its efficiency in dissolving iron and copper when mixed with a metal solution to be described later.

The animal bone-containing flocculant of the present invention can be prepared by using only the above-mentioned osteolytic solution A.

On the other hand, add iron or copper and sulfuric acid to 30 to 60 g of iron and 40 to 7 g of copper.
Mix the latter at a ratio of about 1 to 1.52 to 0g CD mixture, dissolve iron and copper over about 24 hours (or more), and dilute with water to a ratio of 8 to 12 times (β) relative to sulfuric acid. After that,
This is filtered to obtain metal solution B.

Note that iron and copper are reactive with organic substances, and have the function of promoting coagulation and adding weight to aggregates, making them easier to precipitate. Copper is more effective, but for better economics it is better to mix it with iron.

Next, the bone lysis solution A and the metal lysis solution B are mixed at a volume ratio of about 0.3 to 0.7 of the former to 1, and the mixture is heated at 80 to 120°C, preferably at 100°C, in order to make the mixing uniform. The animal bone-containing flocculant of the present invention can be obtained by boiling at around 30°C for around 30 to 60 minutes and then filtering.

Since the aggregate, which is the main material of the flocculant, is alkali ionized, any of the animal bone-containing flocculants mentioned above reacts effectively in the neutral to alkaline range.

Therefore, when using this for wastewater, etc., it should be neutralized or alkalined (7
, 0-9. 5, preferably 7. 0 to 8,5), add an alkaline reactant such as caustic soda or nitric lime to the wastewater at the same time as the flocculant at a ratio of 0.3 to 0.7 of the latter to 1 volume of the former. It is best to use a mixture. Note that if the pH of the wastewater or the like is high, such as 9.5 or higher, an acidic reactant such as dilute sulfuric acid is used.

However, since domestic wastewater contains a considerable amount of salt, carunium, etc., the reaction can be sufficiently promoted without adding 4 tons of the above-mentioned reactant.

(2) About wastewater treatment using animal bone-containing flocculants:
An example of the method and apparatus for treating wastewater using an animal flocculant according to the present invention will be explained based on the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a treatment process suitable for treating wastewater from ordinary households, factories, and the like.

The apparatus has a tank 2 for an animal bone-containing flocculant and a reactant (caustic soda or nitric lime, etc.), and the wastewater is first poured into a measuring tank 3 for adjusting the amount of the flocculant and reactant added. Then, at the same time as it flows into the stirring tank 4, a reactant and an animal bone-containing flocculant are mixed in, sufficiently stirred by a stirrer, and then flowed under pressure by a compressor into a pressurized flotation tank 5 to collect and float organic matter. Stir above! 4 is;
It may be divided into a flocculant mixing tank 4a with a folding stirrer and a flocculation reaction tank 4b with a stirrer.

The treated water that has passed through the skimmer installed at the bottom of the pressurized float JJJ5 flows into the filtration tank 6. The aggregates floated under pressure in the pressurized flotation tank 5 are separated by a skimmer and then sucked into a sludge tray to be deposited as sludge.

The filter tank 6 may be made of layered fine sand,
SJJ bone fragments fired by the method of the present invention, or animal bone-containing granules made by kneading the pulverized animal bones and clay, granulating them, and firing them, are laminated. water. The former filtration layer can remove fine impurities after organic matter has been removed, so it can be used satisfactorily for general wastewater.

The latter filtration layer not only removes the impurities but also alkalinizes and mineralizes the treated water by alkali ionization of the bones, so it is particularly effective for wastewater with a relatively high degree of organic contamination.

The above-mentioned treated water is tasteless and odorless, and there is no risk of environmental pollution even if it is discharged as it is, and it can be fully reused as water for washing or the like. Furthermore, if a mechanism is adopted in which the treated water is forced to flow back into the filtration tank through a separate pipe, automatic cleaning of the inside of the filtration tank is possible.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a treatment process suitable for treating highly contaminated wastewater containing perishable organic matter, such as slaughterhouse wastewater, livestock processing plant wastewater, filth wastewater, and the like.

