JPH01158617A - Perpendicular magnetic recording medium - Google Patents
Perpendicular magnetic recording mediumInfo
- Publication number
- JPH01158617A JPH01158617A JP31807087A JP31807087A JPH01158617A JP H01158617 A JPH01158617 A JP H01158617A JP 31807087 A JP31807087 A JP 31807087A JP 31807087 A JP31807087 A JP 31807087A JP H01158617 A JPH01158617 A JP H01158617A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- magnetic
- recording
- layer
- soft magnetic
- recording medium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 101000606504 Drosophila melanogaster Tyrosine-protein kinase-like otk Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229910003271 Ni-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005415 magnetization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000889 permalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔概 要〕
垂直磁気記録方式の磁気ディスク装置等に用いられる垂
直磁気記録媒体に関し、
記録時の書き滲みが防止され、高トラツク密度化が実現
できる垂直磁気記録再生特性の良い媒体構造を得ること
を目的とし、
非磁性基板上に軟磁性裏打ち層と垂直記録磁性層を積層
してなる記録媒体において、上記軟磁性裏打ち層に、垂
直記録磁性層に形成される記録トラック間を区画する非
磁性のガードバンドを設けるように構成する。[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Summary] Regarding perpendicular magnetic recording media used in perpendicular magnetic recording type magnetic disk devices, etc., perpendicular magnetic recording and reproduction characteristics that prevent writing bleeding during recording and achieve high track density. In a recording medium in which a soft magnetic underlayer and a perpendicular recording magnetic layer are laminated on a non-magnetic substrate, the recording medium formed on the soft magnetic underlayer and the perpendicular recording magnetic layer is A non-magnetic guard band is provided to partition the tracks.
本発明は垂直磁気記録方式の磁気ディスク装置） 等に
用いられる垂直磁気記録媒体に関するものである。The present invention relates to a perpendicular magnetic recording medium used in a perpendicular magnetic recording type magnetic disk device.
磁気ディスク装置においては小型、高速、大容量化が要
求され、これに伴って垂直磁気記録媒体のトラック密度
も益々高められる傾向にある。このため、狭トラツク化
が進むと、例えば情報の記録時に生じる書き滲み量が該
トラック幅の割に増加し、再生時に書き滲みによる信号
が雑音として再生される、所謂サイドクロストークが増
大することから、このような記録時の書き滲みを防止し
た媒体構造が必要とされている。Magnetic disk drives are required to be smaller, faster, and larger in capacity, and along with this, the track density of perpendicular magnetic recording media tends to be increasingly increased. For this reason, as tracks become narrower, the amount of writing blur that occurs when recording information increases relative to the track width, and so-called side crosstalk, in which signals due to writing blurring are reproduced as noise during playback, increases. Therefore, there is a need for a medium structure that prevents such writing bleeding during recording.
「従来の技術〕
従来の垂直磁気記録媒体は第３図に示すように、例えば
アルミニウム（７／ｌり、或いはガラス、セラミックな
どからなる非磁性基板１２上に、スパッタリング法等に
よってパーマロイ（Ｎｉ−Ｆｅ）などからなる軟磁性裏
打ち層１３と、該裏打ち層１３に対して垂直に磁化容易
軸を有するＣｏ−Ｃｒからなる垂直磁気記録層１４とを
順に積層状に配設された構成とされている。``Prior Art'' As shown in FIG. 3, a conventional perpendicular magnetic recording medium is made by depositing permalloy (Ni- A soft magnetic backing layer 13 made of Fe) or the like and a perpendicular magnetic recording layer 14 made of Co-Cr having an axis of easy magnetization perpendicular to the backing layer 13 are arranged in a laminated manner in this order. There is.