First, wastewater directly discharged from a slaughterhouse, etc. is introduced into the adjustment tank 11 through an automatic screen, where large-particle impurities such as solids are removed and stored (hereinafter referred to as wastewater). The wastewater is passed through a metering jet 12 that adjusts the flow rate and the flow rate that can be processed per unit time, and is then transferred to a mixing tank 1.
3. Introduced into reaction tank 14. In both tanks, stirring is also heard, and a bag 715 for injecting a reactant such as caustic soda or nitric lime, and a device for injecting a D-type blue gold collection agent according to the present invention are also installed in series. The pH of the wastewater is 7°0.
- = 9.5, the reactant is injected so that the concentration of the wastewater (biochemical oxygen supply 1 (BOD as the measurement standard) Containing flocculant is injected.For example, BOD800 (W degree waste;
Approximately 215 cc of animal bone-containing flocculant is injected into k 1 m', and the mixture is sequentially stirred and mixed for about 1 to 5 minutes.

The wastewater described in item 1 is then introduced from the lower part of the pressurized float 17 under pressure by a compressor, and the aggregates that float to the surface due to the pressure are separated by a skimmer disposed on the -L side, and the following is carried out. It is discharged into the second reaction tank 18. 3J: The flocs that float to the side and are separated by the skimmer are sent to the sludge thickening tank 31.
is discharged.

The second reaction tank 18 is again filled with the animal bone-containing flocculant injection device 1.
9, and a reactant injection device 2 as necessary for pH adjustment.
Required amounts of 9 are injected from 0 to 9, stirred and reacted, and transferred to a flocculation-sedimentation tank 21, where the remaining organic matter that could not be completely separated by the pressure flotation fH7 is condensed and precipitated. The precipitate is discharged to the sludge aggregation tank 31. The treated water passes through a filter and is temporarily stored in a liquid storage tank 22, and then transferred at a constant flow rate to a vertically long filtration tank 23 in which sand is layered as a filter medium. The liquid is stored. 25 is a method of kneading small pieces of animal bone fired by the method according to the present invention as a filter medium, or bone powder obtained by turning the animal bone into powder, and clay powder obtained by turning clay into a fired howder as a binder;
This is a vertically elongated filtration tank consisting of 1 and 7 layers of granulated animal bone-based granules.

The treated water in the liquid storage tank 24 is transferred to the filtration tank 25 at a constant flow rate, flows down naturally, receives the addition of (1○2) from the sterilizer 2G, is sterilized, and is stored in the treated water tank 27. Both filtration tanks 23 and 25 remove remaining minute impurities.
The filter tank 25 also has the function of alkaline ionizing the treated water using bone components such as calcium and turning it into mineral water.A backwashing blower 28 is connected to the pipe j7 to the treated water tank 27, and the treated water is If a function is provided in which the treated water is forced to flow back into both the filtration tanks 23 and 25 and the treated water flows back into the filtration tank for cleaning, the filtration tank can be maintained over a long period of time without deteriorating its function. Furthermore, a reclaimed water pump 29 is connected to the treated water tank 27 via piping, so that the treated water can be reused as washing water for slaughterhouses, etc. There is no risk of environmental pollution even if it is released as is.

In addition, when combining the apparatus according to the present invention with a conventional wastewater treatment facility using the activated sludge method, etc., the treated water discharged from the final settling tank of the conventional apparatus 30 is introduced into the second reaction tank 18, and the subsequent It is preferable to pass through the processing steps described in 1.

The sludge accumulated in the sludge thickening tank 31 is made into a sludge, and then subjected to a sludge treatment process, dried appropriately, and disposed of appropriately, or passed through a granulation knee process, and then naturally fermented to be used as fertilizer or soil improvement. It can be used as a material. Since the sludge is a deposit of the organic matter, it exhibits excellent efficacy as a natural fertilizer or soil conditioner.

Experimental Example 1 Untreated wastewater (hereinafter referred to as raw water) discharged from a meat center (slaughterhouse) located in Kumamoto Prefecture was treated with a general activated sludge treatment equipment installed at the company and currently in operation. Table 1 shows the results of analysis of treated water B and treated water C, which was obtained by processing the raw water through the process according to the present invention shown in Figure 2, at the Pharmaceutical Testing Center of the Kumamoto Prefectural Pharmacists Association.
It was as shown in .

Table 1 BOD is biochemical oxygen consumption, COD is chemical oxygen consumption, SS is l! ! ! It is a cloudy substance. The analysis method is as follows from the top of the above analysis items: Regulation IN 2.1, Boundary Office Notification No.:]
No. 9, Standard 17, Standard 21. According to Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Construction Ministry Ordinance No. 1 and Environment Agency Notification No. 64 Appendix.

The standard is JISKO102.

Experimental Example 2 Raw water discharged from a meat processing plant (slaughterhouse) located in Kagoshima Prefecture was treated with treated water C through the process according to the present invention shown in Fig. The results of the analysis conducted by the Prefectural Pollution Control Association are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 1 pHl 6.0 8.41 The analysis method was the same as in Experimental Example 1.

Experimental example: 3 Raw water discharged from a meat center (slaughterhouse) located in Kitakyushu City was treated with treated water B by a general activated sludge treatment equipment installed at the company and currently in operation.
The treated water C obtained by treating the raw water through the process according to the present invention shown in FIG. 2 was analyzed by the Kitakyushu City Environmental Improvement Association, and the results are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 The analysis method was the same as in Experimental Example 1 except that 3S was J15KO102141.

Experimental Example 4 Raw water discharged from a meat processing plant (slaughterhouse) located in Fukuoka Prefecture was treated with treated water C through the process according to the present invention shown in Figure 2. The results of the analysis at the Japan Environmental Health Center were as shown in Table 4.

Table 4 ■ IC0r)+-,' 420mg/l 5,8 1
The analysis method was the same as in Experimental Example 1 except for the MPN method for the number of coliform bacteria.

Experimental Example 5 Raw water A discharged from a chicken processing (broiler) company located in Miyazaki Prefecture, and treated water treated by treating the raw water with a general activated sludge treatment equipment installed at the company and currently in operation. Table 5 shows the results of analysis of treated water B and treated water C, which were treated through the process according to the present invention shown in FIG. 2, by the Miyazaki Prefecture Pollution Prevention and Management Association.

Table 5 The analysis method is the same as in Experimental Example 1 for the top five analysis items above. The last item is based on Appendix Table 7 of Environment Agency Notification No. 59.

Experimental Example 6 Conventionally, tap water was disinfected using sodium hypochlorite, which caused BOD
, COD treatment was performed using sulfuric acid bands 1 and 2, and S5 treatment was performed using activated carbon. When the flocculant according to the present invention was added to this water intake for tap water (approximately 20 cc per 1 m+ of water intake), the flocculation of organic matter was remarkable, and the numbers for each inspection item were higher than that of the purified water after the above conventional treatment. The reduction in COD was particularly remarkable.When the flocculant of the present invention was added to conventional water purification, the amount of organic matter, etc. Aggregation was clearly visible even in visually observed baits.

In all of the above experimental examples, sample A gave off a strong raw odor, sample B had a weak rotten odor, but sample C had almost no odor. Moreover, Sample C was colorless and transparent.

Sample C has been regenerated to the extent that it can be used as a drink due to its high purifying power, and the results of two people tasting it are as follows:
Everything felt lighter and sweeter than tap water, similar to so-called natural mineral water.

As is clear from the above, when the recycled water produced by the device described in P and above is used as factory water or water for various purposes other than water for washing, if the water after use is purified again by the device described in F, it can be used as recycled water any number of times. It can be used to help conserve water resources.