そしてかかる構成の垂直磁気記録媒体１１に対して、図
示のような垂直記録用の単磁極磁気ヘッド２１により情
報を記録する場合、該磁気ヘッド２１の薄膜コイル２４
に信号電流を通電することにより、磁化された主磁極２
２の先端からの発生磁界が図中矢印Ａで示すように前記
媒体１１の垂直磁気記録層１４を垂直に通り、軟磁性裏
打ち層１３内を経由して再び該び垂直磁気記録層１４を
垂直に通過し、対向する補助磁極２３を経て前記主磁極
２２へ帰還する磁化モードにより記録を行っている。ま
た磁化情報の再生は前記記録媒体１１の垂直磁気記録層
１４からの漏洩磁界により前記磁気ヘッド２１の主磁極
２２及び補助磁極２３が磁化され、この時前記薄膜コイ
ル２４に発生する信号電流によって再生を行っている。When information is recorded on the perpendicular magnetic recording medium 11 having such a configuration using a single-pole magnetic head 21 for perpendicular recording as shown in the figure, the thin film coil 24 of the magnetic head 21
By applying a signal current to the magnetized main magnetic pole 2
The generated magnetic field from the tip of 2 passes perpendicularly through the perpendicular magnetic recording layer 14 of the medium 11 as shown by arrow A in the figure, passes through the soft magnetic underlayer 13, and then passes through the perpendicular magnetic recording layer 14 perpendicularly again. Recording is performed in a magnetization mode in which the magnetic flux passes through the auxiliary magnetic pole 23 and returns to the main magnetic pole 22 via the opposing auxiliary magnetic pole 23. Further, the reproduction of magnetized information is performed when the main magnetic pole 22 and the auxiliary magnetic pole 23 of the magnetic head 21 are magnetized by the leakage magnetic field from the perpendicular magnetic recording layer 14 of the recording medium 11, and the signal current generated in the thin film coil 24 at this time is used for reproduction. It is carried out.
ところでこのような従来の垂直磁気記録媒体１１におけ
る軟磁性裏打ち１１１．３は、前記垂直磁気ヘッド２１
の一部の機詣を担っており、その主磁極２２からの発生
磁界を強め、かつ記録・再生効率を高める役割を果たし
ている。By the way, the soft magnetic backing 111.3 in such a conventional perpendicular magnetic recording medium 11 is not suitable for the perpendicular magnetic head 21.
It plays a role in strengthening the magnetic field generated from the main magnetic pole 22 and increasing the recording/reproducing efficiency.
ところがこの軟磁性裏打ち層１３は、第４図に示すよう
に前記磁気ヘッド２１における主磁極２２の媒体対向面
に対して無限大に等しい面積を有していることから、記
録時において前記主磁極２２の先端からの発生磁界２５
が拡がり、垂直磁気記録層１４上には該主磁極２２０幅
、即ちコア幅もよりも広い幅ｔ、で記録される、所謂書
き滲みが生じるといった問題がある。この問題となる書
き滲み量は該垂直磁気記録層１４におけるトラック幅を
狭めるに従って、そのトラック幅との割合が増加する傾
向があり、該書き滲みが再生時に雑音信号として再生さ
れて、所謂サイドクロストークが増加するため、高トラ
ツク密度化を阻害する欠点があった。However, as shown in FIG. 4, this soft magnetic underlayer 13 has an area that is equal to infinity with respect to the medium facing surface of the main magnetic pole 22 of the magnetic head 21. Magnetic field 25 generated from the tip of 22
There is a problem in that so-called writing blur occurs, in which data is recorded on the perpendicular magnetic recording layer 14 with a width t wider than the width of the main pole 220, that is, the core width. As the track width in the perpendicular magnetic recording layer 14 is narrowed, the proportion of the writing blur that causes this problem tends to increase, and the writing blur is reproduced as a noise signal during playback, resulting in so-called side cross. Since talk increases, this has the disadvantage of hindering high track density.
本発明は上記した従来の欠点に鑑み、記録時の書き滲み
が防止され、高トラツク密度化が実現できる記録再生特
性の良い新規な垂直磁気記録媒体を提供することを目的
とするものである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the conventional art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new perpendicular magnetic recording medium with good recording and reproducing characteristics, which prevents writing bleeding during recording, and can realize high track density.
本発明は上記した目的を達成するため、非磁性基板上に
軟磁性裏打ち層と垂直記録磁性層を積層してなる記録媒
体において、上記軟磁性裏打ち層に、垂直記録磁性層に
形成される記録トラック間を区画する非磁性のガードバ
ンドを設けた構成とする。In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the present invention provides a recording medium in which a soft magnetic underlayer and a perpendicular recording magnetic layer are laminated on a non-magnetic substrate. The configuration is such that a non-magnetic guard band is provided to partition the tracks.
（作 用〕
本発明の垂直磁気記録媒体は、軟磁性裏打ち層に、垂直
記録磁性層に形成される記録トラック間を区画する非磁
性のガードバンドが設けられているため、情報の記録時
において垂直磁気ヘッドの主磁極先端から発生する記録
磁界が、対向する該垂直磁気記録媒体の垂直記録磁性層
を通してその直下のガードバンドで区画された軟磁性裏
打ち層に集中される。従って、この区画された軟磁性裏
打ち層と対応する垂直記録磁性層のみが磁化されて記録
が行われ、書き滲みが防止される。(Function) In the perpendicular magnetic recording medium of the present invention, since the soft magnetic underlayer is provided with a non-magnetic guard band that partitions the recording tracks formed in the perpendicular recording magnetic layer, when recording information, The recording magnetic field generated from the tip of the main pole of the perpendicular magnetic head is concentrated through the perpendicular recording magnetic layer of the opposing perpendicular magnetic recording medium onto the soft magnetic underlayer divided by a guard band immediately below the perpendicular recording magnetic layer. Only the perpendicular recording magnetic layer corresponding to the soft magnetic backing layer is magnetized to perform recording, thereby preventing writing blur.
以下図面を用いて本発明の実施例について詳細に説明す
る。Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings.
第１図は本発明に係る垂直磁気記録媒体の一実施例を示
す要部断面図である。FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a main part of an embodiment of a perpendicular magnetic recording medium according to the present invention.
図において、１２はアルミニウム（ｉ）、或いはガラス
、セラミックなどからなる非磁性基板上であり、該非磁
性基板１２上に例えば垂直磁気ヘッドの主磁極先端幅と
同幅、或いは該主磁極先端幅よりも狭い幅を有するバー
７０イ（Ｎｉ−Ｆｅ）などからなる軟磁性層３２と所定
幅のＳｉＯ□などからなる非磁性のガードバンド３３と
を水平方向（半径方向）に交互に配設した、所謂軟磁性
層３２を前記主磁極先端幅（コア幅）と同幅、或いはそ
れよりも狭幅に所定幅のガードバンド３３により半径方
向に区画された軟磁性裏打ち層３１を設け、該軟磁性裏
打ち層３１−ヒに更に従来と同様のＣｏ−Ｃｒ等からな
る垂直記録磁性層１４が配設された構成としている。In the figure, reference numeral 12 denotes a non-magnetic substrate made of aluminum (i), glass, ceramic, etc. On the non-magnetic substrate 12, for example, there is a plate with the same width as the main pole tip width of a perpendicular magnetic head, or with a width smaller than the main pole tip width. A soft magnetic layer 32 made of bars 70 (Ni-Fe) or the like having a narrow width and a non-magnetic guard band 33 made of SiO□ or the like having a predetermined width are arranged alternately in the horizontal direction (radial direction). The so-called soft magnetic layer 32 is provided with a soft magnetic backing layer 31 partitioned in the radial direction by a guard band 33 having a predetermined width that is the same width as the main pole tip width (core width) or narrower than that, and the soft magnetic layer 32 is The underlayer 31-H is further provided with a perpendicular recording magnetic layer 14 made of Co--Cr or the like as in the prior art.
このように構成された垂直磁気記録媒体にあっては、垂
直記録用の単磁極磁気ヘッドによる情報の記録時に第２
図に示すように該磁気ヘッドの主磁極２２先端から発生
する記録磁界は、矢印で示すように対向する該垂直磁気
記録媒体の垂直記録磁性層１４を通してその直下の軟磁
性裏打ち層３１におけるガードバンド３３で区画された
前記軟磁性層３２に集中される。従って、この区画され
た軟磁性層３２と対応する垂直記録磁性層１４部分のみ
がシャープに磁化されて記録が行われ、従来の如き書き
滲みが防止されることから、再生時のサイドクロストー
クの発生も解消されるなど高トラツク密度化が容易とな
る。In a perpendicular magnetic recording medium configured in this way, when information is recorded by a single-pole magnetic head for perpendicular recording, the second
As shown in the figure, the recording magnetic field generated from the tip of the main pole 22 of the magnetic head passes through the perpendicular recording magnetic layer 14 of the opposing perpendicular magnetic recording medium as shown by the arrow, and passes through the guard band in the soft magnetic underlayer 31 immediately below the perpendicular recording magnetic layer 14. It is concentrated in the soft magnetic layer 32 divided by 33. Therefore, only the portion of the perpendicular recording magnetic layer 14 that corresponds to the divided soft magnetic layer 32 is sharply magnetized and recorded, and writing blur as in the conventional method is prevented, so that side crosstalk during reproduction is prevented. This also eliminates the occurrence of such problems, making it easier to increase track density.