Since the aggregates separated by the above treatment are organic substances, they can be used as fertilizer or compost by applying appropriate treatment.

<Effects of the Invention> As stated above, according to the present invention, animal bones, which were conventionally disposed of in a very large manner, can be used in a simple manner.
Animal bone-containing flocculants can be produced. According to this flocculant, after relatively large solids are removed through secondary filtration, a condensation reaction is sufficiently carried out to purify wastewater, especially wastewater containing putrefactive organic matter such as animal matter, and at the same time remove minerals. It is possible to obtain reclaimed water whose quality has been purified to a drinkable level, which can be treated in a relatively short period of time, and the equipment for this purpose has a relatively simple structure and is inexpensive, and it is easy to maintain. can be taken as a thing.

If a flocculant is made up of only an animal bone solution, it is necessary to use a filter to separate the aggregates, but if a flocculant is mixed with a solution of metals such as iron or copper, , the aggregates coagulate and precipitate, making the separation process easier.

Reclaimed water purified by the flocculant according to the present invention is not only suitable for reprinting over a wide range of areas, but also poses no risk of contamination even when discharged into natural water bodies.

Moreover, when the recycled water obtained by the present invention is used, if the water after use is purified again by the present invention, it can be used as recycled water any number of times, which is useful for saving water resources.

[Brief explanation of the drawing]

FIG. 1 is a 70-chart diagram showing an example of wastewater treatment using the flocculant according to the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a flowchart diagram 1 showing another example of the same wastewater treatment. 1.16... Animal bone-containing flocculant tank, 2.15... Neutralizing agent tank, 3, 12... Measuring tank, 4a, 13... Mixing tank, 4b, 14... Reaction tank, 5, 17... Pressurized flotation tank, 6゜23.25... Filtration tank, shipping person bales 1) Certification of internal procedural amendments) Tun July 29, 1988 Director General of the Japan Patent Office Yoshi 1) Moon Yi 1, Incident Display 1986 Patent Axis No. 105580
No. 2, Title of the invention: Animal bone-containing flocculant and production thereof;
How to use Sanai Fujita↓ (JILEI!Wednesday)

Claims (6)

[Claims] (1) An animal bone-containing flocculant consisting of an osteolytic solution prepared by dissolving calcined powdered animal bone powder in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. (2) Animal bone-containing aggregate made by uniformly mixing a bone dissolving solution made by dissolving calcined powdered animal bone powder in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, and a metal dissolving solution made by dissolving iron or copper in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. agent. (3) A bone solution is obtained by mixing calcined powdered animal bone powder with sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, and a metal solution is obtained by mixing iron or copper with sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, and then both A method for producing an animal bone-containing flocculant, which comprises mixing and integrating liquids. (4) Mix the calcined powdered animal bone powder with sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid at a ratio of about 1 to 1.5 liters of the latter to about 1 kg of the former to dissolve the bone powder, then dilute with water, filter, and dissolve the bone. On the other hand, iron to copper and sulfuric acid to hydrochloric acid were added at about 100%
The latter is mixed at a ratio of about 1 to 1.5 liters per g to dissolve iron or copper, then diluted with water and filtered to obtain a metal solution, and then the bone solution and metal solution are mixed together. A method for producing an animal bone-containing flocculant comprising the step of mixing and homogenizing the former at a volume ratio of 1 to the latter at a volume ratio of about 0.3 to 0.7. (5) An animal bone-containing flocculant consisting of an osteolytic solution obtained by dissolving calcined powdered animal bone powder in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid is used after adding an alkaline reactive material to the treatment solution. How to use animal bone-containing flocculants. (6) Animal bone-containing aggregate made by uniformly mixing a bone dissolving solution made by dissolving calcined powdered animal bone powder in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, and a metal dissolving solution made by dissolving iron or copper in sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. 1. A method of using an animal bone-containing flocculant, which comprises adding the agent to a treatment solution after adding an alkaline reactive material thereto.