なお、前記ガードバンド３３で区画された前記軟磁性層
３２の幅が、対向する垂直磁気ヘッドの主磁極先端幅（
コア幅）よりも狭幅とした場合には、オフトラックに対
しても有利となり、高トラツク密度化に対してより好適
な媒体が実現できる。Note that the width of the soft magnetic layer 32 divided by the guard band 33 is equal to the main pole tip width (
If the width is narrower than the core width (core width), it is advantageous for off-track, and a medium more suitable for high track density can be realized.
更に、このような本発明の垂直磁気記録媒体を形成する
には、例えばセラミックなどからなる非磁性基板１２上
にパーマロイ（Ｎｉ−Ｆｅ）などからなる軟磁性層３２
をスパッタリング法等により成膜した後、該軟磁性層３
２をフォトリソグラフィ技法により、垂直磁気ヘッドの
主磁極先端幅と同幅、或いは該主磁極先端幅よりも狭い
幅を有する領域を残し、かつガードバンド３３を形成す
べき領域を除去したパターンにバターニングする。Furthermore, in order to form such a perpendicular magnetic recording medium of the present invention, a soft magnetic layer 32 made of permalloy (Ni-Fe) or the like is placed on a nonmagnetic substrate 12 made of ceramic or the like.
After forming a film by sputtering method etc., the soft magnetic layer 3
2 is made into a pattern using photolithography technique, leaving a region having a width equal to or narrower than the width of the tip of the main pole of the perpendicular magnetic head, and removing the region where the guard band 33 is to be formed. ning.
次に前記除去領域を含む軟磁性層３２上に５ｉｎ２等の
非磁性膜膜をスパッタリング法等により成膜した後、そ
の表面を前記軟磁性層３２が露出するように平滑研磨を
行って、該軟磁性層３２が前記主磁極先端幅（コア幅）
と同幅、或いはそれよりも狭幅に所定幅のガードバンド
３３により半径方向に区画された軟磁性裏打ち層３１を
形成し、該軟磁性裏打ち層３１．．ヒに更にスパッタリ
ング法等によりＣｏ−Ｃｒ等からなる垂直記録磁性層１
４を被着形成することによって得ることができる。Next, a nonmagnetic film of 5 in 2 or the like is formed on the soft magnetic layer 32 including the removed region by sputtering or the like, and then the surface is smoothed and polished so that the soft magnetic layer 32 is exposed. The soft magnetic layer 32 has the main pole tip width (core width)
A soft magnetic backing layer 31 is formed which is partitioned in the radial direction by a guard band 33 having a predetermined width equal to or narrower than that of the soft magnetic backing layer 31. ．． Furthermore, a perpendicular recording magnetic layer 1 made of Co-Cr or the like is formed by a sputtering method or the like.
4 can be obtained by depositing.
なお、前記軟磁性裏打ち層３１の形成としては、非磁性
基板１２上に先ずガードバンド３３を形成し、その後前
記主磁極先端幅（コア幅）と同幅、或いはそれよりも狭
幅の軟磁性層３２を形成するようにしてもよく、またガ
ードバンド３３の形成材料としては５ｉＯｚ以外の非磁
性酸化物、或いは非磁性金属合金等、記録再生に悪影響
を及ぼさない材料を用いることができる。The soft magnetic backing layer 31 is formed by first forming a guard band 33 on the non-magnetic substrate 12, and then forming a soft magnetic backing layer with a width equal to or narrower than the main pole tip width (core width). The layer 32 may be formed, and the material for forming the guard band 33 may be a material that does not adversely affect recording and reproduction, such as a nonmagnetic oxide other than 5iOz or a nonmagnetic metal alloy.
以ヒの説明から明らかなように、本発明に係る垂直磁気
記録媒体によれば、情報記録時の書き滲みが効果的に防
止され、高トラツク密度化が実現できる等、記録再生特
性の良い垂直磁気記録媒体を得ることが可能となる優れ
た利点を有し、更にオフトラックにも有利となるなど、
実用−ヒの効果は大きい。As is clear from the following explanation, the perpendicular magnetic recording medium according to the present invention effectively prevents writing blur during information recording, and achieves a high track density. It has the excellent advantage of making it possible to obtain magnetic recording media, and is also advantageous for off-track use.
Practical - The effect of H is great.
第１図は本発明に係る垂直磁気記録媒体の一実施例を示
す要部断面図、
第２図は本発明に係る垂直磁気記録媒体に対する記録再
生を説明する図、
第３図は従来の垂直磁気記録媒体の一例を示す要部断面
図、
第４図は従来の垂直磁気記録媒体の問題点を説明するた
めの概略説明図である。
第１図乃至第２図において、
１２は非磁性基板、１４は垂直記録磁性層、３１は軟磁
性裏打ち層、３２は軟磁性層、３３はガードバンドをそ
れぞれ示す。
ｚトヂぢθバ＾１へ【４気を乙１１シ看Ｉ確４−火カら
Ｆｂ−ｆ丁零苧ｒ１を牟血Ｇ口第１図
第２図
名屹筆−ヤ１１甚噌１乙少桧媒督）ｄグツ９零す宇音所
向ｍ第３図
８＾−￥ｉｌ否蔓気Ｔζ慣１２オＸしにト引１履多１ｔ
Ｔンラち可７１．イｔジ［旺を鼠ぞＢＡＧり第４図FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a main part showing an embodiment of a perpendicular magnetic recording medium according to the present invention, FIG. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a main part showing an example of a magnetic recording medium. FIG. 4 is a schematic explanatory diagram for explaining problems with a conventional perpendicular magnetic recording medium. 1 and 2, 12 is a nonmagnetic substrate, 14 is a perpendicular recording magnetic layer, 31 is a soft magnetic backing layer, 32 is a soft magnetic layer, and 33 is a guard band. zTojidiθba＾1 [4 Qi Otsu 11 shi look I sure 4-from fire Fb-f ding zero 苧r1 ㉟blood G mouth 1 figure 2 name 屹 brush - ya 11 jin 1 Otsushohi medium director) d guts 9 zeros Uondokoro m Figure 3 8 ＾ - Ｅil nai ki Tζ habit 12 o
Tnrachika71. Figure 4
Claims (1)
記録磁性層（１４）を積層してなる記録媒体において、
上記軟磁性裏打ち層（３１）に、垂直記録磁性層（１４
）に形成される記録トラック間を区画する非磁性のガー
ドバンド（３３）を設けたことを特徴とする垂直磁気記
録媒体。In a recording medium formed by laminating a soft magnetic underlayer (31) and a perpendicular recording magnetic layer (14) on a nonmagnetic substrate (12),
The soft magnetic underlayer (31) is provided with a perpendicular recording magnetic layer (14).
1. A perpendicular magnetic recording medium characterized in that a non-magnetic guard band (33) is provided to partition between recording tracks formed in the vertical direction.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP31807087A JP2513746B2 (en) | 1987-12-15 | 1987-12-15 | Perpendicular magnetic recording media |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP31807087A JP2513746B2 (en) | 1987-12-15 | 1987-12-15 | Perpendicular magnetic recording media |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH01158617A true JPH01158617A (en) | 1989-06-21 |
| JP2513746B2 JP2513746B2 (en) | 1996-07-03 |
Family
ID=18095143
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP31807087A Expired - Fee Related JP2513746B2 (en) | 1987-12-15 | 1987-12-15 | Perpendicular magnetic recording media |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2513746B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7879468B2 (en) | 2007-03-05 | 2011-02-01 | Fuji Electric Device Technology Co., Ltd. | Magnetic recording media and method of manufacture of the same |
| US8034413B2 (en) | 2007-11-09 | 2011-10-11 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Method for manufacturing magnetic recording media |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011070753A (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2011-04-07 | Fuji Electric Device Technology Co Ltd | Method of manufacturing discrete track medium type perpendicular magnetic recording medium |
-
1987
- 1987-12-15 JP JP31807087A patent/JP2513746B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7879468B2 (en) | 2007-03-05 | 2011-02-01 | Fuji Electric Device Technology Co., Ltd. | Magnetic recording media and method of manufacture of the same |
| US8034413B2 (en) | 2007-11-09 | 2011-10-11 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Method for manufacturing magnetic recording media |
| US8470391B2 (en) | 2007-11-09 | 2013-06-25 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Magnetic recording media |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2513746B2 (en) | 1996-07-03 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |